ISO 22476-12:2009
(Main)Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
ISO 22476-12:2009 specifies a mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM), including equipment requirements, execution and reporting. The results from such geotechnical testing are especially suited to the qualitative and/or quantitative determination of a soil profile — together with direct investigations — or as a relative comparison with other in situ tests. The results from a cone penetration test can in principle be used to evaluate stratification, soil type, and geotechnical parameters such as soil density, shear‑strength parameters and deformation and consolidation characteristics. ISO 22476-12:2009 specifies the following features: type of cone penetration test; application class; penetration length or penetration depth; elevation of the ground surface or underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration test with reference to a datum; location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point.
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place — Partie 12: Essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique
L'ISO 22476-12:2009 spécifie un essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique (CPTM), y compris les exigences relatives au matériel, l'exécution et le procès-verbal. Les résultats de cet essai géotechnique sont particulièrement adaptés à la détermination qualitative et/ou quantitative d'un profil de sol — associés à des reconnaissances directes — ou pour être comparés à d'autres essais réalisés in situ. Les résultats d'un essai de pénétration statique au cône peuvent, en principe, être utilisés pour évaluer la stratification, le type de sol et les paramètres géotechniques, tels que la densité du sol, les paramètres de résistance au cisaillement et les caractéristiques de déformation et de tassement. L'ISO 22476-12:2009 spécifie le type d'essai de pénétration statique au cône; la classe d'application; la longueur ou profondeur de pénétration; l'altitude de la surface du sol ou de la surface du sol sous-marin, par rapport à un système de référence, à l'endroit où est réalisé l'essai de pénétration statique au cône; et la position du lieu d'essai de pénétration statique au cône par rapport à un point de référence fixe reproductible.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22476-12
First edition
2009-05-15
Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Field testing —
Part 12:
Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 12: Essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique
Reference number
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms. 2
3.1 Terms and definitions. 2
3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 6
4 Equipment . 6
4.1 Cone penetrometer load sensors. 6
4.2 Tolerances . 6
4.3 Surface roughness . 7
4.4 Cone penetrometer. 7
4.5 Cone . 8
4.6 Friction sleeve. 9
4.7 Push rods . 11
4.8 Inner rods . 11
4.9 Measuring system. 11
4.10 Thrust machine . 12
5 Test procedures . 12
5.1 Selection of type of cone penetrometer test. 12
5.2 Selection of equipment and procedures . 13
5.3 Position and level of thrust machine. 15
5.4 Preparation . 15
5.5 Pushing of the cone penetrometer . 15
5.6 Use of friction reducer. 15
5.7 Frequency of logging parameters. 15
5.8 Measurement of cone penetration force for discontinuous penetration testing . 15
5.9 Measurement of cone penetration force for continuous testing . 16
5.10 Measurement of sleeve friction force for discontinuous testing with M2 cone
penetrometers . 16
5.11 Measurement of total penetration force for discontinuous testing. 16
5.12 Measurement of total penetration force for continuous testing (TM4) . 16
5.13 Measurement of the penetration length .16
5.14 Test completion . 16
5.15 Equipment checks and calibrations . 17
6 Test results. 17
6.1 Measured parameters. 17
6.2 Calculated parameters . 17
7 Reporting . 17
7.1 General. 17
7.2 Reporting of test results . 17
7.3 Presentation of test results . 20
Annex A (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration . 21
Bibliography . 23
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22476-12 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 341, in collaboration with ISO Technical Committee TC 182, Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1,
Geotechnical investigation and testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between
ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
ISO 22476 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Field testing:
⎯ Part 2: Dynamic probing
⎯ Part 3: Standard penetration test
⎯ Part 4: Ménard pressuremeter test
⎯ Part 5: Flexible dilatometer test
⎯ Part 7: Borehole jack test
⎯ Part 10: Weight sounding test [Technical Specification]
⎯ Part 11: Flat dilatometer test [Technical Specification]
⎯ Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration tests, self-boring pressuremeter test, full displacement
pressuremeter test, and field vane test are to form the subjects of future parts 1, 6, 8 and 9.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Introduction
The mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM) consists of pushing a cone penetrometer, by means of a series
of push rods, into the soil at a constant rate of penetration. During penetration, measurements of cone
penetration resistance, total penetration resistance and/or sleeve friction can be recorded. The test results can
be used for interpretation of stratification, classification of soil type and evaluation of geotechnical parameters.
Cone resistance is the term used in practice; however, cone penetration resistance is a more accurate
description of the process, and is the term used in this part of ISO 22476.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 12:
Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 22476 specifies a mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM), including equipment
requirements, execution and reporting. The results from such geotechnical testing are especially suited to the
qualitative and/or quantitative determination of a soil profile — together with direct investigations — or as a
relative comparison with other in situ tests.
The results from a cone penetration test can in principle be used to evaluate stratification, soil type, and
geotechnical parameters such as soil density, shear-strength parameters and deformation and consolidation
characteristics.
This part of ISO 22476 specifies the following features:
⎯ type of cone penetration test (see Table 1);
⎯ application class (see Table 2);
⎯ penetration length or penetration depth;
⎯ elevation of the ground surface or underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration test
with reference to a datum;
⎯ location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point.
NOTE The planning and evaluation of an investigation programme and the application of its results to design are
covered by EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8503 (all parts), Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products —
Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
ISO 10012:2003, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and
measuring equipment
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
average surface roughness
R
a
average deviation between the real surface of the probe and a medium reference plane placed along the
surface of the probe
3.1.2
cone
conically shaped bottom part of the cone penetrometer
NOTE When the penetrometer is pushed into the ground, the cone penetration resistance is transferred through the
cone by inner rods to the measuring device at ground level.
3.1.3
cone penetration test
CPT
pushing of a cone penetrometer at the end of a series of cylindrical push rods into the ground at a constant
rate of penetration
3.1.3.1
electrical CPT
CPTU
cone penetration test in which forces are measured electrically in the cone penetrometer
NOTE Electrical CPT and piezocone (CPTU) tests are to form the subject of a future part 1 of ISO 22476.
3.1.3.2
mechanical CPT
CPTM
CPT where forces are measured mechanically or electrically at ground level
3.1.4
cone penetrometer
assembly containing cone, friction sleeve (optional), connection to the push rods and measuring devices for
the determination of the cone penetration resistance and, if applicable, the total resistance and/or local side
friction
3.1.5
cone penetration resistance
cone resistance
resistance to the penetration of the cone
3.1.6
continuous penetration testing
test method in which cone penetration resistance is measured while cone and push rods are moving
continuously until stopped for the addition of a push rod
3.1.7
discontinuous penetration testing
test method in which cone penetration resistance and, optionally, sleeve friction are measured during a
penetration stop of the push rods
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3.1.8
force acting on the friction sleeve
F
s
force that will be obtained by subtracting the measured force on the cone from the measured force on the
cone and friction sleeve
3.1.9
friction ratio
R
f
ratio of sleeve friction to cone penetration resistance measured at the same depth, expressed as a
percentage:
f
s
R=×100 %
f
q
c
NOTE In some cases the inverse of the friction ratio, called the friction index, is used.
3.1.10
friction reducer
local and symmetrical enlargement of the diameter of a push rod to reduce the friction along the push rods
3.1.11
friction sleeve
section of the cone penetrometer where sleeve friction is determined
3.1.12
inner rods
solid rods sliding inside the push rods and transferring the forces from the cone and, optionally, the friction
sleeve, to the measuring system
3.1.13
measured cone penetration resistance
q
c
division of the measured force , Q , on the cone by the cross-sectional area, A :
c c
Q
c
q =
c
A
c
NOTE The measured cone penetration resistance obtained from a mechanical CPT can differ from that obtained
from an electrical CPT.
3.1.14
measured sleeve friction
f
s
force , F , acting on the friction sleeve divided by the area of the sleeve, A :
s s
F
s
f =
s
A
s
NOTE The measured sleeve friction obtained from a mechanical CPT test can be different from the value obtained
from an electrical CPT test.
3.1.15
measured total penetration force
Q
t
force needed to push cone and rods together into the soil
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3.1.16
measuring system
all sensors and auxiliary parts used to transfer and/or store the signals generated during the cone penetration
test
NOTE The force on the cone and, if applicable, the total penetration resistance and/or sleeve friction are measured
with manometers or with electrical load sensors.
3.1.17
penetration depth
z
depth of the base of the cone, relative to a fixed horizontal plane
See Figure 1.
NOTE 1 It is expressed in metres.
NOTE 2 With mechanical CPT, penetration depth cannot be determined, as there is no inclinometer measurement for
depth correction.
3.1.18
penetration length
l
sum of the lengths of the push rods and the cone penetrometer, reduced by the height of the conical part,
relative to a fixed horizontal plane
See Figure 1.
NOTE 1 It is expressed in metres.
NOTE 2 The fixed horizontal plane usually corresponds with a horizontal plane through the ground surface at the
location of the test.
3.1.19
push rod
part of a string of rods for the transfer of forces to the cone penetrometer
3.1.20
thrust machine
equipment that pushes the cone penetrometer and rods into the ground at a constant rate of penetration
NOTE The required reaction for the thrust machine can be supplied by dead weights and/or soil anchors.
3.1.21
total side friction force
Q
st
force needed to overcome the side friction on the push rods, when these are pushed into the ground
NOTE The total side friction force is obtained by subtracting the force on the cone (Q ) from the measured total
c
penetration force (Q ):
t
Q = Q − Q
st t c
3.1.22
zero drift
absolute difference between the zero readings of a measuring system at the start and after completion of a
cone penetration test
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3.1.23
zero reading
stable output of a measuring system when there is zero load on the sensor, i.e. the parameter to be measured
has a value of zero, while any auxiliary power supply required to operate the measuring system is switched on
Key
z penetration depth, m
l penetration length, m
a
Fixed horizontal plane.
b
Base of the conical part of the cone.
Figure 1 — Penetration length and depth
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms
2
A cross-sectional projected area of cone mm
c
2
A cross-sectional area of friction sleeve mm
s
d diameter of cylindrical upper part of cone mm
c
d diameter of friction sleeve mm
2
F axially measured force on friction sleeve kN
s
f measured sleeve friction MPa
s
h height of conical part of cone mm
c
h length of cylindrical extension of cone mm
e
l penetration length m
l length of friction sleeve mm
s
M1, M2, M4 types of cone penetrometer —
Q axially measured force on cone kN
c
Q total side friction force kN
st
Q measured total penetration force kN
t
q measured cone penetration resistance MPa
c
R average surface roughness µm
a
R friction ratio %
f
TM1 … TM4 test methods 1 to 4 —
t time s
z penetration depth m
4 Equipment
4.1 Cone penetrometer load sensors
The cone penetrometer has no internal load sensors, as measurements are made at ground level. The axis of
all parts of the cone penetrometer shall be coincident.
4.2 Tolerances
The dimensional tolerances mentioned in this clause are operational tolerances. Manufacturing tolerances
should be stricter.
The tolerance on surface roughness is a manufacturing tolerance.
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
4.3 Surface roughness
The surface roughness refers to average roughness, R , determined by a surface profile comparator
a
according to ISO 8503 and/or equivalent standard. The intention of the surface roughness requirement is to
prevent the use of an “unusually smooth” or “unusually rough” friction sleeve. Steel, including hardened steel,
is subject to wear in soil (in particular sands) and the friction sleeve develops its own roughness with use. It is
therefore important that the roughness at manufacture approach the roughness acquired upon use. It is
believed that the surface roughness requirement will in practice usually be met for common types of steel
used for penetrometer manufacture and for common ground conditions (sand and clay).
4.4 Cone penetrometer
According to their geometry, three types of cone penetrometer are considered:
⎯ M1 (mantle), used for measuring cone penetration resistance;
⎯ M2 (friction sleeve mantle), used for measuring cone penetration resistance and local side friction;
⎯ M4 (simple cone), used for measuring cone penetration resistance.
NOTE The M3 cone penetrometer is a type no longer used in practice and it is therefore not addressed by this part of
ISO 22476. For continuity purposes, the relevant cone penetrometer types have not been renamed.
Other types of penetrometer, not considered in this part of ISO 22476, may be used, but if so, shall be
mentioned in the test results, together with the type's specifications.
The geometry of the relevant penetrometers is shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. The push-out positions for M1
and M4 cone penetrometers are indicated in Figures 2 and 4 by “Q ”, while the M2 cone penetrometer shown
c
in Figure 3 has two push-out positions, indicated as “Q ” and “Q + Q ”.
c c st
For a cone penetrometer with a friction sleeve, no part of the cone penetrometer shall project beyond the
sleeve diameter. The cross-sectional area of the top end of the friction sleeve shall not be smaller than the
cross-sectional area of the lower end.
The moving parts of the cone penetrometer (mantle, friction sleeve) shall be clean and lubricated in order to
enable free movement before testing.
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Figure 2 — Figure 3 — Figure 4 —
M1 cone penetrometer M2 cone penetrometer M4 cone penetrometer
(mantle) (friction sleeve mantle) (simple cone)
4.5 Cone
The cones of M1 and M2 cone penetrometers consist of a conical part with a shoulder and an inward-tapered
cylindrical extension. The cone of an M4 penetrometer consists of a conical part with a shoulder, which is
directly connected to the inner rods, without a cylindrical extension.
The cone shall have a nominal apex angle of 60°.
Cones with an angle between 60° and 90° are permitted for soil profiling if reported in the test report.
Interpretation of test results in terms of engineering parameters can only be performed if specific correlations
for this type of cone have been established.
2
The cross-sectional area of standard cones shall be 1 000 mm , which corresponds to a diameter of 35,7 mm.
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
The outer diameter of the shoulder shall be within the tolerance requirement shown in Figure 5:
35,3 mm u d u 36,0 mm
c
The length of the shoulder shall be within the following tolerance requirement:
2,0 mm u h u 5,0 mm
e
The height of the conical section shall be within the following tolerance requirement:
24,0 mm u h u 31,2 mm
c
The surface of the cone shall be smooth.
The cone should be manufactured to a surface roughness, R , of less than 5 µm.
a
The cone shall not be used if it is asymmetrically worn, even if it otherwise fulfils the tolerance requirements.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 minimum shape of cone after wear
2 maximum shape of cone
Figure 5 — Tolerance requirements for use of cone penetrometer
2
Depending on ground conditions, cones with an outer diameter between 25 mm (A = 500 mm ) and 80 mm
c
2
(A = 5 027 mm ) are permitted. In this case, the geometry of the cone shall be adjusted proportionally to the
c
diameter. The geometry of the friction sleeve should be adjusted to obtain comparable results. The use of a
2
cone with A ≠ 1 000 mm shall be reported.
c
4.6 Friction sleeve
The friction sleeve shall be placed above the cone.
2
The nominal surface area shall be 15 000 mm .
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
The geometry and tolerances of the friction sleeve shall be within the tolerance requirements shown in
Figure 6:
d u d < d + 0,35 mm
c 2 c
and
d < 36,1 mm
2
The length of the cylindrical part shall be within the following tolerance requirement:
132,5 mm < l u 135 mm
s
Dimensions in millimetres
2
A = 15 000 mm
s
d W d
2 c
d < d + 0,35
2 c
d < 36,1
2
Key
A surface area of friction sleeve
s
l length of friction sleeve
s
d diameter of cone
c
d diameter of friction sleeve
2
Figure 6 — Tolerance requirements for friction sleeve
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
The friction sleeve shall be manufactured to an average surface roughness, R , of 0,4 µm ± 0,25 µm,
a
measured in the longitudinal direction.
The friction sleeve shall not be used if a visual check indicates that it is scratched, asymmetrically worn or
unusually rough, even if it otherwise fulfils the tolerance requirements.
Friction sleeves with an external diameter between 25 mm and 80 mm are permitted for special purposes if
used with cones of the corresponding diameter without the application of correction factors. The ratio of the
length and the diameter should preferably be 3,75. Ratios of 3 to 5 are allowed.
NOTE Wear of the cone can affect the measurement of sleeve friction.
4.7 Push rods
The push rods shall have the same diameter as the cone for at least 400 mm, measured from the cone base
2
for cones with a base area of 1 000 mm . For other cone sizes, this distance shall be scaled linearly in
proportion to the diameter.
The push rods shall present no protruding parts at their inner side in order to allow free movement of the inner
rods.
The straightness of the push rods, as specified below, shall be determined at regular intervals. Before each
use, the straightness shall be verified by one of the methods in A.1.1:
⎯ none of the five lower rods shall deviate more than 1 mm from the centreline;
⎯ the other rods shall not deviate more than 2 mm.
The requirements above are valid for 1 m long rods. If other lengths of rod are used for special purposes, then
the requirements should be adjusted accordingly.
Friction along the push rods may be reduced by a local increase in the rod diameter (friction reducer). Friction
may also be reduced by the use of contracted rods, situated at least 400 mm above the cone base.
Above ground level, the push rods should be guided by rollers, a casing or a similar device in order to reduce
the risk of buckling. The push rods may also be guided by a casing in water or soft strata to avoid buckling.
4.8 Inner rods
The straightness of the inner rods must be secured in order to allow smooth movement, without any
obstruction, within the push rods. The clearance between inner rods and push rods shall be 0,5 mm to 1 mm.
If the rods are not screwed together, the tip of the inner rods shall be squared (at right angles) and have a
smooth surface.
4.9 Measuring system
The force acting on the cone and, if applicable, the force on the cone and on the friction sleeve, as well as the
total penetration force, shall be measured by suitable devices in accordance with Table 1.
The forces measured on the cone and, if applicable, the friction sleeve during penetration are transferred by
the inner rods to the measuring device at surface level.
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ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
One of the following types of measuring system (type a, b or c) shall be used.
a) Type a
This consists of manometers measuring the hydraulic pressures generated by the force acting on the
cone and transferred to the top of the inner rods and, if applicable, by the force on the cone and friction
sleeve, and by the total force on the push rods. The use of two significantly different ranges for
manometers simultaneously and switching frequently to the appropriate range is recommended for this
type of measuring device.
b) Type b
This is comprised of electrical sensors measuring the hydraulic pressures generated by the force acting
on the cone and transferred to the top of the inner rods and, if applicable, by the force on the cone and
friction sleeve, and by the total force on the push rods.
c)
...
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 22476-12
ISO/TC 182/SC 1 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2006-04-13 2006-09-13
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 12:
Mechanical cone penetration test (CPT)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 12: Essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique
ICS 93.020
ISO/CEN PARALLEL ENQUIRY
This draft International Standard is a draft standard developed within the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) and processed under the CEN-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the
Vienna Agreement. The document has been transmitted by CEN to ISO for circulation for ISO member
body voting in parallel with CEN enquiry. Comments received from ISO member bodies, including those
from non-CEN members, will be considered by the appropriate CEN technical body. Should this DIS be
accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be submitted to a parallel two-
month FDIS vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993 this document is circulated in
the English language only.
Conformément aux dispositions de la Résolution du Conseil 15/1993, ce document est distribué
en version anglaise seulement.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at publication
stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
© International Organization for Standardization, 2006
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
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accepts no liability in this area.
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unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
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Violators may be prosecuted.
©
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.2
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Symbols and abbreviations.5
5 Equipment .6
5.1 Geometry of the cone penetrometer .6
5.2 Penetrometer tip.6
5.3 Cone.8
5.4 Friction sleeve .8
5.5 Push rods .9
5.6 Inner rods .10
5.7 Measuring system .10
5.8 Thrust machine.10
6 Test procedures.11
6.1 Selection of type of cone penetrometer test .11
6.2 Position and level of thrust machine.12
6.3 Preparation of the cone penetrometer .12
6.4 Pushing of the cone penetrometer.13
6.5 Use of friction reducer .13
6.6 Frequency of logging parameters .13
6.7 Measurement of cone resistance for discontinuous penetration testing .13
6.8 Measurement of cone resistance for continuous penetration testing.13
6.9 Measurement of sleeve friction for discontinuous penetration testing with M2 cones.13
6.10 Measurement of total resistance for discontinuous penetration testing .13
6.11 Measurement of total resistance for continuous penetration testing .13
6.12 Measurement of the penetration length.13
6.13 Test completion.14
6.14 Equipment checks and calibrations.14
7 Test results .14
7.1 Measured parameters .14
7.2 Derived parameters.14
8 Report .15
8.1 General reporting of test results.15
8.1.1 General information .15
8.1.2 Location of the test .15
8.1.3 Test equipment.16
8.1.4 Test procedure.16
8.1.5 Measured parameters .16
8.2 Presentation of test results .16
Annex A (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration.18
A.1 Maintenance and checks .18
A.2 Calibration.19
Bibliography.20
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
Figures
Figure 1 — Penetration length and penetration depth. 4
Figure 2 — M1 mantle cone dimensions are normative (tolerances § 5.3 – § 5.4). 7
Figure 3 — M2 friction sleeve mantle cone dimensions are normative (tolerances § 5.3 – § 5.4) . 7
Figure 4 — M4 simple cone with closing nut dimensions are normative (tolerances § 5.3 – § 5.4) . 7
Figure 5 — Tolerance requirements for use of cone penetrometer . 8
Figure 6 — Tolerance requirements for use of friction sleeve . 9
Tables
Table 1 — Type of cone penetration tests. 11
Table 2 — Application classes . 12
Table A.1 — Control scheme for routine checks. 19
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22476-12 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1, and by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical investigation and sampling in collaboration.
The Cone Penetration Test (CPT) consists of pushing a cone penetrometer using a series of push rods into
the soil at a constant rate of penetration. During penetration, measurements of cone resistance, total penetra-
tion resistance and/or sleeve friction can be recorded. The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) also includes
the measurement of pore pressures at or close to the cone. The test results may be used for interpretation of
stratification, classification of soil type and evaluation of engineering soil parameters. This standard is split in
two parts: EN ISO 22476-1 describes electrical CPT and CPTU practice EN ISO 22476-15 describes
mechanical CPT practice.
ISO 22476 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ground investigation and testing — Field
testing:
⎯ Part 1: Electrical cone penetration tests
⎯ Part 2: Dynamic probing
⎯ Part 3: Standard penetration test
⎯ Part 4: Menard pressuremeter test
⎯ Part 5: Flexible dilatometer test
⎯ Part 6: Self-boring pressuremeter test
⎯ Part 7: Borehole jack test
⎯ Part 8: Full displacement pressuremeter
⎯ Part 9: Field vane test
⎯ Part 10: Weight sounding test
⎯ Part 11: Flat dilatometer test
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
⎯ Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPT)
⎯ Part 13: Plate loading test
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 22476-12
Ground investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 12:
Mechanical cone penetration test (CPT)
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies equipment requirements, the execution of and reporting on mechanical
cone penetration tests. The planning and evaluation of an investigation program and the application of its
results to design is covered by EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2.
The test results of this document are specially suited for the qualitative and/ or quantitative determination of a
soil profile together with direct investigations (e.g. sampling according to prEN ISO 22475-1) or as a relative
comparison of other in situ tests.
The results from a cone penetration test can in principle be used to evaluate:
⎯ stratification;
⎯ soil type;
⎯ soil density and in situ stress conditions;
⎯ mechanical soil properties:
⎯ shear strength parameters;
⎯ deformation and consolidation characteristics.
This standard specifies the following features:
⎯ the type of cone penetration test, according to Table 1;
⎯ the Application Class, according to Table 2;
⎯ the achievable penetration length or penetration depth;
⎯ the elevation of the ground surface or the underwater ground surface at the location of the cone
penetration test with reference to a Datum;
⎯ the location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point;
⎯ if applicable, the method of back filling of the hole in the soil resulting from the cone penetration test;
⎯ if applicable, the depths and duration of the pore pressure dissipation tests.
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1997-2, Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design — Part 2: Ground investigation and testing
ISO 8503:1998, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Surface
roughness characteristics of blast-clean steel substrates
ISO 10012-1:1992, Quality Assurance Requirements for Measuring Equipment — Part 1: Metrological Confir-
mation System for Measuring Equipment
ISO 14688-2: Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 2:
Classification principles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
average surface roughness
R
a
average deviation between the real surface of the probe and a medium reference plane placed along the
surface of the probe
3.2
cone
conical shaped bottom part of the cone penetrometer; when pushing the penetrometer into the ground, the
cone resistance is transferred through the cone by inner rods to the measuring device at ground level
3.3
cone penetration test CPT
pushing of a cone penetrometer at the end of a series of cylindrical push rods into the ground at a constant
rate of penetration
3.4
cone penetrometer
assembly containing the cone, optionally the friction sleeve, the connection to the push rods, and the
measuring devices for the determination of the cone resistance, if applicable the total resistance and/or the
local side friction
3.5
continuous penetration testing
testing method in which cone resistance is measured whilst cone and push rods are moving continuously, until
the stop for adding a push rod
3.6
discontinuous penetration testing
testing method in which cone resistance and optionally sleeve friction are measured during a penetration stop
of the push rods
3.7
force acting on the friction sleeve
F
s
obtained by subtracting the measured force on the cone, from the force on cone and friction sleeve
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
3.8
friction ratio
R
f
ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the sleeve friction to the cone resistance measured at the same depth
NOTE In some cases the inverse of the friction ratio, called the friction index, is used.
3.9
friction reducer
local and symmetrical enlargement of the diameter of a push rod to reduce the friction along the push rods
3.10
friction sleeve
section of the cone penetrometer where sleeve friction is measured
3.11
inner rods
solid rods sliding inside the push rods and transferring the forces from the cone, and optionally the friction
sleeve, to the measuring system
3.12
measured cone resistance
q
c
division of the measured force on the cone Q , by the cross-sectional area A :
c c
Q
c
q =
c
A
c
NOTE The measured cone resistance, especially in tertiary clays, can be higher than the cone resistances measured
with an electrical cone penetrometer.
3.13
measured sleeve friction
f
s
division of the measured force acting on the friction sleeve F , by the area of the sleeve A :
s s
F
s
f =
s
A
s
NOTE The measured sleeve friction obtained from a mechanical CPT test is higher than the value obtained from an
electrical CPT test, due to the force on the shoulders of the friction sleeve.
3.14
measured total penetration resistance
Q
t
force needed to push cone and push rods together into the soil
3.15
measuring system
all measuring devices, sensors and ancillary parts used to transfer and/or measure the forces which are
generated during the cone penetration test
NOTE The force on the cone and if applicable the total penetration resistance and / or the sleeve friction are meas-
ured with manometers or with electrical load sensors.
3.16
mechanical CPT
CPT where forces are measured mechanically or electrically at ground level
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z
l
ISO/DIS 22476-12
Fixed horizontal plane
Base of conical part of cone
Figure 1 — Penetration length and penetration depth
3.17
penetration depth
z
depth of the base of the cone, relative to a fixed horizontal plane (Figure 1)
NOTE The fixed horizontal plane usually corresponds with a horizontal plane through the (underwater) ground
surface at the location of the test.
3.18
penetration length
sum of the length of the push rods and the cone penetrometer, reduced by the height of the conical part,
relative to a fixed horizontal plane (Figure 1)
NOTE If executing mechanical CPT only penetration length can be determined, as there is no inclinometer measure-
ment for depth correction.
3.19
penetrometer tip
terminal body at the end of a series of push rods, comprising the active elements sensing the cone resistance
and if applicable the local side friction, at the interface with the soil during penetration
3.20
push rods
string of rods used for pushing the penetrometer tip into the soil
3.21
thrust machine
equipment that pushes the cone penetrometer tip and rods into the soil along a vertical axis at a constant rate
of penetration
NOTE Required reaction for the thrust machine may be supplied by dead weights and/or soil anchors.
3.22
reference reading
reading of a sensor just before the penetrometer penetrates the ground or just after the penetrometer leaves
the ground
NOTE With tests starting on shore from the ground surface the reference reading equals the zero reading.
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
3.23
total side friction resistance
Q
st
force needed to overcome the side friction on the push rods, when pushed into the ground. The total side
friction resistance is obtained by subtracting the force on the cone Q from the total penetration resistance Q :
c t
Q = Q – Q
st t c
3.24
zero drift
absolute difference of the zero readings or reference readings of a measuring system between the start and
completion of the cone penetration test
3.25
zero reading
stable output of a measuring system if there is zero load on the sensor, i.e. the measured parameter has a
value of zero, while any auxiliary power supply required to operate the measuring system is switched on
4 Symbols and abbreviations
Symbol Name Unit
2
A
projected area of the cone mm
c
2
A
area of friction sleeve
mm
s
d
diameter of the cone at a specified height mm
cone
d
diameter of the cylindrical part of the cone mm
c
d
diameter of the friction sleeve mm
2
F
measured force on the friction sleeve kN
s
f
measured sleeve friction MPa
s
h
height of the conical section of the cone mm
c
h
length of the cylindrical extension of the cone mm
e
l penetration length m
l
length of the friction sleeve m
s
Q
measured force on the cone kN
c
Q
total side friction resistance kN
st
Q
measured total penetration resistance kN
t
q
measured cone resistance MPa
c
R
average surface roughness µm
a
R
friction ratio %
f
t time s
z penetration depth m
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
5 Equipment
5.1 Geometry of the cone penetrometer
The cone penetrometer has no internal load sensors, as measurements are made at ground level. The axis of
all parts of the cone penetrometer shall be coincident.
NOTE Cone penetrometer design should aim for a high net aria ratio and the end area of the top end of the friction
sleeve should preferably be equal or slightly greater than the cross sectional area of the lower end.
The dimensional tolerances mentioned in this section are operational tolerances. Manufacturing tolerances should be
stricter. The tolerance on surface roughness is a manufacturing tolerance.
The surface roughness as mentioned in 5.3 and 5.4 refers to average roughness R determined by a surface profile
a
comparator according to ISO 8503 (1988) or equivalent. The intention of the surface roughness requirement is to prevent
the use of an "unusually smooth" and "unusually rough" friction sleeve. Steel, including hardened steel, is subject to wear
in soil (in particular sands) and the friction sleeve develops its own roughness with use. It is therefore important that the
roughness at manufacture approaches the roughness acquired upon use. It is believed that the surface roughness
requirement will usually be met in practice for common types of steel used for penetrometer manufacture and for common
ground conditions (sand and clay). The effort required for metrological confirmation may thus be limited in practice.
5.2 Penetrometer tip
According to their geometry the following types of penetrometer tips are considered:
⎯ mantle cone penetrometer tip (M1), for measurement of the cone resistance;
⎯ friction sleeve mantle cone penetrometer tip (M2), for measurement of the cone resistance and the local
side friction;
⎯ simple cone penetrometer tip (M4), for measurement of the cone resistance;
⎯ other types of penetrometer tips may be used but are not considered in this standard. If a different type is
used this shall be reported in the results, including the specifications of this type.
The geometry of the standard penetrometer tips is shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4.
6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
Figure 2 — M1 mantle cone
dimensions are normative (tolerances § 5.3 – § 5.4)
Figure 3 — M2 friction sleeve mantle cone Figure 4 — M4 simple cone with closing nut
dimensions are normative (tolerances § 5.3 – § 5.4) dimensions are normative (tolerances § 5.3 – § 5.4)
For a penetrometer tip with a friction sleeve, no part of the penetrometer tip shall project beyond the sleeve
diameter.
The moving parts of the penetrometer tip (mantle, friction sleeve) shall be clean and lubricated in order to
enable free movement before testing.
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
5.3 Cone
M1 and M2 cones consist of a conical part and an inward tapered cylindrical extension. The M4 cone consists
of a conical part, which is directly connected to the inner rods, without any extension.
The cone shall have a nominal apex angle of 60°. The cross-sectional area of standard cones shall be
2
1 000 mm , which corresponds to a diameter of 35,7 mm.
2 2
NOTE Cones with a diameter between 25 mm (A = 500 mm ) and 50 mm (A = 2 000 mm ) are permitted for special
c c
purposes, without the application of correction factors. The geometry and tolerances should be adjusted proportionately to
the diameter.
The diameter of the cylindrical part shall be within the tolerance requirement as shown in Figure 5:
35,3 mm ≤ d ≤ 36,0 mm
c
The length of the cylindrical extension shall be within the tolerance requirement:
2,0 mm ≤ h ≤ 5,0 mm
e
The height of the conical section shall be within the following tolerance requirement:
24,0 mm ≤ h ≤ 31,2 mm
c
The surface of the cone shall be smooth.
The cone should be manufactured to a surface roughness R , less than 5 mm.
a
The cone shall not be used if it is asymmetrically worn, even if it otherwise fulfils the tolerance requirements.
Dimensions in mm
34,8 ≤ d ≤ 36,0
c
h
e
h
c
60° ± 5°
1
2
60° ± 5°
1 Minimum shape of the cone after wear
2 Maximum shape of the cone
Figure 5 — Tolerance requirements for use of cone penetrometer
5.4 Friction sleeve
The friction sleeve shall be placed just above the cone. The distance due to gaps and soil seals shall not be
more than 5,0 mm.
2
The nominal surface area shall be 15 000 mm . Tolerance requirements are shown in Figure 6.
8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
≥ 2
≥ 24
≤ 5
≤ 31,2
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ISO/DIS 22476-12
Dimensions in mm
A = 15 000 mm²
s
d ≥ d
2 c
d < d + 0,35
2 c
d < 36,1
2
d
2
Figure 6 — Tolerance requirements for use of friction sleeve
Friction sleeves with an external diameter between 25 mm and 50 mm are permitted for special purposes if
used with cones of the corresponding diameter without the application of correction factors. The geometry and
tolerances should be adjusted proportionally to the diameter of the base of the cone.
Conical wear affects the measurement of sleeve friction. It should be taken into account for accuracy of the
sleeve friction measurements.
The diameter of the friction sleeve shall be equal to the maximum diameter of the cone, with a tolerance of
0 mm + 0,35 mm.
The friction sleeve shall be manufactured to a surface roughness of (0,4 ± 0,25) mm, measured in the
longitudinal direction.
5.5 Push rods
The push rods shall have the same diameter as the cone for at least 400 mm measured from the base of
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 22476-12
Première édition
2009-05-15
Reconnaissance et essais
géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 12:
Essai de pénétration statique au cône
à pointe mécanique
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
Numéro de référence
ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
©
ISO 2009
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
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ii © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction.v
1 Domaine d'application .1
2 Références normatives.1
3 Termes, définitions, symboles et termes abrégés.2
3.1 Termes et définitions .2
3.2 Symboles et termes abrégés.6
4 Matériel .6
4.1 Capteurs du pénétromètre à cône .6
4.2 Tolérances.6
4.3 Rugosité de surface .6
4.4 Pointe pénétrométrique .7
4.5 Cône.8
4.6 Manchon de frottement.9
4.7 Tiges de fonçage .11
4.8 Tiges internes .11
4.9 Système de mesure.11
4.10 Appareil de fonçage .12
5 Modes opératoires d'essai .12
5.1 Sélection du type d'essai au pénétromètre à cône.12
5.2 Sélection du matériel et des modes opératoires .12
5.3 Position et niveau de l'appareil de fonçage.14
5.4 Préparation.14
5.5 Fonçage du pénétromètre à cône.14
5.6 Utilisation d'un dispositif de réduction du frottement.14
5.7 Fréquence d'enregistrement des paramètres .14
5.8 Mesure de la résistance à la pénétration du cône dans un essai de pénétration statique
discontinue .15
5.9 Mesure de la résistance à la pénétration du cône dans un essai de pénétration statique
continue.15
5.10 Mesure du frottement sur le manchon dans un essai de pénétration statique discontinue
avec des pénétromètres à cône M2.15
5.11 Mesure de la résistance totale à la pénétration dans un essai de pénétration statique
discontinue .15
5.12 Mesure de la résistance totale à la pénétration dans un essai de pénétration statique
continue (TM4).15
5.13 Mesure de la longueur de pénétration .15
5.14 Fin de l'essai .16
5.15 Vérifications et étalonnages du matériel .16
6 Résultats d'essai .16
6.1 Paramètres mesurés .16
6.2 Paramètres dérivés .16
7 Procès-verbal d'essai.17
7.1 Général .17
7.2 Compte-rendu général des résultats d'essai.17
7.3 Présentation des résultats d'essai .19
Annexe A (normative) Maintenance, vérifications et étalonnage .20
Bibliographie.23
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 22476-12 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 182, Géotechnique, sous-comité SC 1,
Recherches et essais géotechniques.
L'ISO 22476-12 a été élaborée par le comité technique CEN/TC 341 du Comité européen de normalisation
(CEN) en collaboration avec le comité technique ISO/TC 182, Géotechnique, sous-comité SC 1, Recherches
et essais géotechniques, conformément à l'Accord de coopération technique entre l'ISO et le CEN (Accord de
Vienne).
L'ISO 22476 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Reconnaissance et essais
géotechniques — Essais en place:
⎯ Partie 2: Essais de pénétration dynamique
⎯ Partie 3: Essai de pénétration au carottier
⎯ Partie 4: Essai pressiométrique Ménard
⎯ Partie 5: Essai au dilatomètre flexible
⎯ Partie 7: Essai au dilatomètre rigide diamétral
⎯ Partie 10: Essai de sondage par poids
⎯ Partie 11: Essai au dilatomètre plat
⎯ Partie 12: Essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique
Les essais de pénétration statique au cône à pointe électrique et l'essai au piézocône, l'essai pressiométrique
autoforé, l'essai au pressio-pénétromètre et l'essai au scissomètre de chantier feront l'objet des futures
parties 1, 6, 8 et 9.
iv © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
Introduction
L'essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique (CPTM, mechanical cone penetration test)
consiste à enfoncer dans le sol un pénétromètre à cône à l'aide d'un train de tiges de fonçage, à une vitesse
de pénétration constante. Pendant la pénétration, des mesures de la résistance à la pénétration du cône, de
la résistance totale à la pénétration et/ou du frottement sur le manchon peuvent être enregistrées. Les
résultats d'essai peuvent être utilisés pour l'interprétation de la stratification, la classification du type de sol et
l'évaluation des paramètres géotechniques du sol.
La résistance de pointe est le terme utilisé en pratique, la résistance à la pénétration du cône est une
description plus correcte du processus et est le terme utilisé dans la présente partie de l'ISO 22476.
© ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés v
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 12:
Essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 22476 spécifie un essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique
(CPTM), y compris les exigences relatives au matériel, l'exécution et le procès-verbal. Les résultats de cet
essai géotechnique sont particulièrement adaptés à la détermination qualitative et/ou quantitative d'un profil
de sol — associés à des reconnaissances directes — ou pour être comparés à d'autres essais réalisés in situ.
Les résultats d'un essai de pénétration statique au cône peuvent, en principe, être utilisés pour évaluer la
stratification, le type de sol et les paramètres géotechniques, tels que la densité du sol, les paramètres de
résistance au cisaillement et les caractéristiques de déformation et de tassement.
La présente partie de l'ISO 22476 spécifie les caractéristiques suivantes:
⎯ le type d'essai de pénétration statique au cône (voir Tableau 1);
⎯ la classe d'application (voir Tableau 2);
⎯ la longueur ou profondeur de pénétration;
⎯ l'altitude de la surface du sol ou de la surface du sol sous-marin, par rapport à un système de référence,
à l'endroit où est réalisé l'essai de pénétration statique au cône;
⎯ la position du lieu d'essai de pénétration statique au cône par rapport à un point de référence fixe
reproductible.
NOTE La planification et l'évaluation d'un programme de reconnaissance géotechnique et l'application de ses
résultats à la conception sont couvertes par l'EN 1997-1 et l'EN 1997-2.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 8503 (toutes les parties), Préparation des subjectiles d'acier avant application de peintures et de produits
assimilés — Caractéristiques de rugosité des subjectiles d'acier décapés
ISO 10012:2003, Systèmes de management de la mesure — Exigences pour les processus et les
équipements de mesure
© ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés 1
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
3 Termes, définitions, symboles et termes abrégés
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes, définitions, symboles et termes abrégés suivants
s'appliquent.
3.1 Termes et définitions
3.1.1
rugosité moyenne de surface
R
a
écart moyen entre la surface réelle de la sonde et un plan de référence moyen placé le long de la surface de
la sonde
3.1.2
cône
partie inférieure de forme conique du pénétromètre à cône
NOTE Lorsque le pénétromètre est enfoncé dans le sol, la résistance à la pénétration du cône est transmise à
l'appareil de mesure en surface par des tiges intérieures.
3.1.3
essai de pénétration statique au cône
CPT
enfoncement dans le sol d'un pénétromètre à cône placé à l'extrémité d'un train de tiges de fonçage
cylindriques, à une vitesse de pénétration constante
NOTE Le terme abrégé CPT est dérivé de l'anglais cone penetration test.
3.1.3.1
CPT électrique
CPTU
essai de pénétration statique au cône dans lequel les efforts sont mesurés électriquement dans le
pénétromètre à cône
NOTE Les essais CPT électrique et au piézocône (CPTU) feront l'objet de la future partie 1 de l'ISO 22476.
3.1.3.2
CPT mécanique
CPTM
essai de pénétration statique au cône dans lequel les efforts sont mesurés mécaniquement ou électriquement
au niveau du sol
3.1.4
pointe pénétrométrique
pénétromètre à cône
ensemble comprenant le cône, éventuellement le manchon de frottement, la liaison au train de tiges de
fonçage et les appareils de mesure permettant de déterminer la résistance à la pénétration du cône et, le cas
échéant, la résistance totale et/ou le frottement latéral local
3.1.5
résistance à la pénétration du cône
effort s'exerçant sur le cône
3.1.6
essais de pénétration continue
méthode d'essai dans laquelle la résistance à la pénétration du cône est mesurée alors que le cône et les
tiges de fonçage se déplacent continuellement, jusqu'à l'arrêt nécessaire pour ajouter une tige de fonçage
2 © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
3.1.7
essais de pénétration discontinue
méthode d'essai dans laquelle la résistance à la pénétration du cône et, éventuellement, le frottement sur le
manchon sont mesurés pendant un arrêt de l'enfoncement des tiges de fonçage
3.1.8
effort s'exerçant sur le manchon de frottement
F
s
effort obtenu en soustrayant l'effort mesuré sur le cône, de l'effort s'exerçant sur le cône et le manchon de
frottement
3.1.9
rapport de frottement
R
f
rapport, exprimé en pourcentage, du frottement sur le manchon à la résistance à la pénétration du cône,
mesurés à la même profondeur
f
s
R=×100 %
f
q
c
NOTE Dans certains cas, l'inverse du rapport de frottement, appelé indice de frottement, est utilisé.
3.1.10
dispositif de réduction du frottement
élargissement local et symétrique du diamètre d'une tige de fonçage permettant de réduire le frottement le
long des tiges de fonçage
3.1.11
manchon de frottement
section du pénétromètre à cône dans laquelle est mesuré le frottement sur le manchon
3.1.12
tiges internes
tiges pleines coulissant à l'intérieur des tiges de fonçage et transférant les efforts transmis par le cône, et
éventuellement le manchon de frottement, au système de mesure
3.1.13
résistance mesurée à la pénétration du cône
q
c
rapport de l'effort mesuré s'exerçant sur le cône, Q , par l'aire de la section, A :
c c
Q
c
q =
c
A
c
NOTE La résistance mesurée à la pénétration du cône obtenue par un essai de pénétration au cône à pointe
mécanique peut être différente des résistances à la pénétration du cône mesurées avec un pénétromètre à cône à pointe
électrique.
3.1.14
frottement mesuré sur le manchon
f
s
rapport de l'effort mesuré s'exerçant sur le manchon de frottement, F , par l'aire de la section du manchon, A :
s s
F
s
f =
s
A
s
NOTE Le frottement mesuré sur le manchon obtenu par un essai de pénétration au cône à pointe mécanique peut
être différent des résistances à la pénétration du cône mesurées avec un pénétromètre à cône à pointe électrique.
© ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés 3
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
3.1.15
résistance totale mesurée à la pénétration
Q
t
force nécessaire pour enfoncer le cône et les tiges de fonçage dans le sol
3.1.16
système de mesure
ensemble des capteurs et accessoires utilisés pour transférer et/ou mesurer les efforts générés pendant
l'essai de pénétration au cône
NOTE L'effort s'exerçant sur le cône et, le cas échéant, la résistance totale à la pénétration et/ou le frottement sur le
manchon sont mesurés à l'aide de manomètres ou de capteurs de charge électriques.
3.1.17
profondeur de pénétration
z
profondeur atteinte par la base du cône, par rapport à un plan horizontal fixe
Voir Figure 1.
NOTE 1 Elle est exprimée en mètres.
NOTE 2 Dans le cas d'un essai de pénétration au cône à pointe mécanique, la profondeur de pénétration ne peut pas
être déterminée, du fait de l'absence de mesure par un inclinomètre permettant de corriger la profondeur.
3.1.18
longueur de pénétration
l
somme de la longueur des tiges de fonçage et du pénétromètre à cône, diminuée de la hauteur de la partie
conique, par rapport à un plan horizontal fixe
Voir Figure 1.
NOTE 1 Elle est exprimé en mètres.
NOTE 2 Le plan horizontal fixe correspond généralement à un plan horizontal passant par la surface du sol sur le site
de l'essai.
3.1.19
tige de fonçage
partie d'un train de tiges employé pour transférer l'effort à la pointe pénétrométrique
3.1.20
appareil de fonçage
appareil qui permet d'enfoncer la pointe pénétrométrique et les tiges dans le sol à une vitesse de pénétration
constante
NOTE La réaction requise pour l'appareil de fonçage peut être fournie par des lests et/ou des ancrages au sol.
3.1.21
résistance totale au frottement latéral
Q
st
force requise pour surmonter le frottement latéral sur les tiges de fonçage lorsqu'elles sont enfoncées dans le
sol
NOTE La résistance totale au frottement latéral est obtenue en soustrayant l'effort s'exerçant sur le cône, Q , de la
c
résistance totale à la pénétration, Q :
t
Q = Q − Q
st t c
4 © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
3.1.22
dérive du zéro
différence absolue des indications zéro d'un système de mesure entre le début et la fin de l'essai de
pénétration statique au cône
3.1.23
zéro
sortie stable d'un système de mesure en l'absence de charge sur le capteur, c'est-à-dire lorsque le paramètre
mesuré a une valeur de zéro, alors que toute alimentation auxiliaire requise pour faire fonctionner le système
de mesure est branchée
Légende
z profondeur de pénétration, m
l longueur de pénétration, m
a
Plan horizontal fixe.
b
Base de la partie conique du cône.
Figure 1 — Longueur et profondeur de pénétration
© ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés 5
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
3.2 Symboles et termes abrégés
2
A aire de la section projetée du cône mm
c
2
A aire de la section du manchon de frottement mm
s
d diamètre de la partie cylindrique supérieure du cône mm
c
d diamètre du manchon de frottement mm
2
F effort s'exerçant sur le manchon de frottement kN
s
f frottement mesuré sur le manchon MPa
s
h hauteur de la section conique du cône mm
c
h longueur du prolongement cylindrique du cône mm
e
l longueur de pénétration m
l longueur du manchon de frottement mm
s
M1, M2, M4 type de pointe pénétrométrique —
Q effort mesuré sur le cône kN
c
Q résistance totale au frottement latéral kN
st
Q résistance totale mesurée à la pénétration kN
t
q résistance mesurée à la pénétration du cône MPa
c
R rugosité moyenne de surface µm
a
R rapport de frottement %
f
TM1, … TM4 méthode d'essai (test method) 1 à 4 —
t temps s
z profondeur de pénétration m
4 Matériel
4.1 Capteurs du pénétromètre à cône
Le pénétromètre à cône ne comporte pas de capteurs de charge internes, car les mesurages sont effectués
au niveau du sol. Les axes de tous les éléments du pénétromètre à cône doivent coïncider.
4.2 Tolérances
Les tolérances dimensionnelles mentionnées dans cet article sont des tolérances de fonctionnement. Il
convient que les tolérances de fabrication soient plus strictes.
La tolérance sur la rugosité de surface est une tolérance de fabrication.
4.3 Rugosité de surface
La rugosité de surface se rapporte à la rugosité moyenne, R , déterminée par un comparateur de profil de
a
surface conformément à l'ISO 8503 et/ou norme équivalente. L'exigence relative à la rugosité de surface a
pour objectif d'éviter l'utilisation d'un manchon de frottement «anormalement lisse» ou «anormalement
rugueux». L'acier, y compris l'acier trempé, est soumis à usure dans le sol (en particulier dans les sables) et le
manchon de frottement développe sa propre rugosité à l'usage. Il est donc important que la rugosité obtenue
au moment de la fabrication se rapproche de la rugosité acquise à l'usage. On estime que l'exigence relative
6 © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
à la rugosité de surface sera généralement satisfaite en pratique pour les types courants d'acier utilisés pour
la fabrication des pénétromètres et pour les conditions de sol courantes (sable et argile).
4.4 Pointe pénétrométrique
Trois types de pointes pénétrométriques sont envisagés en fonction de leur géométrie:
⎯ M1 (pointe pénétrométrique à cône à manchon), utilisée pour mesurer la résistance à la pénétration du
cône;
⎯ M2 (pointe pénétrométrique à cône à manchon et manchon de frottement), utilisée pour mesurer la
résistance à la pénétration du cône et le frottement latéral local;
⎯ M4 (pointe pénétrométrique à cône simple), utilisée pour mesurer la résistance à la pénétration du cône.
NOTE Le type M3 est un type qui n'est plus utilisé en pratique et qui n'est de ce fait pas considéré dans la présente
partie de l'ISO 22476. Pour des raisons de continuité, les types de pointe pénétrométriques n'ont pas été renommés.
D'autres types de pointes pénétrométriques peuvent être utilisés, mais ne sont pas pris en compte dans la
présente partie de l'ISO 22476. L'utilisation d'un type différent de pointe pénétrométrique doit être mentionnée
dans les résultats des essais, y compris les spécifications du type de pointe.
La géométrie des pointes pénétrométriques normalisées est représentée dans les Figures 2, 3 et 4. La
position avancée pour les pointes pénétrométriques M1 et M4 sont indiquées dans les Figures 2 et 4 par «Q »,
c
tandis que la pointe pénétrométrique M2 montrée sur la Figure 3 possède deux positions avancées indiquées
par «Q » et «Q +Q ».
c c st
Pour une pointe pénétrométrique munie d'un manchon de frottement, aucune partie de la pointe
pénétrométrique ne doit faire saillie au-delà du diamètre du manchon. L'aire de la section de l'extrémité
supérieure du manchon de frottement ne doit pas être inférieure à l'aire de la section de l'extrémité inférieure.
Les pièces mobiles de la pointe pénétrométrique (manchon, manchon de frottement) doivent être propres et
lubrifiées afin de permettre leur libre mouvement avant l'essai.
© ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés 7
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
Figure 2 — Pointe Figure 3 — Pointe Figure 4 — Pointe
pénétrométrique M1 pénétrométrique M2 pénétrométrique M4
(à cône à manchon) (à cône à manchon et manchon de (à cône simple)
frottement)
4.5 Cône
Les cônes des pointes pénétrométriques M1 et M2 sont constitués d'une partie conique et d'un prolongement
cylindrique avec un chanfrein vers l'intérieur. Le cône M4 est constitué d'une partie conique qui est
directement raccordée aux tiges internes, sans prolongement.
Le cône doit avoir un angle nominal au sommet de 60°.
Les cônes avec un angle au sommet compris entre 60° et 90° sont autorisés pour la détermination de la
stratification des sols si cela est indiqué dans le rapport d'essai. L'interprétation des résultats d'essai en
termes de paramètres géotechniques peut être réalisée uniquement dans le cas où des corrélations
spécifiques pour ce type de cône ont été établies.
2
L'aire de la section de cônes normalisés doit être de 1 000 mm , ce qui correspond à un diamètre de 35,7 mm.
8 © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
Le diamètre extérieur de la partie cylindrique supérieure doit être dans les limites de tolérance spécifiées dans
la Figure 5:
35,3 mm u d u 36,0 mm
c
La longueur du prolongement cylindrique doit être dans les limites de tolérance suivantes:
2,0 mm u h u 5,0 mm
e
La hauteur de la section conique doit être dans les limites de tolérance suivantes:
24,0 mm u h u 31,2 mm
c
La surface du cône doit être lisse.
Il convient de fabriquer le cône avec une rugosité de surface, R , inférieure à 5 µm.
a
Le cône ne doit pas être utilisé s'il présente une usure asymétrique, même si, par ailleurs, il répond aux
exigences de tolérance.
Dimensions en millimètres
Légende
1 forme minimale du cône après usure
2 forme maximale du cône
Figure 5 — Exigences de tolérance pour l'utilisation d'un pénétromètre à cône
2
Selon les conditions du sol, des cônes d'un diamètre extérieur compris entre 25 mm (A = 500 mm ) et 80 mm
c
2
(A = 5 027 mm ) sont autorisés. Dans ce cas, la géométrie du cône doit être ajustée proportionnellement au
c
diamètre. Il convient d'ajuster la géométrie du manchon de frottement pour obtenir des résultats comparables.
2
L'utilisation d'un cône avec A ≠ 1 000 mm doit être indiquée.
c
4.6 Manchon de frottement
Le manchon de frottement doit être placé juste au-dessus du cône.
2
La surface nominale doit être de 15 000 mm .
La géométrie et les exigences de tolérance doivent être conformes à la Figure 6:
d u d < d + 0,35 mm
c 2 c
et
© ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés 9
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ISO 22476-12:2009(F)
d < 36,1 mm
2
La longueur de la partie cylindrique doit respecter les tolérances suivantes:
132,5 mm < l u 135 mm
s
Dimensions en millimètres
2
A = 15 000 mm
s
d W d
2 c
d < d + 0,35
2 c
d < 36,1
2
Légende
A aire de la section du manchon de frottement
s
l longueur du manchon de frottement
s
d diamètre du cône
c
d diamètre du manchon de frottement
2
Figure 6 — Exigences de tolérance pour les manchons de frottement
Le manchon de frottement doit être fabriqué ave
...
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