SIST CR 13097:2001
(Main)Characterization of sludges - Good practice for utilisation in agriculture
Characterization of sludges - Good practice for utilisation in agriculture
This CEN Report describes good practice for the use of sludges in agriculture (where national regulations permit). It is applicable to all of the sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308 (and any of the forms in which they may be presented - liquid, dewatered, dried, composted, etc.) i.e. sludges from :
- storm water handling ;
- night soil ;
- urban wastewater collecting systems ;
- urban wastewater treatment plants ;
- treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EC) ;
- water supply treatment plants ;
- but excluding hazardous sludges from industry.
Such sludges can be used on land as a source of plant nutrients, and/or soil improver, and/or liming material for crop production. Despite differences in the statutory controls between sewage sludge and other sludges, the use of all types of sludge should follow good practice to maximise benefits for the crops or soils, to minimise potential risks of environmental contamination and adverse impacts on plant, animal and human health, and to ensure sustainability and cost-effectiveness.
Sludge producers should be aware that if a sludge is used as a fertilising or liming material, national or EC fertiliser or liming regulations may apply.
The document assumes that an evaluation has already been made and a decision taken that use of sludge within a land spreading policy is the best option for the sludge in question.
NOTE For evaluation and decisions for use of sludges, other documents are currently in development (see CR 13174).
Many countries and/or local administrations have regulations and/or standards and/or codes of practice applicable to the use of some of the types of sludge that are within the scope of this report, however it cannot, and does not, attempt to summarise or take account of these regulations, etc. because of their very wide range. It is thus essential that this report is read in the context of the conditions that prevail locally.
Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Gute Praxis bei der Verwendung von Schlämmen in der Landwirtschaft
Dieser Teil des Europäischen Leitfadens beschreibt das Verfahren bei der flächenhaften Ausbringung von Schlämmen im Rahmen von Gesetzesvorschriften, sofern die nationalen Bestimmungen ein solches Verfahren zulassen. In den Anwendungsbereich des Leitfadens fallen alle die Schlämme, die im Geltungsbereich von CEN/TC 308 beschrieben sind, d.h. Schlämme und Schlammprodukte aus: - Regenwasserbehandlung; - Fäkalienentsorgung; - kommunaler Abwasserkanalisation; kommunalen Kläranlagen; - Wasseraufbereitungsanlagen; - Wasserversorgungsnetzen.
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique de la valorisation des boues en agriculture
Le présent guide européen concerne la bonne pratique de la valorisation des boues dans le cadre d'un plan d'épandage (lorsque les réglementations nationales l'autorisent). Le présent guide s'applique aux boues entrant dans le domaine d'application du Comité Technique CEN/TC 308, c'est-à-dire les boues et les produits issus de boues provenant: - de la collecte des eaux pluviales; - des matières de vidange; - des systèmes de collecte des eaux usées urbaines; - des installations de traitements des eaux usées urbaines; - des installations de traitement pour la production d'eau potable;
Karakterizacija blata - Dobra praksa za uporabo v kmetijstvu
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2001
Karakterizacija blata - Dobra praksa za uporabo v kmetijstvu
Characterization of sludges - Good practice for utilisation in agriculture
Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Gute Praxis bei der Verwendung von Schlämmen in
der Landwirtschaft
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique de la valorisation des boues en agriculture
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CR 13097:2001
ICS:
13.030.20 7HNRþLRGSDGNL%ODWR Liquid wastes. Sludge
65.080 Gnojila Fertilizers
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN REPORT
CR 13097
RAPPORT CEN
CEN BERICHT
August 2001
ICS
English version
Characterization of sludges - Good practice for utilisation in
agriculture
Caractérisation des boues - Bonne pratique de la Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Gute Praxis bei der
valorisation des boues en agriculture Verwendung von Schlämmen in der Landwirtschaft
This CEN Report was approved by CEN on 9 June 2001. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CR 13097:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents
Foreword.3
1 Scope .4
2 References.4
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms .5
4 Requirements .5
4.1 General.5
4.2 Preliminary procedures.6
4.3 Quality control (including environmental and agronomic data) .9
4.4 Assuring hygiene when sludges are used in agriculture .12
4.5 Operation .13
4.6 Promotion of agricultural use.18
4.7 Support procedures.19
Annex A Examples of national regulations concerning hygiene.21
Annex B Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) .23
Bibliography .24
Foreword
This document has been prepared by CEN /TC 308, "Characterisation of sludges".
This document is currently submitted to the BT for publication as a CEN Report.
The status of this document as CEN Report has been choosed because the most of its content is not completely in
line with practice and regulations in each member state. This document gives recommendations for a good practice
but existing national regulations concerning the sludge utilisation in agriculture remain in force.
1 Scope
This CEN Report describes good practice for the use of sludges in agriculture (where national regulations permit).
It is applicable to all of the sludges described in the scope of CEN/TC 308 (and any of the forms in which they may
be presented - liquid, dewatered, dried, composted, etc.) i.e. sludges from :
storm water handling ;
night soil ;
urban wastewater collecting systems ;
urban wastewater treatment plants ;
treating industrial wastewater similar to urban wastewater (as defined in Directive 91/271/EC) ;
water supply treatment plants ;
but excluding hazardous sludges from industry.
Such sludges can be used on land as a source of plant nutrients, and/or soil improver, and/or liming material for
crop production. Despite differences in the statutory controls between sewage sludge and other sludges, the use of
all types of sludge should follow good practice to maximise benefits for the crops or soils, to minimise potential risks
of environmental contamination and adverse impacts on plant, animal and human health, and to ensure
sustainability and cost-effectiveness.
Sludge producers should be aware that if a sludge is used as a fertilising or liming material, national or EC fertiliser
or liming regulations may apply.
The document assumes that an evaluation has already been made and a decision taken that use of sludge within a
land spreading policy is the best option for the sludge in question.
NOTE For evaluation and decisions for use of sludges, other documents are currently in development (see CR 13174).
Many countries and/or local administrations have regulations and/or standards and/or codes of practice applicable
to the use of some of the types of sludge that are within the scope of this report, however it cannot, and does not,
attempt to summarise or take account of these regulations, etc. because of their very wide range. It is thus
essential that this report is read in the context of the conditions that prevail locally.
2 References
EN 1085, Wastewater treatment – Vocabulary.
EN 12832, Characterisation of sludges – Utilisation and disposal of sludges – Vocabulary.
CR 13174, Characterisation of sludges - Sludge management in relation to use or disposal.
CR 13846, Characterisation of sludges – Recommendations to preserve and extend sludge utilisation and disposal
routes.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this CEN Report, the following terms and definitions given in EN 1085, EN 12832 and EU
Directive 86/278/EEC and the following apply.
3.1
potentially toxic element (PTE)
an inorganic substance which, when present in excess and in forms that are available to the subject in question,
can be toxic
3.2
BPEO
Best Practicable Environmental Option
4 Requirements
4.1 General
The purpose of this CEN Report is to assist sludge utilisation operations to :
a) achieve compliance with 86/278/EEC and/or any other environmental legislation or codes or practice which are
relevant to the type of sludge or to the locality ;
b) gain and maintain the confidence of users, authorities responsible for monitoring regulatory compliance, food
purchasing and/or processing companies and third parties which (amongst others) include members of the
public ;
c) make maximum use of the valuable constituents in the sludge ;
d) have a long term secure future at minimum cost consistent with the above.
Considerations of treatment, source control of pollutants and preparation of sludges are discussed in CR 13174.
The widely recognised waste management hierarchy recommends that, in general, the use of sludge (e.g. by
spreading on land within an environmental protection programme) as preferable to disposal options such as landfill.
Where agricultural land is available and conveniently accessible, this is usually the Best Practicable Environmental
Option (BPEO).
Sludges usually contain nutrients, organic matter and trace elements, which are beneficial to the growth of crops
(including grass) and to the fertility, structure and/or texture of soils. They are valued by farmers. Sludges may
contain contaminants, and/or pathogens, and may be odorous. Consequently, the whole process (from source
control of potential pollutants, through sludge treatment, to sludge application and the way the land is farmed)
should be controlled to avoid adverse impacts on the environment, or on plant, animal and human health. Such
safe controlled use of sludge on land can be considered a component of sustainable development.
Many European countries have developed guidelines and regulations for the safe use of sewage sludge. These
have been placed on a common statutory basis in the European Union through the implementation of the EU
Directive 86/278/EEC which requires certain limit values for PTEs in soil and sludge. Other EU legislation
encourages the utilisation of suitable industrial sludges on land provided measures are taken to avoid endangering
human health or harming the environment (91/156/EEC amending Directive 75/442/EEC on waste). However,
unlike the situation for sewage sludge, there is little detailed information available and there is less legislative
control for these other sludges. In the past the emphasis has been on preventing chemical pollution, but whilst this
is still essential, the modern agenda also includes hygiene, and the need to demonstrate safety through quality
assurance and independent validation.
In order to establish and maintain cost-effective, safe and sustainable operations using sludge in agriculture,
certain procedures should be established for effective operational management, to meet legal requirements and to
address the concerns of stakeholders.
This document has been written in an order that attempts to reflect the logical steps of a successful (which also
means sustainable) sludge utilisation operation. It starts with the initial steps in designing an operation, and then
considers the quality control, design, etc., before moving on to the day-to-day operations. Although marketing
(finding outlets) and support are also continuing activities they are treated in separate sections because they are
general and not particular to each individual outlet. Despite this linear structure, continuous improvement is
recognised as an important component, which therefore implies the cycle of design, operate, review, refine,
operate, review, etc.
4.2 Preliminary procedures
4.2.1 General
This section discusses the more significant procedures and considerations for setting up a new programme to use
sludge in agriculture or modifying an existing one. These would include understanding the relevant regulations
within which the sludge will be used, the quantity of the sludge, the quality of the sludge, whether there are
programmes for ensuring sludge quality, and whether there would be demand for the sludge; including whether
there are competing materials, e.g. animal manure.
4.2.2 National regulations
In the case of sewage sludge, national regulations set maximum permissible quality standards for the receiving soil
and may set standards for the sludge. The specific values and combinations of control mechanisms vary between
countries, and a combination of sludge, waste management, water and general environmental regulations may
apply. Few if any countries have comprehensive regulations to control all sludges that may have similar
environmental impacts. Those using sludges should make themselves aware of the regulations that apply in the
areas where they are working. CEN/TC 308 has compared and discussed different sludge treatment operating
parameters in CEN Report CR 13846.
4.2.3 Voluntary agreements
In some states some sludge producers have gone beyond national regulations by voluntarily entering agreements
with interested parties (such as food retailers and processors, farmers and landowners). These agreements have
addressed the question of perception and increased the acceptance of using sludge in agriculture. Any applications
of sludge should be consistent with these agreements.
4.2.4 Quality assurance
It is recommended that there should be a quality assurance system for the whole process from source control of
potential pollutants, through sludge treatment and spreading, and finally to how the land is farmed. To prove
transparency and ensure the confidence of stakeholders, it is desirable that this is validated by independent audit.
The principal criteria should include :
a) sludge quality, particularly :
control of potential pollutants from point sources ;
sampling and analysis strategy to monitor sludge quality for the concentrations of specified PTEs, and in
some cases other contaminants such as persistent organics ;
treatment of sludge to significantly reduce its content of pathogens and its fermentability (i.e. potential to
produce bad odours) ;
b) soil quality, particularly :
a soil sampling strategy to monitor soil quality for the concentrations of specified PTEs, often in relation to
certain soil conditions, such as pH soil type and content of organic matter and/or cation exchange
capacity, in order that limit values are not exceeded ;
c) sludge application rate, particularly :
the average quantity of PTEs that can be applied to the land and over what period, usually in terms of kg
PTE/ha/y (or multiple of years), or mg PTE/kg nutrients ;
the amount of sludge dry solids that can be applied per year or multiple of years ;
the quantity of nutrients which can be applied, particularly nitrogen, and phosphorus in accordance with
the types of crop grown ;
the timing of and method of applying the sludge and after-use of the land and crops; these are generally
designed to protect animals and food consumers from pathogen transfer, and/or conserve plant nutrie
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