SIST EN 62127-2:2008
(Main)Ultrasonics - Hydrophones -- Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones -- Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
This part of IEC 62127 specifies: absolute hydrophone calibration methods; relative (comparative) hydrophone calibration methods. Recommendations and references to accepted literature are made for the various relative and absolute calibration methods in the frequency range covered by this standard. This standard is applicable to hydrophones used for measurements made in water and in the ultrasonic frequency range up to 40 MHz; hydrophones employing circular piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the pulsed wave and continuous wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment; hydrophones with or without a hydrophone pre-amplifier.
Ultraschall - Hydrophone - Teil 2: Kalibrierung für Ultraschallfelder bis zu 40 MHz
Ultrasons - Hydrophones -- Partie 2: Etalonnage pour les champs ultrasonores jusqu'à 40 Mhz
La CEI 62127-2:2007 spécifie les méthodes d'étalonnage absolues de l'hydrophone et les méthodes d'étalonnage (comparatives) relatives de l'hydrophone. Cette norme s'applique:
- aux hydrophones utilisés pour procéder à des mesures dans l'eau dans la plage de fréquences ultrasonores pouvant atteindre 40 MHz;
- aux hydrophones utilisant des capteurs piézoélectriques circulaires, conçus pour mesurer les champs ultrasoniques à ondes pulsées et entretenues générés par les appareils à ultrasons;
- et aux hydrophones avec ou sans préamplificateur d'hydrophone. La CEI 62127-1, la CEI 62127-2 et la CEI 62127-3 ont été publiées conjointement. Ensemble, elles annulent et remplacent la CEI 60866:1987, la CEI 61101:1991, la CEI 61102:1991, la CEI 61220:1993 et la CEI 62092:2001. Le contenu du corrigendum (août 2008, disponible en anglais seulement) a été inclus dans cette norme. La version française n'a pas été soumise au vote.
Ultrazvok - Hidrofoni - 2. del: Kalibracija za ultrazvočna polja do 40 MHz (IEC 62127-2:2007)
Ta del standarda IEC 62127 določa: absolutne metode kalibracije hidrofonov; relativne (primerjalne) metode kalibracije hidrofonov. Priporočila in sklici na sprejeto literaturo so podani za številne relativne in absolutne metode kalibracije v frekvenčnem območju, ki ga zajema ta standard. Ta standard se uporablja za hidrofone, ki se uporabljajo za meritve, opravljene v vodi in ultrazvočnem frekvenčnem območju do 40 MHz; hidrofone, ki uporabljajo krožne piezoelektrične senzorne elemente in so zasnovani za merjenje ultrazvočnih polj z impulznimi in neprekinjenimi valovi, ki jih ustvari ultrazvočna oprema; hidrofone s hidrofonskim predojačevalnikom ali brez njega.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 62127-2:2008
01-januar-2008
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 61101:2002
SIST EN 61102:2002
SIST EN 61102:2002/A1:2002
SIST EN 61220:2002
SIST EN 62092:2002
8OWUD]YRN+LGURIRQLGHO .DOLEUDFLMD]DXOWUD]YRþQDSROMDGR0+] ,(&
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz (IEC
62127-2:2007)
Ultraschall - Hydrophone - Teil 2: Kalibrierung für Ultraschallfelder bis zu 40 MHz (IEC
62127-2:2007)
Ultrasons - Hydrophones - Partie 2: Etalonnage pour les champs ultrasonores jusqu'a 40
Mhz (IEC 62127-2:2007)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 62127-2:2007
ICS:
11.040.01 Medicinska oprema na Medical equipment in general
splošno
17.140.50 Elektroakustika Electroacoustics
SIST EN 62127-2:2008 en,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 62127-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2007
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.140.50 Partially supersedes EN 61101:1993, EN 61102:1993 + A1:1994, EN 61220:1995 and EN 62092:2001
English version
Ultrasonics -
Hydrophones -
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
(IEC 62127-2:2007)
Ultrasons - Ultraschall -
Hydrophones - Hydrophone -
Partie 2: Etalonnage pour les champs Teil 2: Kalibrierung für Ultraschallfelder
ultrasonores jusqu'à 40 Mhz bis zu 40 MHz
(CEI 62127-2:2007) (IEC 62127-2:2007)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2007-09-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2007 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 62127-2:2007 E
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EN 62127-2:2007 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 87/353/CDV, future edition 1 of IEC 62127-2, prepared by IEC TC 87, Ultrasonics,
was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by
CENELEC as EN 62127-2 on 2007-09-01.
EN 62127-1, EN 62127-2 and EN 62127-3 are being published simultaneously. Together these European
Standards cancel and replace EN 61101:1993, EN 61102:1993 + A1:1994, EN 61220:1995 and
EN 62092:2001.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2008-06-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
(dow) 2010-09-01
with the EN have to be withdrawn
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62127-2:2007 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________
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- 3 - EN 62127-2:2007
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050-801 1994 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) -
Chapter 801: Acoustics and electroacoustics
1) 2)
IEC 60565 - Underwater acoustics - Hydrophones - EN 60565 2007
Calibration in the frequency range
0,01 Hz to 1 MHz
IEC 61161 2006 Ultrasonics - Power measurement - EN 61161 2007
Radiation force balances and performance
requirements
IEC 61828 2001 Ultrasonics - Focusing transducers - EN 61828 2001
Definitions and measurement methods
for the transmitted fields
1) 2)
IEC 62127-1 - Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - EN 62127-1 2007
Part 1: Measurement and characterization
of medical ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
1) 2)
IEC 62127-3 - Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - EN 62127-3 2007
Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for
ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.
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IEC 62127-2
Edition 1.0 2007-08
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XC
ICS 17.140.50 ISBN 2-8318-9277-5
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– 2 – 62127-2 © IEC:2007(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.5
INTRODUCTION.7
1 Scope.8
2 Normative references.8
3 Terms, definitions and symbols .9
4 List of symbols.13
5 Overview of calibration procedures .15
5.1 Principles .15
5.2 Summary of calibration procedures .16
5.3 Reporting of results .17
5.4 Recommended calibration periods .18
6 Generic requirements of a hydrophone calibration system .19
6.1 Mechanical positioning.19
6.1.1 General .19
6.1.2 Accuracy of the axial hydrophone position .19
6.1.3 Accuracy of the lateral hydrophone position.19
6.2 Temperature measurements and temperature stability .19
6.3 Hydrophone size.20
6.4 Measurement vessel and water properties .20
6.5 Measurement of output voltage .20
7 Electrical considerations .21
7.1 Signal type .21
7.2 Earthing.21
7.3 Measurement of hydrophone output voltage .21
7.3.1 General .21
7.3.2 Electrical loading by measuring instrument.21
7.3.3 Electrical loading by extension cables .22
7.3.4 Noise.22
7.3.5 Cross-talk (radio-frequency rf pick-up) and acoustic interference .22
7.3.6 Integral hydrophone pre-amplifiers .23
8 Preparation of hydrophones .23
8.1 General .23
8.2 Wetting.23
8.3 Hydrophone support .23
8.4 Influence of cable .23
9 Free field reciprocity calibration .23
9.1 General .23
9.2 Object .23
9.3 General principles.24
9.3.1 General .24
9.3.2 Three-transducer reciprocity calibration method .24
9.3.3 Self-reciprocity calibration method .24
9.3.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method.24
9.4 Two-transducer reciprocity calibration method.24
9.4.1 Apparatus .24
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62127-2 © IEC:2007(E) – 3 –
9.4.2 Procedure.25
10 Free field calibration by planar scanning .25
10.1 General .25
10.2 Object .25
10.3 General principle .25
10.4 Procedural requirements.27
10.4.1 Hydrophone scanning .27
10.5 Procedure.27
10.5.1 Power measurement .27
10.5.2 Transducer mounting .27
10.5.3 Measurement conditions .27
10.5.4 Measurements .28
10.6 Corrections and sources of uncertainty .28
11 Free field calibration by optical interferometry .28
11.1 General .28
11.2 Principle .28
12 Calibration by comparison using a standard hydrophone .28
12.1 General .28
12.2 Object .28
12.3 Principle .29
12.4 Procedural requirements.29
12.4.1 Source transducer .29
12.4.2 Source transducer drive signal .29
12.4.3 Measurement system .29
12.5 Procedure.30
12.5.1 Measurements (Type I): determination of the directional response of a
hydrophone.30
12.5.2 Measurements (Type II): calibration by comparison using a standard
hydrophone.30
12.6 Maximum hydrophone size.31
Annex A (informative) Assessment of uncertainty in free field calibration of
hydrophones .32
Annex B (informative) Behaviour of PVDF polymer sensors in high intensity ultrasonic
fields.34
Annex C (informative) Electrical loading corrections .37
Annex D (informative) Absolute calibration of hydrophones using the planar scanning
technique .38
Annex E (informative) Properties of water.46
Annex F (informative) The absolute calibration of hydrophones by optical
interferometry up to 40 MHz .48
Annex G (informative) Waveform concepts.58
Annex H (informative) Time delay spectrometry – requirements and a brief review of
the technique .68
Annex I (informative) Determination of the phase response of hydrophones .71
Annex J (informative) Maximum size considerations for the active element of a
hydrophone.77
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– 4 – 62127-2 © IEC:2007(E)
Bibliography .79
Figure F.1 – Experimental set-up of the interferometric foil technique .51
Figure F.2 – End-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity, M , of a coplanar membrane
c
hydrophone.53
Figure F.3 – Hydrophone waveform generated by a 9 μm coplanar membrane
hydrophone positioned at the focus of a 5 MHz transducer (focal length 51 mm) .54
Figure F.4 – Interferometer (displacement) waveform generated with the pellicle
positioned at the focus of the 5 MHz transducer (focal position 51 mm) .55
Figure F.5 – Frequency spectrum of the displacement waveform (lower curve) and the
differentiated displacement waveform (upper curve) .55
Figure F.6 – Sensitivity of a 0,2 mm active element diameter of a 9 μm bilaminar
membrane hydrophone determined at 5 MHz intervals over the frequency range 5 MHz
to 60 MHz .56
Figure G.1 – Coordinates of a field point, P, in the near field of a plane- circular source
transducer of radius, a .65
t
Figure I.1 – Phase of end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity for two membrane
hydrophones .73
Figure I.2 – Phase of end-of-cable open-circuit sensitivity for a ∅0,2 mm needle
hydrophone.75
Table 1 – List of typical uncertainty values obtained by the calibration methods
specified in this standard and for the frequency range listed here .17
Table E.1 – Speed of sound c and specific acoustic impedance, ρc, as a function of
temperature, for propagation in water .46
Table G.1 – Temporal waveform and hydrophone position concepts described in this
58
Annex .
Table I.1. – Example of uncertainties (where a coverage factor, k = 2, is used) for a
HTDS phase calibration of a needle hydrophone with a diameter of 0,2 mm, expressed
at a confidence level of 95 %.73
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62127-2 © IEC:2007(E) – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ULTRASONICS – HYDROPHONES –
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62127-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 87:
Ultrasonics.
IEC 62127-1, IEC 62127-2 and IEC 62127-3 are being published simultaneously. Together
these cancel and replace IEC 60866:1987, IEC 61101:1991, IEC 61102:1991, IEC 61220:1993
and IEC 62092:2001.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
87/353/CDV 87/372/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
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– 6 – 62127-2 © IEC:2007(E)
A list of all parts of IEC 62127 series, published under the general title Ultrasonics –
Hydrophones, can be found on the IEC website.
NOTE Words in bold in the text are defined in Clause 3.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
maintenance result date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition; or
• amended.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
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62127-2 © IEC:2007(E) – 7 –
INTRODUCTION
The spatial and temporal distribution of acoustic pressure in an ultrasonic field in a liquid
medium is commonly determined using miniature ultrasonic hydrophones. These devices are
not absolute measurement instruments and require calibration. The purpose of this part of
IEC 62127 is to specify those calibration methods to be used in determining the response of a
hydrophone in the ultrasonic range, i.e. above 20 kHz up to a frequency of 40 MHz. The main
hydrophone application in this context lies in the measurement of ultrasonic fields emitted by
medical diagnostic equipment in water. Hydrophone behaviour over this wide frequency band
is required in order to reliably characterize the acoustic parameters of the applied acoustic
field. In particular, the frequency range above 15 MHz is important to fully characterize this
equipment, primarily due to the increased appearance of high-frequency components in the
ultrasonic signals, caused by non-linear propagation. In addition, the number of medical
ultrasonic systems that use frequencies above 15 MHz, particularly intra-operative probes, is
growing. It has turned out in recent years that the hydrophone response below 0,5 MHz is also
required to reliably determine the peak-negative (rarefactional) acoustic pressure.
While the term "hydrophone" can be used in a wider sense, it is understood here as referring
to miniature piezoelectric hydrophones. It is this instrument type that is used today in various
areas of medical ultrasonics and, in particular, to characterize quantitatively the field structure
of medical diagnostic instruments. With regard to other pressure sensor types, such as those
based on fibre optics, some of the requirements of this standard are applicable to these as well
but others are not. If in the future these other "hydrophone" types gain more importance in
field measurement practice, their characteristics and calibration will have to be dealt with in a
revised version of this standard or in a separate one.
NOTE This standard covers the ultrasonic frequency range, from 20 kHz to an upper frequency of 40 MHz.
Standards dealing with hydrophone properties (IEC 62127-3) and hydrophone use (IEC 62127-1) are being
developed in parallel as part of a programme of maintenance activities aimed at restructuring and merging, where
possible, all existing ultrasonic hydrophone standards. This will eventually lead to unified standards covering the
whole field of practical hydrophone application.
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– 8 – 62127-2 © IEC:2007(E)
ULTRASONICS — HYDROPHONES —
Part 2: Calibration for ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62127 specifies:
• absolute hydrophone calibration methods;
• relative (comparative) hydrophone calibration methods.
Recommendations and references to accepted literature are made for the various relative and
absolute calibration methods in the frequency range covered by this standard.
This standard is applicable to
• hydrophones used for measurements made in water and in the ultrasonic frequency range
up to 40 MHz;
NOTE 1 Although some physiotherapy medical applications of medical ultrasound are developing which
operate in the frequency range 40 kHz to 100 kHz, the primary frequency range of diagnostic imaging remains
above 2 MHz. It has recently been established that, even in the latter case, the hydrophone response at
substantially lower frequencies can influence measurements made of key acoustic parameters [1].
• hydrophones employing circular piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the
pulsed wave and continuous wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment;
NOTE 2 Some hydrophones can have non-circular active elements, arising from slight deviations from a
circular structure caused, for example by electrode structure, or conversely, the active elements can actually
be squares. The clauses within this standard remain valid, although, in these cases, special attention should
be paid to the directional response and to the effective radii of the active element through various axes of
rotation.
• hydrophones with or without a hydrophone pre-amplifier.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050-801:1994, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary – Chapter 801: Acoustics
and electro-acoustics
IEC 60565, Underwater acoustics – Hydrophones – Calibration in the frequency range 0,01 Hz
to 1 MHz
IEC 61161:2006, Ultrasonics – Power measurement – Radiation force balances and performance
requirements
IEC 61828:2006, Ultrasonics – Focusing transducers – Definitions and measurement methods
for the transmitted fields
IEC 62127-1, Ultrasonics – Hydrophones – Part 1: Measurement and characterization of
medical ultrasonic fields up to 40 MHz
IEC 62127-3, Ultrasonics – Hydrophones – Part 3: Properties of hydrophones for ultrasonic
fields up to 40 MHz
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62127-2 © IEC:2007(E) – 9 –
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 62127-1 and the
following apply.
3.1
acoustic centre
point on or nea
...
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