SIST EN 12668-1:2011
(Main)Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic testing equipment - Part 1: Instruments
Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic testing equipment - Part 1: Instruments
This standard specifies methods and acceptance criteria for assessing the electrical performance of analogue and digital ultrasonic instruments for pulse operation using A-scan display, employed for manual ultrasonic non-destructive examination with single or twin transducer probes operating within the centre frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz. Ultrasonic instruments for continuous waves are not included in this standard. This standard may partly be applicable to ultrasonic instruments in automatic systems but then other tests can be needed to ensure satisfactory performance.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Charakterisierung und Verifizierung der Ultraschall-Prüfausrüstung - Teil 1: Prüfgeräte
Dieses Dokument legt Verfahren und Zulässigkeitskriterien fest, mit denen die elektrischen Eigenschaften von
analogen und digitalen Ultraschall-Prüfgeräten für Impulsbetrieb, mit A-Bild-Darstellung, vorgesehen für die
manuelle, zerstörungsfreie Ultraschallprüfung mit Einzelschwinger-Prüfköpfen und SE-Prüfköpfen, für den
Mittenfrequenzbereich von 0,5 MHz bis 15 MHz, bewertet werden sollen. Ultraschall-Prüfgeräte für Dauerschall
sind von dieser Norm nicht betroffen. Teile dieser Norm dürfen für Ultraschall-Prüfgeräte in automatisierten
Prüfanlagen herangezogen werden, was dann jedoch zusätzliche Prüfungen erforderlich macht, um
zufriedenstellende Leistungen sicherzustellen.
Essais non destructifs - Caractérisation et vérification de l'appareillage de contrôle par ultrasons - Partie 1: Appareils
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les modes opératoires et les critères d’acceptation permettant
d’évaluer les performances électriques des appareils de contrôle par ultrasons à modes impulsionnel,
analogique et numérique, utilisant une représentation de type A, employés pour le contrôle non destructif par
ultrasons en manuel, avec traducteurs simples ou à émetteur et récepteur séparés fonctionnant dans la
gamme de fréquences centrales comprises entre 0,5 MHz et 15 MHz. Les appareils de contrôle par ultrasons
à ondes entretenues ne sont pas inclus dans la présente norme. Certaines parties de la présente norme
peuvent s’appliquer aux appareils de contrôle par ultrasons utilisés dans des systèmes automatisés, mais,
dans ce cas, des essais supplémentaires peuvent être nécessaires pour garantir des performances
satisfaisantes.
Neporušitveno preskušanje - Ugotavljanje značilnosti in overjanje naprav za ultrazvočno preskušanje - 1. del: Aparati
Ta evropski standard določa metode in merila sprejemljivosti za ugotavljanje električne zmogljivosti analognih in digitalnih ultrazvočnih instrumentov za pulzno delovanje z uporabo prikazovalnika za A-skeniranje, ki se uporabljajo za ročno ultrazvočno neporušitveno preiskavo s sondami z enojnim ali dvojnim elementom, ki delujejo v okviru osrednjega frekvenčnega razpona od 0,5 MHz do 15 MHz. Ultrazvočni instrumenti za neprekinjene valove niso vključeni v ta standard. Ta standard se lahko deloma uporablja za ultrazvočne instrumente v avtomatskih sistemih, vendar so lahko potrebni drugi preskusi, da se zagotovi zadovoljivo delovanje.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Charakterisierung und Verifizierung der Ultraschall-Prüfausrüstung - Teil 1: PrüfgeräteEssais non destructifs - Caractérisation et vérification de l'appareillage de contrôle par ultrasons - Partie 1: AppareilsNon-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic testing equipment - Part 1: Instruments19.100Neporušitveno preskušanjeNon-destructive testingICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 12668-1:2010SIST EN 12668-1:2011en,fr,de01-februar-2011SIST EN 12668-1:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 12668-1:2001/A1:2004SIST EN 12668-1:20011DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 12668-1
February 2010 ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 12668-1:2000English Version
Non-destructive testing - Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment - Part 1: Instruments
Essais non destructifs - Caractérisation et vérification de l'appareillage de contrôle par ultrasons - Partie 1 : Appareils
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Charakterisierung und Verifizierung der Ultraschall-Prüfausrüstung - Teil 1: Prüfgeräte This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 December 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12668-1:2010: ESIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .31Scope .42Normative references .43Terms and definitions .44Symbols .75General requirements for compliance .86Manufacturer's technical specification for ultrasonic instruments.96.1General .96.2General attributes .96.3Display .96.4Transmitter . 106.5Receiver and attenuator . 106.6Monitor output . 116.7Additional information . 117Performance requirements for ultrasonic instruments . 118Group 1 tests . 138.1Equipment required for group 1 tests . 138.2Stability against temperature . 148.3Stability against voltage variation . 168.4Transmitter pulse parameters . 168.5Receiver . 188.6Monitor gate . 218.7Monitor gates with proportional output. 228.8Digital ultrasonic instruments . 269Group 2 tests . 279.1Equipment required for group 2 tests . 279.2Physical state and external aspects . 289.3Stability . 289.4Transmitter pulse parameters . 299.5Receiver . 309.6Linearity of time-base . 32Annex A (normative)
Special conditions for ultrasonic instruments with logarithmic amplifiers . 44A.1Introduction . 44A.2Basic requirements. 44A.2.1Measuring accuracy . 44A.2.2Vertical display "linearity" . 44A.3Tests . 44Bibliography . 45 SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 12668-1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 12668-1:2000. EN 12668, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment, consists of the following parts: Part 1: Instruments Part 2: Probes Part 3: Combined equipment
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies methods and acceptance criteria for assessing the electrical performance of analogue and digital ultrasonic instruments for pulse operation using A-scan display, employed for manual ultrasonic non-destructive examination with single or dual-element probes operating within the centre frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz. Ultrasonic instruments for continuous waves are not included in this standard. This standard may partly be applicable to ultrasonic instruments in automated systems but then other tests can be needed to ensure satisfactory performance. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1330-4:2010, Non-destructive testing — Terminology — Part 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing EN 12668-3, Non-destructive testing — Characterization and verification of ultrasonic examination equipment — Part 3: Combined equipment 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-4:2010 and the following apply. 3.1 amplifier frequency response variation of the gain of an amplifier versus frequency NOTE It is usually specified by a plot of gain (normalized to the peak gain value) versus frequency. 3.2 amplifier bandwidth width of the frequency spectrum between the high and low cut-off frequencies
NOTE This standard uses as limits the points at which the gain is 3 dB below the peak value. 3.3 cross-talk during transmission amount of energy transfer from the transmitter output to the receiver input during the transmission pulse, with the ultrasonic instrument set for dual-element probe (separate transmitter and receiver) 3.4 calibrated dB-switch device controlling the overall gain of the ultrasonic instrument calibrated in decibels 3.5 dead time after transmitter pulse time interval following the start of the transmitter pulse during which the amplifier is unable to respond to incoming signals, when using the pulse echo method, because of saturation by the transmitter pulse 3.6 digitisation sampling error error introduced into the displayed amplitude of an input signal by the periodic nature of measurements taken by an analogue-to-digital converter SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 5 3.7 dynamic range ratio of the amplitude of the largest signal to the smallest signal which an ultrasonic instrument can display 3.8 equivalent input noise measure of the electronic noise level observed on the ultrasonic instrument screen, and defined by the input signal level, measured at the receiver input terminals, that would give the same level on the screen if the amplifier itself were noiseless 3.9 external attenuator standard attenuator calibrated to a traceable source used to test the ultrasonic instrument 3.10 fall time of proportional output time it takes the proportional gate output to fall from 90 % to 10 % of its peak value 3.11 frequency response of proportional gate output measure of how the amplitude of the proportional gate output varies with input signal frequency 3.12 hold time of switched outputs time for which the switched output from a monitor gate will remain above 50 % of its maximum output following a signal in the monitor gate which is above the threshold 3.13 hold time of proportional output time for which the proportional output is above 90 % of its peak output following a signal in the monitor gate 3.14 linearity of proportional output measure of how close the voltage output from the proportional gate is to being directly proportional to the input signal amplitude 3.15 linearity of time base measure of how close the horizontal graticule reading on the ultrasonic instrument screen is to being directly proportional to the time-of-flight of an echo 3.16 linearity of vertical display measure of how close the vertical graticule reading of a signal on the ultrasonic instrument screen is to being directly proportional to the input signal amplitude 3.17 mid gain position ultrasonic instrument gain setting which is half way between the maximum and minimum gains, measured in decibels
EXAMPLE For an ultrasonic instrument with a maximum gain of 100 dB and a minimum gain of 0 dB, the mid gain position would be 50 dB. 3.18 monitor gate section of the time-base on the A-scan display in which the amplitude is compared to a threshold and/or converted to an analogue output SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 6 3.19 monitor threshold minimum signal amplitude that will operate the monitor gate output 3.20 noise of proportional output measure of the noise on the proportional output 3.21 proportional output output from the ultrasonic instrument which gives a d.c. voltage nominally proportional to the amplitude of the largest received signal within a monitor gate 3.22 pulse duration time interval during which the modulus of the amplitude of a pulse is 10 % or more of its peak amplitude 3.23 pulse repetition frequency frequency at which the transmission pulse is triggered 3.24 pulse rise time time taken for the amplitude of the leading edge of a pulse to rise from 10 % to 90 % of its peak value 3.25 pulse reverberation secondary maximum in the transmitter pulse waveform after the intended output 3.26 receiver input impedance characterisation of the internal impedance of the receiver as a parallel resistance and capacitance 3.27 response time of digital ultrasonic instruments time over which a signal has to be detected by a digital ultrasonic instrument before it is displayed at 90 % of its peak amplitude 3.28 rise time of proportional output time interval that it takes the proportional gate output to rise from 10 % to 90 % of its peak value 3.29 temporal resolution minimum time interval over which two pulses are resolved by a drop in amplitude of 6 dB 3.30 time-dependent gain
TDG time-dependent or swept-gain function fitted to some ultrasonic instruments to correct for the distance-related reduction in reflected amplitude 3.31 short pulse unrectified pulse which has fewer than 1,5 cycles in the time interval over which the pulse amplitude exceeds half its maximum peak amplitude SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 7 3.32 suppression preferential rejection of signals near the baseline of the screen, deliberately introduced to remove grass and noise or to steepen the trailing edges of larger echoes 3.33 switching hysteresis difference in amplitude between the signal which turns on and turns off a monitor gate 4 Symbols Table 1 — Symbols Symbol Unit Meaning Ao, An dB Attenuator settings used during tests Cmax pF Parallel capacity of receiver at maximum gain Cmin pF Parallel capacity of receiver at minimum gain DS dB Cross-talk damping during transmission ∆fg Hz Frequency bandwidth measured at proportional gate output fgo Hz Centre frequency measured at proportional gate output fgu Hz Upper frequency limit at - 3 dB, measured at proportional gate output fgl Hz Lower frequency limit at - 3 dB, measured at proportional gate output fgmax Hz Frequency with the maximum amplitude in the frequency spectrum measured at proportional gate output fo Hz Centre frequency fu Hz Upper frequency limit at - 3 dB fl Hz Lower frequency limit at - 3 dB fmax Hz Frequency with the maximum amplitude in the frequency spectrum ∆f Hz Frequency bandwidth Imax A Amplitude of the maximum current that can be driven by the proportional gate output N
Number of measurements taken
nin HzV/ Noise per root bandwidth for receiver input Rl Ω Termination resistor Rmax Ω Input resistance of receiver at maximum gain
Rmin Ω Input resistance of receiver at minimum gain S dB Attenuator setting ∆T s Time increment SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 8 Table 1 (continued) Symbol Unit Meaning td s Pulse duration Tfinal s Time to the end of distance amplitude curve To s Time to the start of distance amplitude curve tr s Transmitter pulse rise time from an amplitude of 10 % to 90 % of peak amplitude tA1, tA2 s Temporal resolution VE V Input voltage at the receiver Vein V Receiver input equivalent noise Vin V Input voltage Vl V Proportional gate output voltage with load resistor Vmax V Maximum input voltage of the receiver Vmin V Minimum input voltage of the receiver Vo V Proportional gate output voltage with no load resistor Vr V Voltage amplitude of the ringing after the transmitter pulse V50 V Voltage amplitude of the transmitter pulse with a 50 Ω loading of the transmitter V75 V Voltage amplitude of the transmitter pulse with a 75 Ω loading of the transmitter Zo Ω Output impedance of transmitter
ZA Ω Output impedance of proportional output 5 General requirements for compliance An ultrasonic instrument complies with this standard if it satisfies all of the following conditions: a) the ultrasonic instrument shall comply with Clause 7; b) either a declaration of conformity, issued by a manufacturer operating a certified quality management system, or issued by an organization operating an accredited test laboratory shall be available; NOTE 1 It is recommended that the certification is carried out in accordance with EN ISO 9001, or that the accreditation is carried out in accordance with EN ISO/IEC 17025. c) the ultrasonic instrument shall be clearly marked to identify the manufacturer, type and series, and carry a unique serial number marked on both the chassis and the case; d) a user's instruction manual for the particular type and series of the ultrasonic instrument shall be available; e) a manufacturer's technical specification for the appropriate type and series of ultrasonic instrument which defines the performance criteria in accordance with Clause 6 shall be available. NOTE 2 This specification can form part of the ultrasonic instrument instruction manual or can be separate from it, but it will state the type and series of the ultrasonic instrument to which it applies. The manufacturer's technical specification does not in itself constitute the certificate of measured values required in b). SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 9 6 Manufacturer's technical specification for ultrasonic instruments 6.1 General The manufacturer's technical specification for an ultrasonic instrument shall contain, as a minimum, the information listed in 6.2 to 6.5. The actual values quoted for the parameters listed in this clause shall be the results obtained from the tests described in Clause 7, with tolerances given as indicated. 6.2 General attributes The following shall be detailed: a) size; b) weight (at an operational stage); c) type(s) of power supply; d) type(s) of instrument sockets; e) battery operational time (as new, at maximum power consumption); f) temperature and voltage (mains and/or battery) ranges, in which operation complies with the technical specification. If a warm-up period is necessary, the duration of this shall be stated; g) form of indication given when a low battery voltage takes the ultrasonic instrument performance outside of specification; h) absolute change in amplitude and time base position of a nominally constant signal over the battery voltage range during its normal discharge and recharge cycle; i) pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) (switched positions and/or variable ranges); j) unrectified (i.e. radio frequency, RF) and/or rectified signal output available via socket. 6.3 Display The following shall be detailed: a) dimensions of display graticule area; b) number of major and minor subdivisions in vertical and horizontal instrument; c) range of sound velocities and delay ranges; d) linearity. SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 10 6.4 Transmitter The following shall be detailed: a) shape of transmitter pulse (i.e. square wave, uni-directional or bi-directional) and, where applicable, polarity; b) at each pulse energy setting and pulse repetition frequency, with the output loaded with a 50 Ω non-reactive resistor: 1) transmitter pulse voltage (peak-to-peak); 2) pulse rise time; 3) pulse duration (for square wave the range over which the pulse duration can be set); 4) effective output impedance (with tolerance); 5) pulse fall time (for square wave only); 6) pulse reverberation amplitude; 7) frequency spectrum plot. 6.5 Receiver and attenuator The following shall be detailed: a) characteristics of calibrated attenuator (sometimes called "gain control"), i.e. dB range, step-size, accuracy; b) characteristics of any uncalibrated variable gain, i.e. decibel range; c) vertical linearity measured with respect to the screen graticule; d) centre frequency and bandwidth (between - 3 dB points) of each band setting (give tolerances). The effect (if any) of the attenuator setting; e) dead time after transmitter pulse, including the effects of pulse energy, damping, attenuator/gain control and frequency band setting; f) input equivalent noise (microvolts (µV)) at all frequency settings; g) minimum input voltage for 10 % screen height over all specified frequency ranges; h) dynamic range of the ultrasonic instrument over all the specified frequency ranges; i) receiver input impedance of the ultrasonic instrument over all the specified frequency ranges; j) details of any distance amplitude correction (DAC) function including the dynamic range, the maximum correction slope (in decibels per microsecond (dB/µs)), the form of the correction and the influence of any DAC controls. For instruments with logarithmic amplifiers, see Annex A. SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 11 6.6 Monitor output a) go/no-go; b) proportional; c) output response time; d) linearity; e) accuracy of the threshold; f) hysteresis; g) hold time; h) maximum current drive capability. If applicable, additional information on monitor output should be given. 6.7 Additional information If applicable in addition to the information given above in 6.1 to 6.6 details should be supplied on the principles of: a) analogue-to-digital conversion; b) number of pixels used to display the A-scan; c) data output and storage facilities; d) printer output; e) calibration storage facilities; f) display and recall facilities; g) automatic calibration; h) type of display (e.g. cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display) and its response time. Where applicable, these details should also include sampling rates used, effect of pulse repetition frequency or display range on the sampling rate and response time. In addition, the principles of any algorithm used to process data for display should be described and the version of any software installed shall be quoted. 7 Performance requirements for ultrasonic instruments The ultrasonic instrument shall be subjected to all the tests described below. The test results shall meet or exceed the stated requirement in every case. The results shall be recorded and stored for verification. a) Group 1: tests to be performed at manufacture on a representative sample of the ultrasonic instruments produced; b) Group 2: tests to be performed on every ultrasonic instrument: 1) by the manufacturer, or his agent, prior to the supply of the ultrasonic instrument (zero point test); SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 12 2) by the manufacturer, the owner, or a laboratory, at twelve months intervals to verify the performance of the ultrasonic instrument during its lifetime; 3) following the repair of the ultrasonic instrument. By agreement between the parties involved these tests may be supplemented with additional tests from group 1. A third group of tests for the complete system (ultrasonic instrument and probe combined) are given in EN 12668-3. During their lifetime these are performed at regular intervals on site. Table 2 summarises the tests performed on ultrasonic instruments. For ultrasonic instruments marketed before the introduction of this standard, continuing fitness for purpose shall be demonstrated by performing the group 2 (periodic) tests every twelve months. Following repair, all parameters which may have been influenced by the repair shall be checked using the appropriate group 1 or group 2 tests. Table 2 — List of tests for ultrasonic instruments
EN 12668-1 EN 12668-3 Title of test Manufacturer's tests Periodic and repair tests
Subclause Subclause Subclause Physical state and external aspects 9.2 9.2 3.4.2 Stability
Stability against temperature 8.2
Stability after warm up time 9.3.2 9.3.2
Display jitter 9.3.3 9.3.3
Stability against voltage variation 8.3 9.3.4
Transmitter pulse
Pulse repetition frequency 8.4.2
Effective output impedance 8.4.3
Transmitter pulse frequency spectrum 8.4.4
Transmitter voltage, rise time, reverberation and duration 9.4.2 9.4.2
Receiver
Cross talk damping from transmitter to receiver during transmission 8.5.2
Dead time after transmitter pulse 8.5.3
Dynamic range 8.5.4
Receiver input impedance 8.5.5
Time-dependant gain 8.5.6
Temporal resolution 8.5.7
Amplifier frequency response 9.5.2 9.5.2
Equivalent input noise 9.5.3 9.5.3
SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 13 Table 2 (continued)
EN 12668-1 EN 12668-3 Title of test Manufacturer's tests Periodic and repair tests
Subclause Subclause Subclause Sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio
3.4.3 Accuracy of calibrated attenuator 9.5.4 9.5.4 3.2.2 Linearity of vertical display 9.5.5 9.5.5 3.2.2 Linearity of equipment gain
3.2.2 Linearity of time-base 9.6 9.6 3.2.1 Monitor gate
Response threshold and switching hysteresis with a fixed monitor threshold 8.6.2
Hold time of switched output 8.6.3
Proportional output
Impedance of proportional output 8.7.1
Linearity of proportional output 8.7.2
Frequency response of proportional gate output 8.7.3
Noise on proportional gate output 8.7.4
Influence of the measurement signal position within the gate 8.7.5
Effect of pulse shape on the proportional gate output 8.7.6
Rise, fall and hold time of proportional gate output 8.7.7
Additional tests for digital ultrasonic instruments Linearity of time-base for digital ultrasonic instruments 8.8.2 8.8.2 3.2.1 Digitisation sampling error 8.8.3
Response time of digital ultrasonic instruments 8.8.4
8 Group 1 tests 8.1 Equipment required for group 1 tests The items of equipment essential to perform group 1 tests on ultrasonic instruments are as follows: a) either: 1) oscilloscope with a minimum bandwidth of 100 MHz and a spectrum analyser with a 40 MHz bandwidth at least; or SIST EN 12668-1:2011
EN 12668-1:2010 (E) 14 2) digital oscilloscope with a minimum bandwidth of 100 MHz and the capability to calculate Fast Fourier Transforms; b) 50 Ω and 75 Ω ± 1 % non-reactive resistors; c) standard 50 Ω attenuator with 1 dB steps and a total range of 100 dB. The attenuator shall have a cumulative error of less than 0,3 dB in any 10 dB span for signals with a frequency up to 15 MHz; d) either: 1) an arbitrary waveform generator; or 2) two signal generators, with external triggers or gates, capable of producing two gated bursts of sinusoidal radio frequency signals. The amplitudes of the two signals shall be independently variable by up to 20 dB; If two signal generators are used then suitable matching circuits will have to be used to combine the output of the two generators into one test signal. e) a protection circuit. An example is shown in Figure 2; f) digital counter timer capable of generating an overflow pulse after 1 000 trigger pulses and measuring the interval between two pulses with an accuracy of 0,01 %; g) impedance analyser; h) environmental test chamber; i) variable d.c. power supply suitable to replace any battery used in the ultrasonic instrument; j) variable transformer to control mains voltage. All the tests in group 1 use electronic means of generating the required signals. The characteristics of the equipment employed and its stability shall be adequate for the purpose of the tests. NOTE
Before connecting the oscilloscope and/or spectrum analyser to the transmitter of the ultrasonic instrument, as required for some of the tests in this standard, check that it will not be damaged by the high transmitter voltage. 8.2 Stability against temperature 8.2.1 Procedure Switch the instrument to separate transmitter/receiver mode. Connect the transmitter output to the first be
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