SIST EN 12811-3:2004

Temporary works equipment - Part 3: Load testing

This standard specifies general rules for: - testing; - documentation of test results and - evaluation of test results in the field of (non mechanical) temporary works items.

Temporäre Konstruktionen für Bauwerke - Teil 3: Versuche zum Tragverhalten

Diese Norm legt die Regeln für Belastungsversuche, Dokumentation und Auswertung der Versuchsergebnisse im Bereich der nichtmaschinenbaumäßigen temporären Konstruktionen für Bauwerke fest.
ANMERKUNG   Diese EuropäischeNorm sollte allen Arbeitsgruppen des CEN/TC 53 als Grundlage für Normen dienen, welche Versuche beinhalten. Diese Norm enthält allgemeine Regeln; dabei wird vorausgesetzt, dass bei Bedarf spezielle Anforderungen in der jeweiligen Norm festgelegt werden, z. B. die Einzelheiten von Prüfverfahren.

Equipements temporaires de chantiers - Partie 3: Essais de charges

Cette Norme européenne précise les règles à appliquer pour les essais de charge effectués sur les équipements temporaires de chantier de nature non-mécanique, ainsi que pour la documentation et l'évaluation des résultats de ces essais.
NOTE   La présente norme s'adresse à tous les groupes de travail du CEN/TC53 et constitue un document de base pour les différentes normes portant sur les essais. La présente norme se limite aux règles générales ; dans tous les cas où des exigences particulières devront être définies (procédure d'essai à préciser, par exemple), il est entendu que ces exigences feront l'objet d'une norme spécifique.

Začasne konstrukcije za gradnjo – 3. del: Preskusi nosilnosti

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2004
• ICS: 91.220 - Construction equipment
• Technical Committee: I13 - Imaginarni 13
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-May-2004
• Due Date: 01-May-2004
• Completion Date: 01-May-2004
• Directive: 2005-01-3626 - Uredba o zagotavljanju varnosti in zdravja pri delu na začasnih in premičnih gradbiščih
• Ref Project: EN 12811-3:2002 - Temporary works equipment - Part 3: Load testing

Relations

• Corrected By: SIST EN 12811-3:2004/AC:2005 - Temporary works equipment - Part 3: Load testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2005

Overview

EN 12811-3:2002 (CEN) - Temporary works equipment - Part 3: Load testing - defines general rules for load testing, documentation and evaluation of test results for non‑mechanical temporary works items. It is part of the EN 12811 series covering temporary works equipment (Parts 1–3). The standard is intended as a common testing basis for CEN/TC 53 working groups and for standards that include testing requirements for scaffolds, towers and similar temporary structures.

Key topics

• Scope and definitions: clarifies terms such as system, component, element, connection, configuration and system configuration used throughout testing and assessment.
• Typical test procedures: describes test types and when testing is required where analytical models are inadequate. Tests may not be used to bypass conservative calculation assumptions.
• Types of tests: load‑bearing capacity and stiffness, verification of static calculations, cyclic loading (hysteresis), repeated loading, vibration and impact tests, and usability checks (e.g., wedge connections, couplers).
• Measurement and control: requires recording loads and displacements/rotations at sufficient steps to define deformation curves; preference for displacement‑controlled tests; loading rate limits (not more than 25% of estimated maximum load per minute) and load step sizes (each step ≤ 10% of maximum load).
• Materials testing and sampling: outlines what properties to determine (e.g., yield/proof stress, tensile strength, elongation for metals; bending strength, density, moisture content for timber products) and guidance on representative sampling from tested items.
• Evaluation and documentation: prescribes content of test reports, statistical and analytical methods for deriving characteristic resistances, stiffness evaluation, energy dissipation and partial safety factor considerations.
• Informative annexes: Annexes A–C give worked examples (approximation functions, statistical evaluation, stiffness evaluation).

Applications

• Use by manufacturers, test laboratories, design engineers, certification bodies, and contractors to:
  • validate load‑bearing capacity and stiffness of components and system configurations;
  • verify design calculations where standardized calculation models are not available;
  • develop product manuals and conformity documentation for temporary works equipment (scaffolds, load‑bearing towers, decking, connections).
• Helpful for preparing test reports used in safety assessments, product certification and compliance with national standards derived from CEN.

Related standards

• EN 12811-1 (Performance requirements & general design)
• EN 12811-2 (Information on materials)
• Normative references cited: EN 408, EN 789, EN 10002-1, EN ISO 6506-1, EN ISO 6507-1

Keywords: EN 12811-3:2002, load testing, temporary works, scaffolding, load‑bearing capacity, stiffness, cyclic loading, materials testing, CEN.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2004
=DþDVQHNRQVWUXNFLMH]DJUDGQMR±GHO3UHVNXVLQRVLOQRVWL
Temporary works equipment - Part 3: Load testing
Temporäre Konstruktionen für Bauwerke - Teil 3: Versuche zum Tragverhalten
Equipements temporaires de chantiers - Partie 3: Essais de charges
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 12811-3:2002
ICS:
91.220 Gradbena oprema Construction equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 12811-3
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2002
ICS 91.220
English version
Temporary works equipment - Part 3: Load testing
Equipements temporaires de chantiers - Partie 3: Essais Temporäre Konstruktionen für Bauwerke - Teil 3: Versuche
de charges zum Tragverhalten
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 September 2002.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2002 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12811-3:2002 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents
page
Foreword.4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions.5
4 Typical test procedures.6
4.1 Basis.6
4.2 Types of tests.6
5 General requirements for load testing.7
6 Testing of materials .8
6.1 General.8
6.2 Sampling.8
6.3 Test methods.9
6.3.1 Metallic materials .9
6.3.2 Wood based materials.9
7 Testing of configurations and components.9
7.1 General.9
7.2 Tests to determine load bearing capacity, stiffness and looseness.9
7.2.1 General.9
7.2.2 Cyclic loading.9
7.3 Repeated loading .10
7.4 Vibration tests .10
7.5 Impact tests .11
8 Testing of system configurations .11
9 Documentation of test results .12
9.1 General.12
9.2 Content of test report .12
9.3 Detailed instructions to the content .12
9.3.1 Title page .12
9.3.2 Preliminary remarks .13
9.3.3 The tested items.13
9.3.4 Test programme.13
9.3.5 Test arrangement and procedure.13
9.3.6 Results .14
10 Evaluation of load bearing capacity, stiffness from testing metallic configurations and
components.14
10.1 General.14
10.2 Approximation functions .14
10.3 Dissipation of energy .16
a
10.4 The ultimate value of the resistance r .17
u,i
10.5 The partial safety factor g depending on the ductility .18
R 2
a b
10.6 Adjustment of the ultimate values r to r depending on deviations of the dimensions of the
u,i u,i
cross section.18
b c
10.7 Adjustment of the ultimate values r to r depending on the material properties .18
u,i u,i
10.8 Statistical determination of the basic characteristic value of the resistance R .20
k,b
10.9 Determination of the nominal characteristic value of the resistance R .21
k,nom
10.10 Evaluation of looseness, stiffness.21
Annex A (informative)  Example for the determination of an approximation function, of the quotient q
e


 




 


 .25
R2
A.1 Basis.25
A.2 Approximation functions .26
A.3 Dissipation of energy .28
A.4 Partial safety factor g .29
R 2
Annex B (informative)  Example for the statistical evaluation of test results and determination of the
nominal characteristic value of the resistance.30
B.1 Basis.30
B.2 Calculations.30
Annex C (informative)  Example for the evaluation of stiffness.32
C.1 Basis.32
C.2 Comparison of the averaged stiffnesses in positive c and negative c load.32
pp mm
C.3 Resulting stiffness.33
Bibliography .35
Foreword
This document (EN 12811-3:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 53 "Temporary works
equipment", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by May 2003, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
May 2003.
This European Standard consists of the following parts under the general title: Temporary works equipment - :
Part 1: Performance requirements and general design
Part 2: Information on materials
Part 3: Load testing
Annexes A to C are informative.
This document includes a Bibliography.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies rules for load testing, documentation and evaluation of test results in the field of
non mechanical temporary work items.
NOTE This standard is provided for use by all working groups of CEN/TC53 as a basis for standards which include testing.
While this standard provides general rules, it is anticipated that where special requirements are necessary, they will be specified
in the individual standard, for example the details of the test procedure.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 408, Timber structures – Structural timber and glued laminated timber – Determination of some physical and
mechanical properties.
EN 789, Timber structures – Test methods – Determination of mechanical properties of wood based panels.
EN 10002-1, Materials – Tensile testing – Method of tests (at ambient temperature).
EN ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials – Brinell hardness test – Part 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1:1999).
EN ISO 6507-1, Metallic materials – Vickers hardness test – Part 1: Test method (ISO 6507-1:1997).
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
system
(e.g. scaffold system, trench lining system):
- set of interconnectable components, mostly purpose designed for the system and
- assessed set of system configurations and
- product manual
3.2
component
dismantable part of the system, e.g. a diagonal, a vertical frame
3.3
element
integral (e. g. welded) part of a component, e.g. a transom of a vertical frame
3.4
connection
device for the connection of components
3.5
configuration
particular arrangement of connected components by means of connections
3.6
system configuration
configuration of the system comprising a complete structure (e.g. a scaffold, a load bearing tower) or a
representative section from it
3.7
standard set of system configurations
specified range of system configurations for the purpose of structural design and assessment
3.8
looseness
real (original) or fictitious (additional looseness resulting from the evaluation procedure) play of a connection
between two components
3.9
cyclic loading test
tests in which the load is cycled several times through zero so that reversals of load and its effects occur in the test
sample
3.10
hysteresis loops
resulting moment-rotation or the force-displacement curves from cycling loading tests
3.11
repeated loading tests
tests in which the load is applied and removed a number of times but is not reversed in sign
3.12
assessment
checking process establishing whether everything complies with the specified requirements
4 Typical test procedures
4.1 Basis
European standards for structural design shall be the basis of the structural design of temporary works, however
when suitable calculation models do not exist in such standards, then testing shall be undertaken in place by
calculation.
Tests may not be made simply to circumvent conservative assumptions made in the calculation models of the
relevant standards.
4.2 Types of tests
A non-exhaustive list of typical tests is given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Typical kinds of tests
Type of test Item tested Examples
1 load bearing capacity and stiffness s,a,c - connection device
- modular node
- horizontal plane
2 verification of the results of static calculation s (in particular) - system configuration
a,c
3 checking the influence of cyclic loading on the a,c,e - connection device
characteristic structural behaviour
- modular node
- horizontal plane
4 checking of the influence of repeated loading a,c,e - stair treads
5 checking of the usability in case of a,c - wedge connection
- repeated attaching - couplers
- vibrations
6 checking the influence of impact loading a,c - decking
components and
their supports
- side protection
components and
their supports
s system configuration, a configuration, c component, e element
5 General requirements for load testing
The load(s) and the relevant displacements or rotations shall be recorded at a sufficient number of steps during
loading and unloading to define the deformation curves fully. A running plot of the principal deformation against
load should be available during the test. For preference, the tests shall be carried out under displacement control.
The rate of loading shall be slow enough to allow full development of plastic deformations.
The loading rate for static loading may be adjusted to the behaviour of the tested component or configuration, but
shall not be more than 25 % of the estimated maximum load per minute. Similarly, the size of the load steps may
be adjusted to the behaviour of the tested component or configuration, but each step shall not exceed 10 % of the
maximum load. Load may be applied continuously, subject to the limit rate of loading outlined in Table 1, for cycling
loading see 7.2.
6 Testing of materials
6.1 General
Material tests shall be carried out in order to determine the actual mechanical properties of the tested components
or elements.
Tests on materials may be needed:
to check, whether the used materials comply with the specifications given by the manufacturer;
to determine parameters for the evaluation of test results.
Normally for metallic materials, the parameters to be determined are (see also 6.3.1):
the yield stress or the proof stress;

the tensile strength;
the elongation.
Normally for timber based materials, the parameters to be determined are:
bending strength;
the density;
moisture content.
6.2 Sampling
The samples shall be representative for the relevant properties and shall be cut, where possible, from tested items.
Where there is a significant variation in the material properties of similar items, samples should be taken from each
tested item.
When testing configurations or components, samples shall be taken from all materials which can contribute to the
failure or can cause the failure.
NOTE 1 A series of configuration tests could show the failure for one element; configuration tests with another batch could
produce the failure for another element, owing to variations in material properties.
When sampling from the tested items, the samples shall be cut from parts where the preceding testing has no
influence on the material test results. This means:
the sample was not subjected to plastic deformations and that sustained elastic deformations were low during
the test;
the sample was not cut from a heat effected zone.
When the samples are taken from items which have not been tested they shall be of the same type and from the
same batch as the tested elements.
In circumstances where the material properties differ significantly within the cross section, it is recommended that
samples of the whole cross section are taken.
NOTE 2 For cold-formed sections or extruded materials, the properties can vary within the cross section.
When samples are not taken from each configuration or component tested, at least the following number of tests
shall be carried out:
metallic materials: 3 of each material;
timber based materials: 5 of each grade.
6.3 Test methods
6.3.1 Metallic materials
For determining the mechanical properties, tensile tests shall be carried out in accordance with EN 10002-1.
In cases where the samples cannot be taken with standardised dimensions or when whole sections are tested, the
length shall be three to five times the greatest cross-section dimension.
NOTE This requirement reduces the influence of the end sections.
If tensile tests are not possible (e. g. for smaller elements of cast iron), hardness tests shall be carried out in
accordance with EN ISO 6506-1 for preference or EN ISO 6507-1.
In addition to testing samples of whole sections, tests may be carried out on stub columns in accordance with the
recommendations of ENV 1993-1-3:1996, A.3.2.
6.3.2 Wood based materials
Tests for determining the mechanical properties shall be carried out in accordance with EN 408 or with EN 789.
7 Testing of configurations and components
7.1 General
Connections using wedges or bolts shall be assembled and dismantled three times before assembly for any test.
7.2 Tests to determine load bearing capacity, stiffness and looseness
7.2.1 General
Before loading to failure, cyclic loading shall be carried out in the following cases:
a) full cyclic loading (c ) shall be carried out for configurations and components which are intended to subject to
full
stress reversals to measure the characteristic structural behaviour (see 7.2.2.1).
b) limited cyclic loading (c ) shall be carried out for configurations and components which may exhibit looseness
lim
if not a) is required.
7.2.2 Cyclic loading
7.2.2.1 For full cyclic loading (c ), tests shall be carried out over a load range of:
full
+ -
R R
k k
+1,0 · ; - 1,0 ·
g · g g · g
M F M F
where
+
R is the characteristic value of the resistance in positive load direction;
k
-
R is the characteristic value of the resistance in negative load direction;
k
g is the partial safety factor for the resistance;
M
g is the partial safety factor for the action.
F
At least, three cycles shall be made at this one load level. On completion of such loading, the load shall be
increased in one load direction until failure occurs with some unloadings back to the zero level.
Since the characteristic resistances R are not known at the beginning of the tests estimated values for instance
k
from pilot tests may be accepted.
At least five equal tests shall be carried out for each traced parameter.
A test may be made either with one load (or moment) or with combinations of loading to determine the interaction
behaviour.
7.2.2.2 For limited cyclic loading (c ), three cycles shall be carried out over a load range of:
lim
+ -
R R
k k
+ 0,1· ; - 0,1·
g · g g · g
M F M F
at first and then the load shall be increased to failure with some unloadings. At least five tests shall be carried out
for each traced parameter.
7.3 Repeated loading
Repeated loading tests are required for configurations and components, where the load is essentially unidirectional
and the load repetition is expected to be high.
The purpose of a repeated loading test is to check that the serviceability of the configuration or the component is
not adversely affected when the sample is repeatedly loaded and unloaded a representative number of times.
For repeated loading tests, the number of load applications shall be determined on a rational basis by considering
the anticipated life and the expected frequency of use.
As an example, 300 000 load applications would be appropriate for treads of stairways.
The load intensity shall be equal to the service load, or one that produces the same effects as the service load.
NOTE Normally, such tests are not required for temporary works equipment.
7.4 Vibration tests
Vibration tests are carried out on configurations, which may be susceptible to loosening when subject to frequent
load reversals for example, those incorporating wedge connections.
Normally, such tests shall be carried out
at a load intensity of:
R
k
– 0,1·
g · g
M F
where
R is the characteristic value of the resistance;
k
g is the partial safety factor for the resistance;
M
g is the partial safety factor for the action.
F
at a frequency of 5 cycles per second;
with a minimum duration of 3 000 cycles.
At least three identical tests shall be carried out.
After each vibration test, the position of the components and the parts of the connection device shall be checked.
Movement of any component or part, e.g. the wedge, is not permissible.
7.5 Impact tests
The main purposes of impact tests are:
a) to determine the load bearing capacity of configurations and/or components, which can be expected to
experience such loading in normal working life. Example: Side protection components and their supports,
which are designed to catch falling bodies. The magnitude of the dynamic effect specified for the test shall be
measured by the kinetic energy of a moving body at the point of impact and shall be equal to the actual impact
energy that the component or configuration will experience in service;
b) to determine the magnification of static loads by dynamic effects. Example: Decking components and their
supports, which can be loaded by moving persons;
c) to find out structural inadequacy of configuration or components. Example: Decking components and their
supports.
Details are to be provided by the respective standard.
8 Testing of system configurations
Generally full scale tests for system configurations shall only be carried out for verification purposes to confirm that
the assumptions used in the analysis model chosen by the designer are conservative.
The system configuration and the chosen loading shall be representative. The main components and connections
shall be activated during the tests.
Only the applied forces and some significant displacements need to be recorded.
No statistical treatment of the results is required.
When a pure second order analysis is carried out the load displacement curves determined in the tests shall be
compared with those determined by calculation. The calculated curves shall be on the conservative side up to
failure.
When the influence of the deformations on the equilibrium is considered by a modified calculation following first
order analysis, the test shall provide a basis for estimating the ideal buckling load via the failure load and the eigen-
function. Where the primary loads are axial only, additional small perturbating horizontal loads may be induced
which will stimulate the eigen-function corresponding to the lowest buckling load.
9 Documentation of test results
9.1 General
Details of the tested components, the test arrangement, the test programme and procedure as well as the results
shall be fully documented. Text shall be adequately supported by:
drawings;
photographs;
plots and
tables.
9.2 Content of test report
The test report shall include the following:
title page;
list of contents;
preliminary remarks;
the tested items;
test programme;
test arr
...