SIST ISO 18400-202:2019
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 202: Preliminary investigations
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 202: Preliminary investigations
This document provides guidance on the design and execution of preliminary investigations comprising
desk studies and site reconnaissance, and where appropriate, preliminary risk assessment. It is
applicable whenever sampling exercises or investigations are to be carried out to determine soil quality.
Qualité du sol - Échantillonnage - Partie 202: Enquêtes préliminaires
Le pr�sent document fournit des recommandations pour la conception et l'ex�cution d'investigations pr�liminaires comprenant des �tudes sur documents et une reconnaissance du site, et, le cas �ch�ant, une appr�ciation pr�liminaire du risque. Il est applicable lorsque des activit�s d'�chantillonnage ou des investigations doivent �tre effectu�es pour d�terminer la qualit� du sol.
Kakovost tal - Vzorčenje - 202. del: Predhodne preiskave
Ta dokument podaja smernice za oblikovanje in izvedbo predhodnih preiskav, ki vključujejo teoretične študije in terenske raziskave ter po potrebi predhodno oceno tveganja. Uporablja se vedno, kadar je za določitev kakovosti tal potrebno vzorčenje ali preiskovanje.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-202
First edition
2018-10
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 202:
Preliminary investigations
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 202: Investigations préliminaires
Reference number
ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General/principle . 2
5 Phases of investigation . 2
6 Objectives of preliminary investigations . 4
7 Scope of preliminary investigations . 5
7.1 General/strategy . 5
7.2 Desk study . 8
7.2.1 General. 8
7.2.2 Information on past and present use . 9
7.2.3 Information on geology, pedology, geomorphology, hydrology and
hydrogeology.11
7.2.4 Ecology and archaeology .11
7.3 Consultations .12
7.4 Site reconnaissance .13
8 Development of the preliminary conceptual site model .14
8.1 Overall conceptual site model .14
8.2 Characteristic distributions of the physico-chemical properties .16
8.3 Formulation of contamination-related hypotheses .17
8.4 Preliminary qualitative risk assessment for potentially contaminated sites .17
8.5 Further investigations .18
9 Reporting the preliminary investigation and the conceptual site model .18
Annex A (informative) Contaminants of potential concern and industry/contaminant matrix .20
Bibliography .34
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
This first edition of ISO 18400-202, together with ISO 18400-104, ISO 18400-203 and ISO 18400-205,
cancels and replaces the first editions of ISO 10381-4:2003 and ISO 10381-5:2005, which have been
technically and structurally revised.
The new ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared to the ISO 10381
series clause by clause.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Introduction
All investigation programmes to gather information about soil quality need some basic information
about the subject site and its environmental setting to allow appropriate planning of the field work. To
collect this information, a preliminary investigation is carried out comprising desk studies, retrieval
of data from archives and databases, interviews and a site reconnaissance. From the information
gathered, and the observations made, a conceptual site model can be developed including hypotheses
about soil characteristics and their possible spatial distribution.
It is for the user of this document to decide the extent and nature of information required in any
particular case taking into account the nature of the site and the objectives of the overall investigation:
however, some preliminary information will always be needed. Detailed guidance is provided in the
document based mainly on the need to obtain detailed information on many aspects of a site in the
more complex cases, e.g. a potentially contaminated site, but the guidance is intended to be helpful
when preparing to investigate all types of site.
The sources of information available for use in preliminary investigations will vary from country to
country and jurisdiction to jurisdiction and, thus, the guidance given about sources of information
in this document is of necessity generic in character. The user will find it useful to prepare detailed
information about local sources for their own use. National standards providing guidance on the design
and execution of geotechnical investigations often contain a requirement that a desk study and site
reconnaissance should be carried out and thus could provide useful guidance about potential sources
of information. Similarly, standards covering the demolition and dismantling of old buildings and
industrial plant could provide useful information and guidance.
This document deals only with the investigation of the ground. It should be recognized that there could
be derelict buildings and/or industrial plants awaiting demolition, dismantling or refurbishment on
old urban and industrial sites, but that buildings in a poor state and containing potentially hazardous
materials could also be present on farms and similar sites. Failure to investigate these buildings before
demolition could put the safety of workers at risk or lead to the spread of contamination on and around
[7][8]
the site . The investigation of derelict buildings or remnant foundations is outside the scope of this
document.
This document is part of a series on sampling standards for soil. The role/position of the standards
within the total investigation programme is shown in Figure 1.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved v
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
NOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.
NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 202:
Preliminary investigations
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the design and execution of preliminary investigations comprising
desk studies and site reconnaissance, and where appropriate, preliminary risk assessment. It is
applicable whenever sampling exercises or investigations are to be carried out to determine soil quality.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
conceptual site model
synthesis (mental representation) of all information about a site relevant to the task at hand including
interpretation of the information as necessary, and recognition of uncertainties in the information
including identification of what is known to be unknown
Note 1 to entry: A conceptual site model can be presented in narrative, tabular and/or diagrammatic form.
3.2
conceptual site model
synthesis (mental representation) of all information about a site
relevant to the task at hand with interpretation as necessary and recognition of uncertainties in the
information, including, as appropriate, information regarding the ground, groundwater, surface water,
soil quality, and surrounding environment, and if the occurrence of contamination is likely, the nature
and potential sources of hazardous substances that could be present including soil gases and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), potential migration pathways, and potential receptors, taking into account,
when appropriate, planned changes of use and anticipated changes in the environmental setting such
as in groundwater levels or propensity to flood
Note 1 to entry: A conceptual site model can be presented in narrative, tabular and/or diagrammatic form.
Note 2 to entry: The future use or uses will not always be known and could also be the subject of client
confidentiality.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
4 General/principle
A preliminary investigation (Phase I investigation) should always be carried out prior to any intrusive
sampling exercise or site investigation. It should be a two-step process involving data collection
followed by interpretation and reporting. Data collection should always comprise
— a desk study (including when appropriate consultations), and
— a site reconnaissance (walk-over survey, site inspection).
The assessor should decide the extent and nature of information required in any particular case taking
into account the nature of the site, the purpose and the objectives of the overall investigation, the
availability of existing information, the size and complexity of the site, known or projected future land
uses and other relevant site-specific factors: the investigation needs to be no more detailed than the
task at hand requires. However, some preliminary information will always be needed.
It will often be appropriate for a site investigation to be iterative with several stages of investigation
within each phase. The objectives should be reconsidered at each stage, and the requirements for
further investigation reviewed as the investigatory and assessment processes are developed.
When an investigation is carried out in a number of phases or stages, the preliminary investigation
would ordinarily only be undertaken prior to the initial phase or stage. However, the results should
be reviewed on completion of the first stage or phase, and after each subsequent stage or phase to
determine whether the conclusions, including any preliminary risk assessment require amendment.
The results of the preliminary investigation enable a preliminary conceptual site model to be developed
(see Clause 8).
In the case of potentially contaminated sites, the possibility of contamination can be deduced, and
hypotheses can be formulated on the nature, location and distribution of the contamination (8.2).
These hypotheses form part of the overall preliminary conceptual site model that should be developed,
encompassing not only the contamination aspects but also the geology, pedology, hydrogeology,
geotechnical properties and the environmental setting. The current and planned site uses are also
important aspects of the conceptual site model.
NOTE Although the conceptual site model is usually first formally prepared following a preliminary
investigation, it first comes into existence the moment the question is asked whether the site needs to be
investigated. At that stage, for example, it could be recognized that the site is agricultural land or is industrial land
and the assessor will immediately form an initial picture about what the site might be like and act accordingly.
Thus, it is this initial conceptual site model and the purpose of the overall investigation that guide decisions
about the scope and depth of the preliminary investigation required.
5 Phases of investigation
A phased approach as described in ISO 18400-104:2018, Clause 4 should always be taken to site
investigation. The principal phases are
— preliminary investigation (this document),
— exploratory investigation, and
— detailed site investigation.
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Figure 2 — Flow-chart of phases of site investigation for a potentially contaminated site
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
NOTE A preliminary investigation is always required but whether intrusive investigation is required, and if
so, whether both an exploratory investigation and a detailed (main) investigation are required, will depend on
the context and the findings of the preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-104 for further guidance).
Supplementary investigations could be required subsequent to the detailed site investigation in order to
— fill information gaps, and
— design works and, in the case of a contaminated site, select remedial methods, or design remediation
or construction works.
The relationship between these phases for a potentially contaminated site is illustrated in Figure 2.
Before embarking on any phase or stage of investigation including a preliminary investigation, it
is important to set data quality objectives in terms of the type, quantity and quality (e.g. analytical
quality) of the data and other information that is to be collected. These data quality objectives will
depend in part on the nature of the decisions to be made on the basis of the investigation, and the
confidence required in those decisions. Failure to set data quality objectives at the outset can lead to
significantly higher costs, if, for example, the data collected are not suitable or sufficient for a reliable
risk assessment, or leave too many uncertainties in the “conceptual site model” (see 8.1).
6 Objectives of preliminary investigations
The objectives of the preliminary investigation should be set out formally before the investigation is
started to ensure that the scope (e.g. sources of information searched) is appropriate.
The preliminary investigation should always provide sufficient information to:
— enable a sampling programme including preparation of a sampling plan if deemed necessary to be
designed that is both technically effective and economically acceptable;
— identify measures required to protect the health and safety of the investigating personnel;
— identify measures necessary to protect the environment during any subsequent intrusive
investigation;
— identify any aspect of the site requiring immediate attention for reasons of health and safety or
protection of the environment (e.g. insecure fences, hazardous substances accessible to trespassers
or likely to be dispersed by wind or water) so that those in control of the site (e.g. owner or occupier)
can be made aware of potential liabilities.
Other information relevant to the conduct of the sampling programme should also be gathered,
e.g. means of access for equipment, locations for site facilities (e.g. laboratories, stores, equipment
decontamination), availability and location of power and water, etc., and whether warfare or other
military activities might have affected the site (including, for example, whether unexploded ordnance
might be present).
NOTE In some jurisdictions, detailed information on the location of WWII bomb hits and, hence, possible
unexploded ordnance is available.
Depending on the nature of the site and the objectives of the overall investigation, specific objectives
could include:
— providing information on past and current uses of the site and surrounding area and the nature of
any hazards and physical constraints;
— providing information on the geology, geomorphology, geochemistry, soil, hydrogeology and
hydrology of the site and surrounding area;
— identifying potentially different sub-areas (zones) of a site, based on differing ground conditions;
potential contamination; and past, present and future uses;
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
— identifying areas where informed decisions are to be made using specialist assessment techniques
or advisors, e.g. if there are ecological, unexploded ordnance (UXO) or archaeological considerations;
— identifying the need to involve regulatory bodies prior to intrusive investigation;
— determining whether there is a need to inform the neighbourhood.
And in the case of potentially contaminated sites, specifically to obtain information:
— assessing the likelihood of contamination, its nature and its extent;
— evaluating the environmental setting of the site;
— identifying current and likely future receptors, potential sources of contamination and likely pathways
and any features of immediate concern, including those that could be introduced in the future;
— providing information from which likely source-pathway-receptor relationships can be identified,
and which can then be used to formulate a conceptual site model to enable the design of a field
investigation (if required);
— producing a preliminary conceptual model for the site as a whole and/or for zones within the site;
— providing information for the preliminary risk assessment (see 8.4).
7 Scope of preliminary investigations
7.1 General/strategy
The preliminary investigation should consist of:
— a desk study, including consultations (see 7.3) with those who might have relevant information
about the site, in which information on the history and other relevant aspects of the site, is collected
and critically reviewed (see 7.2);
— a site reconnaissance (site inspection, walk-over survey) (see 7.4);
— development of a conceptual site model (see Clause 8), which in the case of potentially contaminated
sites should include:
— formulation of hypotheses on the possible type(s) and amount of contamination, migration
pathways (on- and off-site), and spatial and temporal distribution; together with hypotheses
regarding other aspects of the site, such as the hydrogeology;
— drawing conclusions with regard to the need for and scope of further investigations (see 8.4);
— identification of any need for immediate actions to protect humans or the environment (e.g. fencing,
removal of superficial deposits).
In most cases, it should be possible to make a preliminary qualitative assessment of (potential) risks to
humans and other receptors (see 8.3).
The minimum information that should be collected in the preliminary investigation is set out in 7.2
and 7.3 and the procedures on how the information can be obtained are provided in 7.2.3. Guidance on
reporting the results of the preliminary investigation is provided in Clause 9.
The objectives of the preliminary investigation might not require all the elements recommended in 7.2,
7.3 and 7.4, in which case the strategy should identify what elements of the preliminary investigation
are essential and those that do not need to be addressed. Some examples of information that could be
required relating to stockpiles are listed in Table 1, to agricultural sites in Table 2 and wooded sites in
Table 3. Much of the guidance in Table 1 is also applicable to other site types.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 5
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Where elements of a preliminary investigation described in 7.2 to 7.4 are not to be included, these should
be documented in the report, and any limitations on the final assessment arising from the omissions
should be clearly understood by all parties involved and stated in the report.
The strategy should provide for a review of the information obtained at the conclusion of the preliminary
investigation to determine if the objectives have been achieved (and are still appropriate) and whether
there is a need to carry out an exploratory investigation and/or detailed investigation (see Clause 5).
The site should be divided into zones if necessary or advantageous if this has not already been
done (guidance on site zoning is provided in ISO 18400-104). Separate conceptual models should be
developed for each zone that is identified.
NOTE It is likely that there will be different requirements for further investigation of each zone.
Care should be taken that a focus on separate zones does not obscure the overall picture and that the
potential interactions between zones are not overlooked.
The output from the preliminary investigation should include the preliminary conceptual site model
(see Clause 8) and, in the case of potentially contaminated sites, a preliminary risk assessment (see 8.3)
based on the information available.
Table 1 — Examples of information requirements for stockpiles
General Site details History of the stockpile Material type and
dimensions
Background information on a The project manager should The project manager should The project manager should
stockpile will often be essen- establish details of the site establish a history of the establish the material char-
tial in order to get (general) location and access, includ- stockpile in order to deter- acteristics (e.g. soil type,
information on the material ing any perceived hazards mine the potential environ- water content, particle size
to be sampled. relating, for example, to high mental risks involved. The distribution, maximum par-
stockpiles, non-consolidated history should include the ticle size) and dimensions of
The effort that should be put
stockpiles or difficult access. period before the soil or the stockpile to be sampled.
into obtaining prior informa-
other material was placed
tion depends on the purpose In some situations, there
in the stockpile. The his-
for sampling in combination could be a difference be-
tory of the stockpile should
with the sampling strategy tween the owner of the site
be based on the location(s)
that is used to fulfil this where the stockpile is situ-
where the material in the
purpose. ated and the client for whom
stockpile originated from
the stockpile is sampled. If so,
Prior information can also and the processes that oc-
the project manager should
be essential for assessing the curred on that site. It should
contact the site owner in
safety aspects of sampling also include the process in
order to get access to the
the particular stockpile. which the stockpile was
stockpile and be informed
formed (e.g. placement in
about any site specific health
layers, placement by end-
and safety regulations to
tipping, “single” or mixed
comply with.
materials) as this can give
prior information on the spa-
tial variability of material
within the stockpile.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Table 2 — Background Information requirements for investigation of agricultural sites
— Owner and occupiers.
— Relevant requirements in lease/rental agreements.
— Soil type(s).
— Whether the land to be investigated is used for raising crops or animals and the history of these activities
(e.g. what crops or animals and when).
— Whether the farm is “organic” or conventional.
— Whether genetically modified crops are grown.
— Use of pesticides, soil amendment materials, and fertilizers, and how these have been applied.
— If organic wastes (e.g. farmyard manure, sewage sludge) has been spread the time period that has elapsed
since this was done (important for safety in respect of the possible presence of pathogens).
— Current or past presence of plant or animal pathogens (7.2.4).
— Presence of ground-nesting birds.
— Whether irrigation is used and if so in what form.
— Presence of areas of stressed vegetation.
— Location of areas of wet ground and/or ground liable to flooding.
— Location used for servicing farm machinery.
— Location of waste deposits (slurry ponds, dung heaps, etc.).
— Location of animal burial pits and filled ponds.
— Location of natural water courses and artificial drainage ditches.
— Location of any in-ground drainage system (e.g. presence of land-drains).
— Location of any old redundant or litt
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 18400-202:2019
01-marec-2019
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHGHO 3UHGKRGQHSUHLVNDYH
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 202: Preliminary investigations
Qualité du sol - Échantillonnage - Partie 202: Enquêtes préliminaires
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18400-202:2018
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
SIST ISO 18400-202:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-202:2019
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-202:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-202
First edition
2018-10
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 202:
Preliminary investigations
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 202: Investigations préliminaires
Reference number
ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-202:2019
ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-202:2019
ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General/principle . 2
5 Phases of investigation . 2
6 Objectives of preliminary investigations . 4
7 Scope of preliminary investigations . 5
7.1 General/strategy . 5
7.2 Desk study . 8
7.2.1 General. 8
7.2.2 Information on past and present use . 9
7.2.3 Information on geology, pedology, geomorphology, hydrology and
hydrogeology.11
7.2.4 Ecology and archaeology .11
7.3 Consultations .12
7.4 Site reconnaissance .13
8 Development of the preliminary conceptual site model .14
8.1 Overall conceptual site model .14
8.2 Characteristic distributions of the physico-chemical properties .16
8.3 Formulation of contamination-related hypotheses .17
8.4 Preliminary qualitative risk assessment for potentially contaminated sites .17
8.5 Further investigations .18
9 Reporting the preliminary investigation and the conceptual site model .18
Annex A (informative) Contaminants of potential concern and industry/contaminant matrix .20
Bibliography .34
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST ISO 18400-202:2019
ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
This first edition of ISO 18400-202, together with ISO 18400-104, ISO 18400-203 and ISO 18400-205,
cancels and replaces the first editions of ISO 10381-4:2003 and ISO 10381-5:2005, which have been
technically and structurally revised.
The new ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared to the ISO 10381
series clause by clause.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-202:2019
ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Introduction
All investigation programmes to gather information about soil quality need some basic information
about the subject site and its environmental setting to allow appropriate planning of the field work. To
collect this information, a preliminary investigation is carried out comprising desk studies, retrieval
of data from archives and databases, interviews and a site reconnaissance. From the information
gathered, and the observations made, a conceptual site model can be developed including hypotheses
about soil characteristics and their possible spatial distribution.
It is for the user of this document to decide the extent and nature of information required in any
particular case taking into account the nature of the site and the objectives of the overall investigation:
however, some preliminary information will always be needed. Detailed guidance is provided in the
document based mainly on the need to obtain detailed information on many aspects of a site in the
more complex cases, e.g. a potentially contaminated site, but the guidance is intended to be helpful
when preparing to investigate all types of site.
The sources of information available for use in preliminary investigations will vary from country to
country and jurisdiction to jurisdiction and, thus, the guidance given about sources of information
in this document is of necessity generic in character. The user will find it useful to prepare detailed
information about local sources for their own use. National standards providing guidance on the design
and execution of geotechnical investigations often contain a requirement that a desk study and site
reconnaissance should be carried out and thus could provide useful guidance about potential sources
of information. Similarly, standards covering the demolition and dismantling of old buildings and
industrial plant could provide useful information and guidance.
This document deals only with the investigation of the ground. It should be recognized that there could
be derelict buildings and/or industrial plants awaiting demolition, dismantling or refurbishment on
old urban and industrial sites, but that buildings in a poor state and containing potentially hazardous
materials could also be present on farms and similar sites. Failure to investigate these buildings before
demolition could put the safety of workers at risk or lead to the spread of contamination on and around
[7][8]
the site . The investigation of derelict buildings or remnant foundations is outside the scope of this
document.
This document is part of a series on sampling standards for soil. The role/position of the standards
within the total investigation programme is shown in Figure 1.
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NOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.
NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-202:2018(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 202:
Preliminary investigations
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the design and execution of preliminary investigations comprising
desk studies and site reconnaissance, and where appropriate, preliminary risk assessment. It is
applicable whenever sampling exercises or investigations are to be carried out to determine soil quality.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
conceptual site model
synthesis (mental representation) of all information about a site relevant to the task at hand including
interpretation of the information as necessary, and recognition of uncertainties in the information
including identification of what is known to be unknown
Note 1 to entry: A conceptual site model can be presented in narrative, tabular and/or diagrammatic form.
3.2
conceptual site model
synthesis (mental representation) of all information about a site
relevant to the task at hand with interpretation as necessary and recognition of uncertainties in the
information, including, as appropriate, information regarding the ground, groundwater, surface water,
soil quality, and surrounding environment, and if the occurrence of contamination is likely, the nature
and potential sources of hazardous substances that could be present including soil gases and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), potential migration pathways, and potential receptors, taking into account,
when appropriate, planned changes of use and anticipated changes in the environmental setting such
as in groundwater levels or propensity to flood
Note 1 to entry: A conceptual site model can be presented in narrative, tabular and/or diagrammatic form.
Note 2 to entry: The future use or uses will not always be known and could also be the subject of client
confidentiality.
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4 General/principle
A preliminary investigation (Phase I investigation) should always be carried out prior to any intrusive
sampling exercise or site investigation. It should be a two-step process involving data collection
followed by interpretation and reporting. Data collection should always comprise
— a desk study (including when appropriate consultations), and
— a site reconnaissance (walk-over survey, site inspection).
The assessor should decide the extent and nature of information required in any particular case taking
into account the nature of the site, the purpose and the objectives of the overall investigation, the
availability of existing information, the size and complexity of the site, known or projected future land
uses and other relevant site-specific factors: the investigation needs to be no more detailed than the
task at hand requires. However, some preliminary information will always be needed.
It will often be appropriate for a site investigation to be iterative with several stages of investigation
within each phase. The objectives should be reconsidered at each stage, and the requirements for
further investigation reviewed as the investigatory and assessment processes are developed.
When an investigation is carried out in a number of phases or stages, the preliminary investigation
would ordinarily only be undertaken prior to the initial phase or stage. However, the results should
be reviewed on completion of the first stage or phase, and after each subsequent stage or phase to
determine whether the conclusions, including any preliminary risk assessment require amendment.
The results of the preliminary investigation enable a preliminary conceptual site model to be developed
(see Clause 8).
In the case of potentially contaminated sites, the possibility of contamination can be deduced, and
hypotheses can be formulated on the nature, location and distribution of the contamination (8.2).
These hypotheses form part of the overall preliminary conceptual site model that should be developed,
encompassing not only the contamination aspects but also the geology, pedology, hydrogeology,
geotechnical properties and the environmental setting. The current and planned site uses are also
important aspects of the conceptual site model.
NOTE Although the conceptual site model is usually first formally prepared following a preliminary
investigation, it first comes into existence the moment the question is asked whether the site needs to be
investigated. At that stage, for example, it could be recognized that the site is agricultural land or is industrial land
and the assessor will immediately form an initial picture about what the site might be like and act accordingly.
Thus, it is this initial conceptual site model and the purpose of the overall investigation that guide decisions
about the scope and depth of the preliminary investigation required.
5 Phases of investigation
A phased approach as described in ISO 18400-104:2018, Clause 4 should always be taken to site
investigation. The principal phases are
— preliminary investigation (this document),
— exploratory investigation, and
— detailed site investigation.
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Figure 2 — Flow-chart of phases of site investigation for a potentially contaminated site
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NOTE A preliminary investigation is always required but whether intrusive investigation is required, and if
so, whether both an exploratory investigation and a detailed (main) investigation are required, will depend on
the context and the findings of the preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-104 for further guidance).
Supplementary investigations could be required subsequent to the detailed site investigation in order to
— fill information gaps, and
— design works and, in the case of a contaminated site, select remedial methods, or design remediation
or construction works.
The relationship between these phases for a potentially contaminated site is illustrated in Figure 2.
Before embarking on any phase or stage of investigation including a preliminary investigation, it
is important to set data quality objectives in terms of the type, quantity and quality (e.g. analytical
quality) of the data and other information that is to be collected. These data quality objectives will
depend in part on the nature of the decisions to be made on the basis of the investigation, and the
confidence required in those decisions. Failure to set data quality objectives at the outset can lead to
significantly higher costs, if, for example, the data collected are not suitable or sufficient for a reliable
risk assessment, or leave too many uncertainties in the “conceptual site model” (see 8.1).
6 Objectives of preliminary investigations
The objectives of the preliminary investigation should be set out formally before the investigation is
started to ensure that the scope (e.g. sources of information searched) is appropriate.
The preliminary investigation should always provide sufficient information to:
— enable a sampling programme including preparation of a sampling plan if deemed necessary to be
designed that is both technically effective and economically acceptable;
— identify measures required to protect the health and safety of the investigating personnel;
— identify measures necessary to protect the environment during any subsequent intrusive
investigation;
— identify any aspect of the site requiring immediate attention for reasons of health and safety or
protection of the environment (e.g. insecure fences, hazardous substances accessible to trespassers
or likely to be dispersed by wind or water) so that those in control of the site (e.g. owner or occupier)
can be made aware of potential liabilities.
Other information relevant to the conduct of the sampling programme should also be gathered,
e.g. means of access for equipment, locations for site facilities (e.g. laboratories, stores, equipment
decontamination), availability and location of power and water, etc., and whether warfare or other
military activities might have affected the site (including, for example, whether unexploded ordnance
might be present).
NOTE In some jurisdictions, detailed information on the location of WWII bomb hits and, hence, possible
unexploded ordnance is available.
Depending on the nature of the site and the objectives of the overall investigation, specific objectives
could include:
— providing information on past and current uses of the site and surrounding area and the nature of
any hazards and physical constraints;
— providing information on the geology, geomorphology, geochemistry, soil, hydrogeology and
hydrology of the site and surrounding area;
— identifying potentially different sub-areas (zones) of a site, based on differing ground conditions;
potential contamination; and past, present and future uses;
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— identifying areas where informed decisions are to be made using specialist assessment techniques
or advisors, e.g. if there are ecological, unexploded ordnance (UXO) or archaeological considerations;
— identifying the need to involve regulatory bodies prior to intrusive investigation;
— determining whether there is a need to inform the neighbourhood.
And in the case of potentially contaminated sites, specifically to obtain information:
— assessing the likelihood of contamination, its nature and its extent;
— evaluating the environmental setting of the site;
— identifying current and likely future receptors, potential sources of contamination and likely pathways
and any features of immediate concern, including those that could be introduced in the future;
— providing information from which likely source-pathway-receptor relationships can be identified,
and which can then be used to formulate a conceptual site model to enable the design of a field
investigation (if required);
— producing a preliminary conceptual model for the site as a whole and/or for zones within the site;
— providing information for the preliminary risk assessment (see 8.4).
7 Scope of preliminary investigations
7.1 General/strategy
The preliminary investigation should consist of:
— a desk study, including consultations (see 7.3) with those who might have relevant information
about the site, in which information on the history and other relevant aspects of the site, is collected
and critically reviewed (see 7.2);
— a site reconnaissance (site inspection, walk-over survey) (see 7.4);
— development of a conceptual site model (see Clause 8), which in the case of potentially contaminated
sites should include:
— formulation of hypotheses on the possible type(s) and amount of contamination, migration
pathways (on- and off-site), and spatial and temporal distribution; together with hypotheses
regarding other aspects of the site, such as the hydrogeology;
— drawing conclusions with regard to the need for and scope of further investigations (see 8.4);
— identification of any need for immediate actions to protect humans or the environment (e.g. fencing,
removal of superficial deposits).
In most cases, it should be possible to make a preliminary qualitative assessment of (potential) risks to
humans and other receptors (see 8.3).
The minimum information that should be collected in the preliminary investigation is set out in 7.2
and 7.3 and the procedures on how the information can be obtained are provided in 7.2.3. Guidance on
reporting the results of the preliminary investigation is provided in Clause 9.
The objectives of the preliminary investigation might not require all the elements recommended in 7.2,
7.3 and 7.4, in which case the strategy should identify what elements of the preliminary investigation
are essential and those that do not need to be addressed. Some examples of information that could be
required relating to stockpiles are listed in Table 1, to agricultural sites in Table 2 and wooded sites in
Table 3. Much of the guidance in Table 1 is also applicable to other site types.
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Where elements of a preliminary investigation described in 7.2 to 7.4 are not to be included, these should
be documented in the report, and any limitations on the final assessment arising from the omissions
should be clearly understood by all parties involved and stated in the report.
The strategy should provide for a review of the information obtained at the conclusion of the preliminary
investigation to determine if the objectives have been achieved (and are still appropriate) and whether
there is a need to carry out an exploratory investigation and/or detailed investigation (see Clause 5).
The site should be divided into zones if necessary or advantageous if this has not already been
done (guidance on site zoning is provided in ISO 18400-104). Separate conceptual models should be
developed for each zone that is identified.
NOTE It is likely that there will be different requirements for further investigation of each zone.
Care should be taken that a focus on separate zones does not obscure the overall picture and that the
potential interactions between zones are not overlooked.
The output from the preliminary investigation should include the preliminary conceptual site model
(see Clause 8) and, in the case of potentially contaminated sites, a preliminary risk assessment (see 8.3)
based on the information available.
Table 1 — Examples of information requirements for stockpiles
General Site details History of the stockpile Material type and
dimensions
Background information on a The project manager should The project manager should The project manager should
stockpile will often be essen- establish details of the site establish a history of the establish the material char-
tial in order to get (general) location and access, includ- stockpile in order to deter- acteristics (e.g. soil type,
information on the material ing any perceived hazards mine the potential environ- water content, particle size
to be sampled. relating, for example, to high mental risks involved. The distribution, maximum par-
stockpiles, non-consolidated history should include the ticle size) and dimensions of
The effort that should be put
stockpiles or difficult access. period before the soil or the stockpile to be sampled.
into obtaining prior informa-
other material was placed
tion depends on the purpose In some situations, there
in the stockpile. The his-
for sampling in combination could be a difference be-
tory of the stockpile should
with the sampling strategy tween the owner of the site
be based on the location(s)
that is used to fulfil this where the stockpile is situ-
where the material in the
purpose. ated and the client for whom
stockpile originated from
the stockpile is sampled. If so,
Prior information can also and the processes that oc-
the project manager should
be essential for assessing the curred on that site. It should
contact the site owner in
safety aspects of sampling also include the process in
order to get access to the
the particular stockpile. which the stockpile was
stockpile and be informed
formed (e.g. placement in
about any site specific health
layers, placement by end-
and safety regulations to
tipping, “single” or mixed
comply with.
materials) as this can give
prior information on the spa-
tial variability of material
within the stockpile.
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Table 2 — Background Information requirements for investigation of agricultural sites
— Owner and occupiers.
— Relevant requirements in lease/rental agreements.
— Soil type(s).
— Whether the land to be investigated is used for raising crops or animals and the history of these activities
(e.g. what crops
...
NORME
ISO
INTERNATIONALE
18400-202
Première édition
2018-10
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 202:
Investigations préliminaires
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 202: Preliminary investigations
Numéro de référence
ISO 18400-202:2018(F)
©
ISO 2018
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ISO 18400-202:2018(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2018
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
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Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2018 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 18400-202:2018(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Principes généraux . 2
5 Phases d’investigation . 3
6 Objectifs des investigations préliminaires . 5
7 Périmètre des investigations préliminaires . 6
7.1 Stratégie générale . 6
7.2 Étude sur documents .10
7.2.1 Généralités .10
7.2.2 Informations relatives à l’utilisation antérieure et actuelle .12
7.2.3 Informations sur la géologie, la pédologie, la géomorphologie, l’hydrologie
et l’hydrogéologie .14
7.2.4 Écologie et archéologie . .14
7.3 Consultations .15
7.4 Reconnaissance du site .16
8 Élaboration du schéma conceptuel préliminaire du site .17
8.1 Schéma conceptuel global du site .17
8.2 Distributions caractéristiques des propriétés physico-chimiques .19
8.3 Formulation d’hypothèses liées à la contamination .20
8.4 Évaluation qualitative préliminaire des risques pour les sites potentiellement
contaminés .21
8.5 Investigations approfondies .21
9 Rapport sur l’investigation préliminaire et le schéma conceptuel du site .21
Annexe A (informative) Contaminants potentiellement préoccupants et matrice industrie/
contaminant .24
Bibliographie .36
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ISO 18400-202:2018(F)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/directives).
L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion
de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: www .iso .org/iso/fr/avant -propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,
Échantillonnage.
Cette première édition de l’ISO 18400-202, associée à l’ISO 18400-104, l’ ISO 18400-203 et l’ISO 18400-205,
annule et remplace les premières éditions de l’ISO 10381-4:2003 et de l’ISO 10381-5:2005, qui ont fait
l’objet d’une révision technique et structurelle.
La nouvelle série ISO 18400 est fondée sur une structure modulaire et ne peut être comparée, article
par article, à la série ISO 10381.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 18400 se trouve sur le site web de l’ISO.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www .iso .org/fr/members .html.
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ISO 18400-202:2018(F)
Introduction
L’ensemble des programmes d’investigation visant à recueillir des informations sur la qualité des sols
nécessite certaines informations de base concernant le site sujet et son cadre environnemental afin
de permettre une planification adéquate des travaux sur le terrain. Une investigation préliminaire est
effectuée en vue de recueillir ces informations, comprenant des études sur documents, l’extraction de
données d’archives et de bases de données, des entretiens et une reconnaissance du site. À partir des
informations recueillies et des observations effectuées, il est possible d’élaborer un schéma conceptuel
du site, comprenant des hypothèses sur les caractéristiques du sol et leur possible répartition spatiale.
Il appartient à l’utilisateur du présent document de décider de l’étendue et de la nature des informations
exigées dans un cas donné, en tenant compte de la nature du site et des objectifs de l’investigation
globale. Toutefois, certaines informations préliminaires seront systématiquement nécessaires. Le
présent document fournit des recommandations détaillées reposant essentiellement sur la nécessité
d’obtenir des informations détaillées relatives à de nombreux aspects d’un site traitant de cas plus
complexes, par exemple un site potentiellement contaminé; toutefois, ces recommandations se veulent
un instrument utile dans la préparation d’investigations sur tous les types de sites.
Les sources d’informations disponibles pouvant servir dans le cadre d’investigations préliminaires
varient d’un pays à l’autre et en fonction des juridictions; par conséquent, dans le présent document, les
recommandations relatives aux sources d’information revêtent, par nécessité, un caractère générique.
L’utilisateur appréciera le caractère utile de ces recommandations pour la préparation d’informations
détaillées sur les sources locales pour son usage personnel. Les normes nationales proposant des
recommandations sur la conception et la mise en œuvre de reconnaissances géotechniques contiennent
souvent une exigence stipulant qu’il convient d’effectuer une étude sur documents et une reconnaissance
du site, et de ce fait, peuvent fournir des indications utiles sur des sources d’information potentielles.
De la même façon, les normes traitant de la démolition et du démantèlement d’anciens bâtiments et
installations industrielles peuvent fournir des informations et des recommandations utiles.
Le présent document traite uniquement de l’investigation du sol. Il convient de souligner que les anciens
sites urbains et industriels peuvent abriter des bâtiments dégradés et/ou des installations industrielles
en attente de démolition, démantèlement ou rénovation, mais également des bâtiments en mauvais
état et contenant des matériaux potentiellement dangereux sur des exploitations et sites semblables.
L’absence d’investigation sur ces bâtiments avant démolition peut mettre la sécurité des travailleurs en
[7][8]
danger ou conduire à la propagation de la contamination sur et autour du site. L’investigation de
bâtiments dégradés ou de vestiges des fondations n’entre pas dans le domaine d’application du présent
document.
Le présent document fait partie d’une série de normes d’échantillonnage des sols. Le rôle/la fonction
des normes au sein de l’ensemble du programme d’investigation est illustré(e) à la Figure 1.
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ISO 18400-202:2018(F)
NOTE 1 Les chiffres encerclés de la Figure 1 définissent les éléments clés (1 à 7) du programme d’investigation.
NOTE 2 La Figure 1 présente un processus générique qui peut être modifié si nécessaire.
Figure 1 — Liens entre les éléments essentiels d’un programme d’investigation
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 18400-202:2018(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 202:
Investigations préliminaires
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document fournit des recommandations pour la conception et l’exécution d’investigations
préliminaires comprenant des études sur documents et une reconnaissance du site, et, le cas échéant,
une appréciation préliminaire du risque. Il est applicable lorsque des activités d’échantillonnage ou des
investigations doivent être effectuées pour déterminer la qualité du sol.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des
exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 11074, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l’ISO 11074 ainsi que les
suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https: //www .iso .org/obp;
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http: //www .electropedia .org/.
3.1
schéma conceptuel de site
synthèse (représentation mentale) de l’ensemble des informations sur un site en rapport avec la tâche
à accomplir, y compris l’interprétation des informations, le cas échéant, et la reconnaissance des
incertitudes associées à ces informations, incluant l’identification des éléments dont on sait qu’ils ne
sont pas connus
Note 1 à l'article: Un schéma conceptuel de site peut être présenté sous une forme narrative, de tableau et/ou de
représentation schématique.
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ISO 18400-202:2018(F)
3.2
schéma conceptuel de site
synthèse (représentation mentale) de l’ensemble des informations
sur un site en rapport avec la tâche à accomplir, y compris l’interprétation, le cas échéant, et la
reconnaissance des incertitudes associées à ces informations, incluant, s’il y a lieu, les informations
sur le sol, les eaux souterraines, les eaux de surface, la qualité du sol ainsi que l’environnement proche;
et, en cas de probable contamination, la nature et les sources potentielles de substances dangereuses
susceptibles d’être présentes, notamment les gaz de sol et les composés organiques volatils (COV), les
éventuelles voies de migration et les récepteurs potentiels; il s’agit de tenir compte, si nécessaire, des
changements prévus d’utilisation et des variations prévisibles des conditions environnementales, telles
que dans les niveaux des eaux souterraines, ou l’inondabilité
Note 1 à l'article: Un schéma conceptuel de site peut être présenté sous une forme narrative, de tableau et/ou de
représentation schématique.
Note 2 à l'article: Il ne sera pas possible d’informer avec certitude de la ou des utilisations futures, d’autant
qu’elle(s) peu(ven)t faire l’objet d’un devoir de confidentialité vis-à-vis du commanditaire.
4 Principes généraux
Il convient de toujours procéder à une investigation préliminaire (Phase 1) avant toute activité
d’échantillonnage intrusive ou d’investigation de site. Il convient de scinder ce processus en deux
étapes, à savoir la collecte de données suivie de leur interprétation et de la rédaction d’un rapport. Il
convient que la collecte de données comprenne systématiquement:
— une étude de documents (incluant des consultations, le cas échéant); et
— une reconnaissance du site (relevé de terrain, inspection du site).
Il convient que l’évaluateur détermine l’étendue et la nature des informations exigées dans un cas
donné, en tenant compte de la nature du site, de la finalité et des objectifs de l’investigation globale, de
la disponibilité des informations existantes, de l’étendue et de la complexité du site, des utilisations du
terrain connues ou envisagées, ainsi que d’autres facteurs pertinents propres au site: il est inutile que
l’investigation soit plus détaillée que ce que la tâche à accomplir ne le nécessite. Toutefois, certaines
informations préliminaires seront systématiquement nécessaires.
Il convient souvent qu’une investigation de site soit itérative, avec plusieurs étapes d’investigation pour
chaque phase. Il convient de réexaminer les objectifs à chaque étape et revoir les exigences relatives à
une investigation plus approfondie au fur et à mesure de l’évolution des processus d’investigation et
d’évaluation.
Lorsqu’une investigation est effectuée en un certain nombre de phases ou d’étapes, l’investigation
préliminaire ne peut normalement être menée qu’en amont de la phase ou de l’étape initiale. Cependant,
il convient de passer les résultats en revue à l’issue de la première étape ou phase et après chaque étape
ou phase ultérieure, afin de déterminer si les conclusions, notamment l’appréciation préliminaire du
risque, nécessitent des modifications.
Les résultats de l’investigation préliminaire permettent d’élaborer un schéma conceptuel préliminaire
du site (voir l’Article 8).
Dans le cas de sites potentiellement contaminés, il est possible d’en déduire le degré de contamination
et de formuler des hypothèses sur la nature, l’emplacement et la répartition de la contamination (8.2).
Ces hypothèses font partie intégrante du schéma conceptuel préliminaire global du site qu’il convient
d’élaborer, en englobant non seulement les aspects liés à la contamination, mais également la géologie,
la pédologie, l’hydrogéologie, les propriétés géotechniques ainsi que le milieu environnemental. Les
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utilisations actuelles et planifiées du site représentent également des aspects importants du schéma
conceptuel du site.
NOTE Bien que le schéma conceptuel du site soit généralement d’abord élaboré de manière formelle suite
à une investigation préliminaire, il n’existe de façon effective qu’à l’instant où la question de savoir si le site
nécessite une investigation est posée. À ce stade et à titre d’exemple, il est possible de reconnaître si le site
est un terrain agricole ou industriel et en partant de cette information, l’évaluateur dressera sans attendre un
premier aperçu général du site et agira en conséquence. Par conséquent, ce schéma conceptuel initial du site
ainsi que la finalité de l’investigation globale orientent les décisions relatives au périmètre et à la profondeur de
l’investigation préliminaire nécessaires.
5 Phases d’investigation
Pour l’investigation du site, il convient d’adopter systématiquement une approche par étapes, telle que
décrite dans l’ISO 18400-104:2018, Article 4. Les phases principales sont:
— l’investigation préliminaire (le présent document);
— l’investigation exploratoire; et
— l’investigation détaillée du site.
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Figure 2 — Organigramme des phases d’investigation d’un site potentiellement contaminé
NOTE Une investigation préliminaire est toujours exigée, mais, si une investigation intrusive s’avère
nécessaire, la nécessité de mener à la fois une investigation exploratoire et une investigation détaillée
(approfondie) du site dépendra du contexte et des conclusions de l’investigation préliminaire (voir l’ISO 18400-104
pour obtenir des recommandations supplémentaires).
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Des investigations complémentaires peuvent être exigées à la suite de l’investigation détaillée sur site
afin de:
— compléter les informations manquantes; et
— concevoir des travaux et, dans le cas d’un site contaminé, choisir des méthodes de remédiation, ou
concevoir des travaux de remédiation ou de construction.
La relation entre ces phases pour un site potentiellement contaminé est illustrée à la Figure 2.
Avant de s’engager dans une phase ou étape d’investigation, y compris une investigation préliminaire, il
est important d’établir des objectifs de qualité des données en termes de type, de quantité et de qualité
(par exemple qualité analytique) des données et autres informations à collecter. Ces objectifs de qualité
des données dépendront en partie de la nature des décisions à prendre sur la base de l’investigation,
ainsi que de la confiance nécessaire dans ces décisions. L’absence d’objectifs initiaux en termes de
qualité des données peut entraîner des coûts nettement plus élevés lorsque, par exemple, les données
collectées ne sont pas adaptées ou suffisantes pour une appréciation fiable des risques, ou lorsqu’elles
laissent subsister de trop nombreuses incertitudes sur le «schéma conceptuel de site» (voir 8.1).
6 Objectifs des investigations préliminaires
Il y a lieu de définir formellement les objectifs de l’investigation préliminaire avant son démarrage afin
de s’assurer que le périmètre (sources d’information recherchées, par exemple) est approprié.
Il convient que l’investigation préliminaire fournisse systématiquement suffisamment
d’informations pour:
— lancer un programme d’échantillonnage comprenant l’élaboration et, si nécessaire, la conception
d’un plan d’échantillonnage à la fois techniquement efficace et rentable;
— identifier les mesures exigées pour protéger la santé et assurer la sécurité du personnel
d’investigation;
— identifier les mesures nécessaires à la protection de l’environnement lors de toute investigation
intrusive ultérieure;
— identifier tout aspect du site nécessitant une attention immédiate pour des raisons de santé et
de sécurité ou pour la protection de l’environnement (par exemple des clôtures non sécurisées,
des substances dangereuses accessibles à des personnes non autorisées ou susceptibles d’être
dispersées par le vent ou diluées dans l’eau), de manière à sensibiliser les personnes en charge du
contrôle du site (le propriétaire ou l’occupant, par exemple) sur leurs responsabilités éventuelles.
Il convient également de recueillir d’autres informations pertinentes pour la conduite du programme
d’échantillonnage, par exemple les moyens d’accès à l’équipement, les emplacements des installations
sur le site (laboratoires, magasins ou décontamination du matériel, par exemple), la disponibilité et
l’emplacement des sources d’alimentation en électricité et en eau, etc., et si des combats ou d’autres
activités militaires pourraient avoir affecté le site (y compris, par exemple, si des munitions explosives
non explosées pourraient être présentes).
NOTE Dans certaines juridictions, des informations détaillées sont disponibles sur l’emplacement des
impacts des bombes de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et, de ce fait, sur les éventuelles munitions explosives non
explosées.
Selon la nature du site et les objectifs de l’investigation globale, des objectifs spécifiques pourraient
inclure de:
— fournir des informations sur les utilisations antérieures et actuelles du site et de la zone environnante
ainsi que sur la nature de tout phénomène dangereux et de contraintes physiques;
— fournir des informations sur la géologie, la géomorphologie, la géochimie, le sol, l’hydrogéologie et
l’hydrologie du site et de la zone environnante;
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— identifier les sous-zones (zones) potentiellement différentes d’un site, sur la base des conditions
différentes de sol, de la contamination potentielle et des usages passés, présents et futurs;
— identifier les zones pour lesquelles il est nécessaire de prendre des décisions éclairées, en utilisant
des techniques d’évaluation spécialisées ou en faisant appel à des conseillers dans ce domaine, par
exemple en cas de munitions explosives non explosées ou de facteurs écologiques ou archéologiques
à prendre en compte;
— identifier la nécessité d’impliquer les organismes de réglementation avant toute investigation
intrusive;
— déterminer la nécessité d’informer le voisinage.
Dans le cas de sites potentiellement contaminés, il s’agit en particulier d’obtenir des informations afin:
— d’évaluer la probabilité de contamination, sa nature et son ampleur;
— d’évaluer le cadre environnemental du site;
— d’identifier les récepteurs actuels et futurs probables, les sources de contamination potentielles et les
voies d’exposition probables ainsi que tout élément source de préoccupation immédiate et à venir;
— fournir des informations permettant d’identifier les relations probables source-voie d’exposition-
récepteur, pouvant être utilisées par la suite afin de formuler un schéma conceptuel du site
permettant de concevoir une investigation de terrain (si nécessaire);
— produire un schéma conceptuel préliminaire pour le site dans son ensemble et/ou pour des zones au
sein du site;
— fournir des informations destinées à l’appréciation préliminaire du risque (voir 8.4).
7 Périmètre des investigations préliminaires
7.1 Stratégie générale
Il convient que l’investigation préliminaire comporte:
— une étude sur documents, notamment des consultations (voir 7.3) avec toute personne susceptible
de disposer d’informations pertinentes sur le site, notamment des informations sur l’historique et
d’autres aspects pertinents du site, qui sont collectées et soumises à un examen critique (voir 7.2);
— une reconnaissance du site (inspection du site, levé de surface) (voir 7.4);
— l’élaboration d’un schéma conceptuel du site (voir l’Article 8) dans lequel, en cas de sites
potentiellement contaminés, il convient d’inclure:
— la formulation d’hypothèses sur le (s) type(s) et degré(s) possibles de contamination, les voies de
migration (sur et hors site), la distribution spatiale et temporelle et des hypothèses concernant
d’autres aspects du site, telles que l’hydrogéologie;
— les conclusions à tirer sur la nécessité et le périmètre des investigations supplémentaires (voir 8.4);
— le recensement des actions immédiates éventuellement exigées pour assurer la protection des êtres
humains ou de l’environnement (mise en place de clôtures, élimination des dépôts superficiels, par
exemple).
Dans la plupart des cas, il convient de pouvoir effectuer une évaluation qualitative préliminaire des
risques (potentiels) pour l’homme et les autres récepteurs (voir 8.3).
Les informations minimales qu’il convient de recueillir dans le cadre de l’investigation préliminaire sont
définies aux 7.2 et 7.3 et les modes opératoires permettant de les obtenir sont décrits au 7.2.3. L’Article 9
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fournit des recommandations pour l’établissement d’un rapport sur les résultats de l’investigation
préliminaire.
Les objectifs de l’investigation préliminaire peuvent ne pas nécessiter d’inclure tous les éléments
recommandés aux 7.2, 7.3 et 7.4, auquel cas il convient que la stratégie identifie les éléments qui sont
essentiels pour l’investigation préliminaire et ceux qu’il est inutile de traiter. Plusieurs exemples
d’informations exigibles au sujet des dépôts en tas sont répertoriés dans le Tableau 1, des sites agricoles
dans le Tableau 2 et des sites boisés dans le Tableau 3. La majorité des recommandations du Tableau 1
sont également applicables à d’autres types de sites.
Lorsque des éléments d’une investigation préliminaire décrite de 7.2 à 7.4 ne doivent pas figurer, il est
recommandé de les consigner dans le rapport et il convient que toute limite que ces omissions imposent
à l’évaluation finale soit clairement comprise par toutes les parties concernées et citées dans le rapport.
Il y a lieu que la stratégie prévoie un examen des informations obtenues à l’issue de l’investigation
préliminaire afin de déterminer si les objectifs ont été atteints (et s’ils sont toujours pertinents) et s’il
est nécessaire de mener une investigation exploratoire et/ou détaillée (voir Article 5).
Si cette opération s’avère nécessaire ou avantageuse, il convient de diviser le
...
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