SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018

Optical fibres - Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures - Stress corrosion susceptibility (IEC 60793-1-33:2017)

This part of IEC 60793 contains descriptions of the five main test methods for the
determination of stress corrosion susceptibility parameters.
The object of this document is to establish uniform requirements for the mechanical
characteristic of stress corrosion susceptibility for silica-based fibres. Dynamic fatigue and
static fatigue tests are used to determine the (dynamic) nd value and (static) ns value of stress
corrosion susceptibility parameters. Currently, only the nd-value is assessed against
specification. Measured values greater than 18 per this procedure reflect the nd-value of
silica, which is approximately 20. Higher values will not translate to demonstrable enhanced
fatigue resistance.
Silica fibre mechanical tests determine the fracture stress and fatigue properties under
conditions that model the practical applications as closely as possible. The following test
methods are used for determining stress corrosion susceptibility:
– A: Dynamic nd value by axial tension;
– B: Dynamic nd value by two-point bending;
– C: Static ns value by axial tension;
– D: Static ns value by two-point bending;
– E: Static ns value by uniform bending.
These methods are appropriate for category A1, A2 and A3 multimode, class B single-mode
fibres and class C intraconnecting single-mode fibres.
These tests provide values of the stress corrosion parameter, n, that can be used for reliability
calculations according to IEC TR 62048 [18]1.
Information common to all methods is contained in Clauses 1 to 10, and information pertaining
to each individual test method appears in Annexes A, B, C, D, and E.
Annexes F and G offer considerations for dynamic and static stress corrosion susceptibility
parameter calculations, respectively; Annex H offers considerations on the different stress
corrosion susceptibility parameter test methods.

Lichtwellenleiter - Teil 1-33: Messmethoden und Prüfverfahren - Spannungskorrosionsempfindlichkeit (IEC 60793-1-33:2017)

Fibres optiques - Partie 1-33: Méthodes de mesure et procédures d'essai - Résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte (IEC 60793-1-33:2017)

IEC 60793-1-33:2017 contient les descriptions relatives aux cinq principales méthodes d'essais concernant la détermination du paramètre de résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte. L'objet du présent document est d'établir des exigences uniformes de la résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte pour les caractéristiques mécaniques des fibres en silice. Des essais de fatigue dynamique et de fatigue statique sont utilisés pour déterminer la valeur n_d (dynamique) et la valeur n_s (statique) des paramètres de résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte. Actuellement, seule la valeur n_d est évaluée par rapport à la spécification. Des valeurs mesurées supérieures à 18 selon cette procédure représentent la valeur n_d de la silice, à savoir approximativement 20. Il n'est pas démontré que des valeurs supérieures se traduiront par une meilleure résistance à la fatigue. Les essais mécaniques réalisés sur des fibres en silice déterminent les caractéristiques de contrainte de rupture et les propriétés de fatigue dans des conditions aussi proches que possible de l'application pratique. Les méthodes d'essais suivantes sont utilisées pour déterminer la résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte:
A: Valeur dynamique n_d par tension axiale;
B: Valeur dynamique n_d par courbure en deux points;
C: Valeur statique n_s par tension axiale;
D: Valeur statique n_s par courbure en deux points;
E: Valeur statique n_s par courbure uniforme.
Ces méthodes conviennent aux fibres multimodales des catégories A1, A2 et A3, aux fibres unimodales de classe B et aux fibres unimodales pour intraconnexion de classe C. Ces essais fournissent les valeurs des paramètres de corrosion sous contrainte, n, qui peuvent être utilisées dans les calculs de fiabilité conformément à l'IEC TR 62048. Des informations communes à toutes les méthodes sont fournies aux Articles 1 à 10, et des informations relatives à chaque méthode d'essai individuelle figurent dans les Annexes A, B, C, D et E. Des considérations sur les calculs des paramètres de résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte dynamique et statique sont présentées dans les Annexes F et G, respectivement. Des considérations sur les différentes méthodes d'essais des paramètres de résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte sont présentées à l'Annexe H. Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition parue en 2001, dont elle constitue une révision technique. Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente: suppression de la méthode d'essai de référence; modification du domaine d'application.
Mots clés: corrosion sous contrainte, essais mécaniques réalisés sur des fibres en silice

Optična vlakna - 1-33. del: Metode merjenja in preskusni postopki - Dovzetnost za napetostno korozijo (IEC 60793-1-33:2017)

Ta del standarda IEC 60793 vsebuje opise petih glavnih preskusnih metod za določevanje parametrov za občutljivost na napetostno korozijo.
Namen tega dokumenta je vzpostaviti enotne zahteve za mehanske lastnosti občutljivosti na napetostno korozijo kremenovih vlaken. Preskusi dinamične in statične utrujenosti se uporabljajo za določevanje (dinamične) vrednosti nd in (statične) vrednosti ns parametrov za občutljivost na napetostno korozijo. Trenutno se v primerjavi s specifikacijami ocenjuje samo vrednost nd. Izmerjene vrednosti, višje od 18, na podlagi tega postopka prikazujejo vrednost nd kremena, ki je približno 20. Višje vrednosti ne nakazujejo na dokazano izboljšano odpornost na utrujenost.
Mehanski preskusi kremenovih vlaken določajo lastnosti zloma pod obremenitvijo in utrujenosti pod pogoji, ki so kar najbolj podobni pogojem pri praktični uporabi. Naslednje preskusne metode se uporabljajo za določevanje občutljivosti na napetostno korozijo:
– A: dinamična vrednost nd z osno napetostjo;
– B: dinamična vrednost nd z dvotočkovnim upogibanjem;
– C: statična vrednost ns z osno napetostjo;
– D: statična vrednost ns z dvotočkovnim upogibanjem;
– E: statična vrednost ns z enotnim upogibanjem;
Te metode so primerne za večrodna vlakna A1, A2 in A3, enorodna vlakna razreda B ter spojena enorodna vlakna razreda C.
Ti preskusi zagotavljajo vrednosti parametra napetostne korozije n, ki se lahko uporablja za izračune zanesljivosti v skladu s standardom IEC TR 62048 [18]1.
Informacije, skupne vsem metodam, so navedene v točkah 1 do 10, pri čemer so informacije v zvezi z vsako posamezno preskusno metodo navedene v dodatkih A, B, C, D in E.
Dodatka F in G podajata dodatne opombe glede izračunov dinamičnih in statičnih parametrov občutljivosti na napetostno korozijo, dodatek H pa dodatne opombe glede različnih preskusnih metod za parametre občutljivosti na napetostno korozijo.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 07-Dec-2017
• ICS: 33.180.10 - Fibres and cables
• Technical Committee: MOC - Mobile Communications
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 30-Nov-2017
• Due Date: 04-Feb-2018
• Completion Date: 08-Dec-2017
• Ref Project: EN 60793-1-33:2017 - Optical fibres - Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures - Stress corrosion susceptibility

Relations

• Revised: SIST EN 60793-1-33:2004 - Optical fibres -- Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures - Stress corrosion susceptibility
• Effective Date: 02-Aug-2016
• Replaces: SIST EN 60793-1-33:2004 - Optical fibres -- Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures - Stress corrosion susceptibility
• Effective Date: 28-Nov-2017
• Replaces: SIST EN 60793-1-33:2004 - Optical fibres -- Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures - Stress corrosion susceptibility
• Effective Date: 07-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
01-januar-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 60793-1-33:2004
2SWLþQDYODNQDGHO0HWRGHPHUMHQMDLQSUHVNXVQLSRVWRSNL'RY]HWQRVW]D
QDSHWRVWQRNRUR]LMR,(&
Optical fibres - Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures - Stress corrosion
susceptibility (IEC 60793-1-33:2017)
Lichtwellenleiter - Teil 1-33: Messmethoden und Prüfverfahren -
Spannungskorrosionsempfindlichkeit (IEC 60793-1-33:2017)
Fibres optiques - Partie 1-33: Méthodes de mesure et procédures d'essai - Résistance à
la corrosion sous contrainte (IEC 60793-1-33:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60793-1-33:2017
ICS:
33.180.10 2SWLþQDYODNQDLQNDEOL Fibres and cables
SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018


EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60793-1-33

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2017
ICS 33.180.10 Supersedes EN 60793-1-33:2002
English Version
Optical fibres - Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Stress corrosion susceptibility
(IEC 60793-1-33:2017)
Fibres optiques - Partie 1-33: Méthodes de mesure et Lichtwellenleiter - Teil 1-33: Messmethoden und
procédures d'essai - Résistance à la corrosion sous Prüfverfahren - Spannungskorrosionsempfindlichkeit
contrainte (IEC 60793-1-33:2017)
(IEC 60793-1-33:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2017-09-20. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.



European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
 Ref. No. EN 60793-1-33:2017 E

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
EN 60793-1-33:2017 (E)


European foreword
The text of document 86A/1803/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 60793-1-33:2017, prepared by
IEC/SC 86A "Fibres and cables", of IEC/TC 86 "Fibre optics" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC
parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 60793-1-33:2017.
The following dates are fixed:

• latest date by which this document has (dop) 2018-06-20
to be implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2020-09-20
standards conflicting with this
document have to be withdrawn

This document supersedes EN 60793-1-33:2002.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60793-1-33:2017 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
2

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018




IEC 60793-1-33

®


Edition 2.0 2017-08




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD




NORME



INTERNATIONALE
colour

inside










Optical fibres –

Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures – Stress corrosion

susceptibility




Fibres optiques –

Partie 1-33: Méthodes de mesures et procédures d'essai – Résistance à la


corrosion sous contrainte












INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION


COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNIQUE


INTERNATIONALE




ICS 33.180.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-4736-5



Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
– 2 – IEC 60793-1-33:2017 © IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Overview of test methods . 9
5 Reference test methods . 9
6 Apparatus . 9
7 Sampling and specimens . 9
7.1 General . 9
7.2 Specimen length . 9
7.3 Specimen preparation and conditioning . 9
8 Procedure . 10
9 Calculations . 10
10 Results . 10
11 Specification information . 11
Annex A (normative) Dynamic n value, n , by axial tension . 12
d
A.1 General . 12
A.2 Apparatus . 12
A.2.1 General . 12
A.2.2 Support of the specimen . 13
A.2.3 Stressing application . 14
A.2.4 Fracture force measurement . 14
A.2.5 Strain rate control . 14
A.2.6 Stress rate characterization . 15
A.3 Test sample . 15
A.3.1 Sample size . 15
A.3.2 Sample size (optional) . 15
A.4 Procedure . 15
A.5 Calculations . 16
A.5.1 Fracture stress . 16
A.5.2 Fracture stress at a given strain rate . 16
A.5.3 Dynamic (tension) stress corrosion susceptibility parameter, n . 17
d
A.6 Results . 17
Annex B (normative) Dynamic n value, n , by two-point bending . 19
d
B.1 General . 19
B.2 Apparatus . 19
B.2.1 General . 19
B.2.2 Stepper motor control . 19
B.2.3 Stepper motor-driven movable platen . 19
B.2.4 Stationary platen . 19
B.2.5 Platen velocity . 19
B.2.6 Fibre fracture detecting system . 19
B.3 Test sample . 20
B.4 Procedure . 20

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
IEC 60793-1-33:2017 © IEC 2017 – 3 –
B.5 Calculations . 21
B.5.1 Fracture stress . 21
B.5.2 Dynamic (two-point bending) stress corrosion susceptibility parameter,
n . 21
d
B.5.3 Results . 22
Annex C (normative) Static n value, n , by axial tension . 24
s
C.1 General . 24
C.2 Apparatus . 24
C.2.1 General . 24
C.2.2 Gripping the fibre at both ends. 24
C.2.3 Stressing the fibre . 24
C.2.4 Measuring time to fracture . 24
C.3 Test sample . 24
C.4 Procedure . 24
C.5 Calculations . 25
C.5.1 Fracture stress . 25
C.5.2 Static (tension) stress corrosion susceptibility parameter, n . 25
s
C.5.3 Simple median . 25
C.6 Results . 25
Annex D (normative) Static n value, n , by two-point bending . 27
s
D.1 General . 27
D.2 Apparatus . 27
D.2.1 Test equipment . 27
D.2.2 Fibre fracture detection . 27
D.3 Test sample . 27
D.4 Procedure . 27
D.5 Calculations . 27
D.5.1 Fracture stress . 27
D.5.2 Static (two-point bending) stress corrosion susceptibility parameter, n . 28
s
D.6 Results . 28
Annex E (normative) Static n value, n , by uniform bending . 29
s
E.1 General . 29
E.2 Apparatus . 29
E.2.1 General . 29
E.2.2 Support of the sample . 29
E.2.3 Stressing the fibre . 29
E.2.4 Measuring time to fracture . 29
E.3 Test sample . 29
E.4 Procedure . 29
E.5 Calculations . 30
E.5.1 Fracture stress . 30
E.5.2 Static (uniform bending) stress corrosion susceptibility parameter, n . 30
s
E.6 Results . 30
Annex F (informative) Considerations for dynamic stress corrosion susceptibility
parameter calculations . 31
F.1 Specimen size and sample size . 31
F.1.1 Specimen size . 31
F.1.2 Sample size . 31

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
– 4 – IEC 60793-1-33:2017 © IEC 2017
F.2 Numeric algorithm for calculation of dynamic stress corrosion susceptibility
parameter, n . 32
d
F.3 Complete method to calculate fracture stress . 33
Annex G (informative) Considerations for static stress corrosion susceptibility
parameter calculations . 35
G.1 Homologous method . 35
G.2 Maximum likelihood estimate . 35
Annex H (informative) Considerations on stress corrosion susceptibility parameter test
methods . 36
H.1 General . 36
H.2 Crack growth . 36
H.3 Types of stress corrosion susceptibility test methods . 37
H.4 Comparison of n value obtained with different methods . 37
H.5 Conclusion . 38
Bibliography . 40

Figure A.1 – Schematic of translation test apparatus . 12
Figure A.2 – Schematic of rotational test apparatus . 13
Figure A.3 – Schematic of rotational test apparatus with load cell . 13
Figure A.4 – Representation of dynamic fatigue graph . 18
Figure B.1 – Schematic of two-point bending unit. 22
Figure B.2 – Schematic of possible dynamic fatigue (two-point bending) apparatus . 23
Figure B.3 – Schematic of dynamic fatigue data . 23
Figure C.1 – Schematic of possible static fatigue (tension) apparatus . 26
Figure D.1 – Possible test equipment schematic . 28
Figure E.1 – Schematic of possible static fatigue (uniform bending) apparatus . 30
Figure H.1 – COST 218 round robin results of fracture strength versus "effective" time-
to-fracture for dynamic and static axial tension, dynamic and static two-point bending
and static mandrel test methods . 38
Figure H.2 – COST 218 round robin results of fracture strength versus "effective" time-
to-fracture for dynamic and static axial tension, dynamic and static two-point bending
and static mandrel test methods . 39

Table F.1 – 95 % confidence interval for n . 32
d

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
IEC 60793-1-33:2017 © IEC 2017 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

OPTICAL FIBRES –

Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Stress corrosion susceptibility

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
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governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
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4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60793-1-33 has been prepared by subcommittee 86A: Fibres and
cables, of IEC technical committee 86: Fibre optics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2001. It constitutes a
technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) removal of RTM;
b) changes to scope.

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
– 6 – IEC 60793-1-33:2017 © IEC 2017
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
86A/1803/FDIS 86A/1824/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the IEC 60793 series, published under the general title Optical fibres, can
be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
IEC 60793-1-33:2017 © IEC 2017 – 7 –
INTRODUCTION
Annexes A, B, C, D, and E form an integral part of this document.
Annexes F, G, and H are for information only.

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
– 8 – IEC 60793-1-33:2017 © IEC 2017
OPTICAL FIBRES –

Part 1-33: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Stress corrosion susceptibility



1 Scope
This part of IEC 60793 contains descriptions of the five main test methods for the
determination of stress corrosion susceptibility parameters.
The object of this document is to establish uniform requirements for the mechanical
characteristic of stress corrosion susceptibility for silica-based fibres. Dynamic fatigue and
static fatigue tests are used to determine the (dynamic) n value and (static) n value of stress
d s
corrosion susceptibility parameters. Currently, only the n -value is assessed against
d
specification. Measured values greater than 18 per this procedure reflect the n -value of
d
silica, which is approximately 20. Higher values will not translate to demonstrable enhanced
fatigue resistance.
Silica fibre mechanical tests determine the fracture stress and fatigue properties under
conditions that model the practical applications as closely as possible. The following test
methods are used for determining stress corrosion susceptibility:
– A: Dynamic n value by axial tension;
d
– B: Dynamic n value by two-point bending;
d
– C: Static n value by axial tension;
s
– D: Static n value by two-point bending;
s
– E: Static n value by uniform bending.
s
These methods are appropriate for category A1, A2 and A3 multimode, class B single-mode
fibres and class C intraconnecting single-mode fibres.
These tests provide values of the stress corrosion parameter, n, that can be used for reliability
1
calculations according to IEC TR 62048 [18] .
Information common to all methods is contained in Clauses 1 to 10, and information pertaining
to each individual test method appears in Annexes A, B, C, D, and E.
Annexes F and G offer considerations for dynamic and static stress corrosion susceptibility
parameter calculations, respectively; Annex H offers considerations on the different stress
corrosion susceptibility parameter test methods.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
___________
1
 Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

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SIST EN 60793-1-33:2018
IEC 60793-1-33:2017 © IEC 2017 – 9 –
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Overview of test methods
The following test methods are available:
– Dynamic n value by axial tension, see Annex A.
d
– Dynamic n value by two-point bending, see Annex B.
d
– Static n value by axial tension, see Annex C.
s
– Static n value by two-point bending, see Annex D.
s
– Static n value by uniform bending, see Annex E.
s
5 Reference test methods
At the time of this revision, no agreement could be reached in maintaining method A only as
RTM in using it with some fibres equipped with modern coatings. Method A or B should be
used to resolve disputes because they may be completed in a duration practical for dispute
resolution.
6 Apparatus
See Annexes A, B, C, D, and E for each of the layout drawings and other equipment
requirements for each of the methods.
7 Sampling and specimens
7.1 General
These measurements are statistical in nature. A number of specimens or samples from a
common population are tested, each under several conditions.
Failure stress or time statistics for various sampling groups are used to calculate the stress
corrosion susceptibility parameters.
7.2 Specimen length
Specimen length is contingent on the test procedure used. See Annexes A, B, C, D, and E for
the length required for each test method. For tensile tests, the length ranges from 0,5 m to at
...