SIST ISO 6144:2004
(Main)Gas analysis -- Preparation of calibration gas mixtures -- Static volumetric method
Gas analysis -- Preparation of calibration gas mixtures -- Static volumetric method
ISO 6144:2003 specifies a method for the preparation of calibration gas mixtures by a static volumetric method and provides a procedure for calculating the volumetric composition of the mixture. It can be used either with binary gas mixtures (containing one calibration component in a complementary gas, which is usually nitrogen or air) or with mixtures containing more than one component in the complementary gas. This International Standard also specifies how the expanded uncertainty in the volume fraction of each calibration component in the mixture is determined by a rigorous evaluation of all the measurement uncertainties involved, including those associated with the apparatus used for the preparation of the gas mixture and those associated with the experimental procedure itself.
Analyse des gaz -- Préparation des mélanges de gaz pour étalonnage -- Méthode volumétrique statique
Analiza plinov – Priprava kalibrirnih plinskih zmesi – Statična volumetrijska metoda
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6144
Second edition
2003-02-01
Gas analysis — Preparation of calibration
gas mixtures — Static volumetric method
Analyse des gaz — Préparation des mélanges de gaz pour
étalonnage — Méthode volumétrique statique
Reference number
ISO 6144:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 6144:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 6144:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Principle .2
5 Apparatus.2
6 Procedure for preparing the calibration gas mixture .4
7 Calculation of the volume fraction of the calibration component in the gas mixture.7
8 Determination of the uncertainty in the concentration of the calibration component in the
gas mixture .9
Annex A (informative) Example of an apparatus suitable for the preparation of calibration gas
mixtures by the static volumetric method.12
Annex B (informative) Example of determination of the volume of metering syringes .15
Annex C (informative) Example of the determination of the uncertainty in the concentration of a
calibration gas mixture prepared by the static volumetric method.17
Annex D (informative) Example of the determination of the stability, as a function of time, of
prepared calibration gas mixtures .22
Bibliography.29
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved iii
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ISO 6144:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 6144 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 158, Analysis of gases.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6144:1981), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6144:2003(E)
Gas analysis — Preparation of calibration gas mixtures —
Static volumetric method
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for the preparation of calibration gas mixtures by a static
volumetric method and provides a procedure for calculating the volumetric composition of the mixture. It can
be used either with binary gas mixtures (containing one calibration component in a complementary gas, which
[1, 2]
is usually nitrogen or air ) or with mixtures containing more than one component in the complementary gas.
This International Standard also specifies how the expanded uncertainty in the volume fraction of each
calibration component in the mixture is determined by a rigorous evaluation of all the measurement
uncertainties involved, including those associated with the apparatus used for the preparation of the gas
mixture and those associated with the experimental procedure itself.
NOTE 1 This International Standard is generally applicable to the preparation of calibration gas mixtures containing
−9 −6
calibration components in the concentration range 10 × 10 (10 ppb — parts per billion) to 50 × 10 (50 ppm — parts per
million) by volume. However, gas mixtures may be prepared at larger or smaller volume fractions, provided that the
components used in the static dilution process are selected appropriately.
NOTE 2 A relative expanded uncertainty of not greater than ± 1 % at a level of confidence of 95 % may be achievable
at these concentrations, provided that:
the purities of the parent gases have been determined by analysis and any significant impurities and the uncertainties
in their measured concentrations have been taken into account;
no significant adsorption effects or chemical reactions occur between the gaseous constituents and the internal
surfaces of the apparatus, and there are no reactions between any of the gaseous components, i.e. between the
calibration component and complementary gas or between the calibration components themselves;
all the relevant apparatus used in the preparation of a calibration gas mixture have been calibrated with assigned
measurement uncertainties which are appropriate to calculating the final expanded uncertainty for the calibration gas
mixture prepared.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7504, Gas analysis — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7504 apply.
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ISO 6144:2003(E)
4 Principle
A calibration gas mixture consists of one of more calibration components in a complementary (diluent) gas,
mixed in a suitable gas-mixing chamber. These calibration components are generally pure gases taken from
cylinders, or from pure, volatile liquids that are allowed to evaporate into the gas-mixing chamber. The gas
mixture is prepared using syringes to inject:
5
either known volumes of gaseous calibration components (each at a pressure of about 1 × 10 Pa);
or known masses or volumes of liquid calibration components;
These are injected into a volume of complementary gas contained in the mixing chamber (which is also at a
5
pressure of about 1 × 10 Pa). Further complementary gas is then added to increase the overall pressure of
the gas mixture to an accurately measured value above ambient atmospheric pressure. This final (above-
atmospheric) pressure is required so that the calibration gas mixture will subsequently flow out of the mixing
chamber and can be used to calibrate a gas analyser, which is usually operated at ambient pressure.
At each stage in the preparation procedure, the mixture is homogenized, usually by means of a suitable
stirring device, and then left to equilibrate to ambient atmospheric temperature.
The volume fraction of each calibration component in the calibration gas mixture is determined by calculation
of the ratio of the volume of the calibration component to the total volume of the mixture.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Gas-mixing chamber, consisting of the components specified in 5.1.1 to 5.1.8.
NOTE An example of a suitable gas-mixing chamber is described in Annex A.
5.1.1 Vessel, comprising the gas-mixing chamber itself, of sufficient internal volume to deliver the amount
of calibration gas mixture required for any subsequent instrumental calibrations, manufactured of a suitable
material that is inert to all the component gases, and designed both to be evacuable and to withstand the
required above-atmospheric operating pressures. It shall also have vacuum/high-pressure flanges to allow
access to the components that are mounted within the mixing chamber.
3 3 5
NOTE 1 Vessels with internal volumes of 0,1 m to 0,5 m , capable of operating up to pressures of about 2 × 10 Pa
2
(2 bar) and of maintaining a vacuum of better than 0,1 × 10 Pa (0,1 mbar), have been found to be suitable (see Annex A).
NOTE 2 Mixing chambers manufactured from borosilicate glass or stainless steel have been found to be suitable for
the commonly used gaseous species (e.g. gas mixtures which contain SO , NO, NO , CO and C H as the calibration
2 2 6 6
components). However, care shall be taken in selecting the materials of the mixing chamber, and of the other components
which come into contact with the gas mixtures, so that they do not affect the mixture's stability adversely — particularly
when more reactive gas mixtures are to be prepared.
5.1.2 Vacuum pump, capable of evacuating the mixing chamber and its associated components to a low
pressure, and including a suitable vacuum shut-off valve. This low pressure shall be defined either so that any
gaseous contamination resulting from the residual low pressure has no effect on the accuracy of the
concentration of the gas mixture prepared, or so that a quantitative correction for the effect of this residual low
pressure may be made to the concentration of the mixture.
NOTE The residual gas pressure is generally due mainly to nitrogen from residual air. However, care must be taken
to ensure that other gases that may react with the constituents of the gas mixture are not present at significant
concentrations in this residual gas (e.g. traces of water vapour when acid gases are being used as calibration
components, or traces of oxygen in the case when nitric oxide calibration mixtures are being prepared).
5.1.3 Gas line, used for the injection of the complementary gas, and including appropriate metering and
shut-off valves.
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ISO 6144:2003(E)
5.1.4 Pressure, vacuum and temperature gauges, used to monitor these parameters inside the mixing
vessel.
5.1.5 Septum, enabling a gas or liquid of known volume or mass to be injected into the mixing chamber
from a metering syringe (5.2).
5.1.6 Motor-driven gas-mixing device, e.g. a fan, enabling the gaseous components in the gas-mixing
chamber to be homogenized, and designed to provide satisfactory mixing of all the gaseous components to a
given degree of homogeneity within a specified time. Experimental tests shall be carried out to demonstrate
that the mixing device is able to achieve the required homogeneity within the specified time.
5.1.7 Pressure relief valve, used to ensure that the maximum internal safe working pressure specified for
the mixing vessel and its associated components is not exceeded.
5.1.8 Outlet-gas sampling line, enabling the gas mixture prepared to be used for calibration purposes,
and having a device for equalizing the internal pressure of the gas mixture in the mixing chamber with
atmospheric pressure so as to enable the gas mixture to be determined at ambient pressure for calibration
purposes.
5.2 Calibrated metering syringe, which can be used to inject, by means of a piston, a known volume of
gas or liquid through a needle. The syringe shall have gastight seals to ensure that no significant leakage of
the gas or liquid takes place.
NOTE 1 Glass syringes having polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) bushings as seals, and with internal volumes of 10 ml,
5 ml, 1 ml, 0,5 ml and 0,1 ml, have been found to be suitable when used with mixing chambers of volumes which are in
practical use, and when used to prepare gas mixtures for the calibration of ambient-air analysers.
NOTE 2 It is recommended that the internal volume of the syringe be measured experimentally with a maximum
relative uncertainty of ± 1 % (at a level of confidence of 95 %). In addition, the syringe should have a maximum leak rate of
2 –2
10 × 10 Pa (10 mbar) per hour after evacuation to 5 Pa (5 × 10 mbar), in order that it has satisfactory leaktightness.
5.3 Apparatus for filling the metering syringe, consisting of the components specified in 5.3.1 to 5.3.9.
NOTE An example of a suitable set-up for filling the syringe is described in Annex A.
5.3.1 Evacuable gas reservoir, capable of containing gas at above-atmospheric pressure so as to enable
the metering syringe to be filled to that pressure, its internal surfaces being made of a material that does not
react with any of the calibration components.
5
NOTE A gas reservoir with an internal volume of about 100 ml, capable of operating up to a pressure of 1,4 × 10 Pa
2
(1,4 bar) and of maintaining a vacuum of better than 0,1 × 10 Pa (0,1 mbar), has been found suitable.
5.3.2 High-pressure gas cylinder, containing the selected pure gas component (or a pre-mixture
containing a higher concentration of gas mixture).
5.3.3 Pressure regulator, used to enable the pressure of gas in the reservoir to be adjusted to a pre-
defined pressure above that of the ambient atmosphere.
5.3.4 Septum, constructed of appropriate material, enabling the needle of the metering syringe to be
introduced into the gas reservoir.
5.3.5 Vacuum pump, enabling the gas reservoir and its associated components to be evacuated to below
the required vacuum.
NOTE It is important to ensure that any gaseous component which may be hazardous, and which is exhausted by
the vacuum pump to the atmosphere, is vented in a safe way.
5.3.6 Pressure gauge, used to monitor the pressure of the gas in the reservoir during the various stages of
the preparation procedure.
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ISO 6144:2003(E)
5.3.7 Gas shut-off valves, used to isolate the gas cylinder from the reservoir, and the gas reservoir from
the vacuum pump.
5.3.8 Pressure-relief valve, capable of relieving a gas pressure selected to protect the apparatus (typically
5
1,4 × 10 Pa). It should be vented to a safe location.
5.3.9 Suitable vessel, for use when the metering syringe is to be filled with a volatile liquid rather than a
gas, and enabling the syringe to be filled in a manner that prevents the ingress into the syringe of any
components other than the volatile liquid.
6 Procedure for preparing the calibration gas mixture
6.1 Determination of the volume of the gas-mixing chamber
There are a number of ways by which the internal volume of the gas-mixing chamber may be determined in
practice. The major component of this volume will be the internal volume of the empty vessel itself and this is
normally measured by filling it with water, or with another liquid of known density, and then determining the
increase in mass due to this liquid. However, other methods may be used where these have the required
accuracy. Following this, the internal volumes of the components within the gas-mixing chamber shall be
determined by, for example, geometric measurement or liquid displacement. Corrections shall then be made
for the volumes of these additional components when determining the net volume of the chamber. Corrections
for some of the components (e.g. the gas-mixing device) will lead to a smaller volume whereas others (e.g.
the pressure gauge and the outlet pipes leading to the shut-off valves) will lead to an increase in volume.
These measurements of the volumes of the components that make up the total gas-mixing chamber (see 5.1)
may have been carried out at different temperatures. In such cases, corrections shall be made, where
significant, to convert the measured volumes to a common ambient temperature. A further correction may
need to be made if the complete mixing chamber with all its components is used at a different ambient
temperature, provided such a correction is significant.
6.2 Conditioning the gas-mixing chamber before use
A new gas-mixing chamber will normally contain ambient air, and this may contain trace pollutants at levels
that would affect the accuracy of the calibration gas mixture. In addition, the inside surfaces of the chamber
may be contaminated with a surface layer which may react with some species which are put in the mixing
chamber. It is therefore necessary to condition the mixing chamber before use so as to avoid any potential
contamination of the calibration gas from these causes. Do this by evacuating the chamber to a pressure of
2
less than 5 × 10 Pa (5 mbar). Then fill the chamber to above-atmospheric pressure with the complementary
gas which is to be used in the preparation of the calibration gas mixture. Subsequently, connect the outlet
from the mixing chamber to a set of instruments designed to measure air pollutants (e.g. analysers which
monitor SO , NO , CO and hydrocarbons). These shall have sufficient detection sensitivity to determine
2 x
whether significant concentrations of the relevant gaseous impurities exist in the complementary gas in the
mixing chamber at this time. Allow the complementary gas in the mixing chamber to flow into these analysers,
and observe the concentrations of any impurities detected.
Repeat this procedure, involving the evacuation of the mixing chamber followed by re-filling with
complementary gas, several times or until all relevant gaseous impurities are below the concentrations
required to prevent significant contamination of the calibration gas mixtures to be prepared in the chamber. In
circumstances where this cannot be achieved, either clean the mixing chamber by other means so as to
remove the contaminants, or make a suitable correction when calculating the concentration of the calibration
component in the calibration gas mixture so as to allow for such impurities.
In circumstances where such an analysis of the impurities present in the complementary gas is the only one
that is carried out, the detection limits of the analysers used shall represent the upper limits for the
concentrations of the impurities which could be present in the calibration gas mixture. In these cases, the
concentrations represented by these detection limits shall be taken into account in the determination of the
expanded uncertainty of the prepared calibration gas mixture. In cases, however, where additional, more
4 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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ISO 6144:2003(E)
sensitive, analyses of impurities are carried out by other means, the results of these analyses shall instead be
incorporated into the expanded uncertainty of the calibration gas mixture.
After the mixing chamber has been pre-conditioned using the above procedure, it is possible that it might not
be used for a significant period. If this is the case, re-fill the mixing chamber with the selected complementary
gas at a pressure that is higher than ambient, so as to minimize further contamination which may arise from
ingress of gaseous pollutants from the ambient atmosphere.
Subsequently, carry out the following steps to prepare the calibration gas mixture.
6.3 Filling the mixing chamber with the complementary gas
First evacuate the mixing chamber, using the vacuum pump (5.1.2), to a residual pressure such that
contamination by components of the residual gas will have no significant effect on the accuracy and stability of
2
the final calibration gas mixture (typically about 5 × 10 Pa). Then fill the chamber with the selected
5
complementary gas through the feed line (5.1.3) to about 0,1 × 10 Pa (0,1 bar) above ambient pressure. The
temperature of the complementary gas in the mixing chamber after filling will normally be above ambient
temperature (due to adiabatic compression). Allow the gas to stand, therefore, so that it equilibrates to the
temperature of the mixing chamber, and to that of the ambient atmosphere.
NOTE A temperature difference of 0,2 °C will introduce an uncertainty in the final volume fraction of a component of
less than 0,1 % (relative) of the value of the concentration. In practice, therefore, it is sufficient to ensure that the
complementary gas temperature and the ambient temperature are within 0,2 °C of each other.
After the temperature of the complementary gas and the external temperature have equilibrated, bring the
pressure of the complementary gas in the mixing chamber to ambient pressure by opening the shut-off valve
connected to the pressure relief valve (5.1.7). Record both the temperature and the pressure of the gas in the
mixing chamber at this point, for use subsequently in the determination of the concentration of the calibration
gas mixture.
6.4 Determination of the calibration component volume required
The required volume of the calibration component which is to be injected into the mixing chamber is calculated
from the required composition of the final gas mixture, the volume of the mixing chamber itself, and the target
value of the final gas pressure in the mixing chamber. Where a liquid is to be injected, it is important to know,
at least approximately, the density of the calibration component in its liquid form so as to obtain the required
concentration in the gaseous state when the final calibration gas mixture is produced.
The accuracy to which the internal volume of the syringe is known, and any leakage to the atmosphere
through the needle or through the seals of the syringe, will make a contribution to the overall accuracy of the
calibration gas mixture. An example of a method used to determine experimentally the volume of gas in the
syringe, to demonstrate the leaktightness of the syringe, and to demonstrate the amount of gas loss through
the needle is given in Annex B.
Select a syringe of appropriate volume so as to provide a final gas mixture with the required uncertainty in its
concentration. In most cases, multiple injections using the selected syringe will be necessary. The uncertainty
in the final volume fraction of the component is usually minimized by using a syringe that gives the minimum
number of injections of calibration component into the mixing chamber. However, the choice of syringe will
also depend, in practice, on the availability of a suitable syringe with the required uncertainty in its volume.
Record the number of injections that are required.
6.5 Filling the syringe with the calibration component
6.5.1 Gaseous calibration components
When gaseous calibration components are employed, use the apparatus described in 5.3 to fill the syringe.
Then proceed using the following procedure.
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ISO 6144:2003(E)
First close the shut-off valve on the cylinder of calibration component. Then use the vacuum pump to
evacuate the whole apparatus, including the reservoir, to a sufficiently low pressure to ensure that any gas left
in the reservoir does not have a significant effect on the concentration or stability of the final gas mixture.
2
NOTE A residual pressure of about 1 × 10 Pa (1 mbar) has generally been found to be suitable. However, this will
depend, in practice, on the type of gas mixture being prepared and the concentration of the calibration component. It is
recommended, therefore, that consideration be given to the residual gas pressure required when evaluating the
uncertainty in the concentration of the calibration component in the gas mixture.
Close the shut-off valve between the vacuum pump and reservoir, and fill the reservoir with the calibration
5
component up to a pressure of about 1,4 × 10 Pa (1,4 bar). Re-evacuate the reservoir and then refill it with
calibration component. Repeat this purging process a sufficient number of times so as to ensure that no
gaseous impurities are left with the calibration component in the reservoir. After the final filling, check the gas
pressure in the reservoir to ensure that sufficient over-pressure is available to fill the syringe.
NOTE Appropriate precautions should be taken to ensure that the calibration component, if hazardous, is vented
safely when it is discharged from the apparatus.
Insert the needle of the selected empty metering syringe through the reservoir septum (5.3.4) into the
reservoir. Then raise and lower the plunger of the syringe a sufficient number of times to flush the syringe with
the calibration component and ensure that no significant contamination remains.
Fill the syringe completely by withdrawing the plunger to its full extent. Then remove the syringe needle from
the septum and depress the plunger so that the syringe contains the target volume (taking suitable
precautions, where applicable, to avoid any hazardous discharge of the calibration component into the
atmosphere).
6.5.2 Liquid calibration components
The procedure for filling the selected metering syringe with liquids is, in principle, more straightforward than
that for gaseous calibration components. However, it shall be designed so as to ensure that no significant
amounts of contaminants, including air, are drawn into the syringe during filling.
6.6 Introduction of the calibration component into the mixing chamber
Introduce the needle of the syringe through the septum (5.1.5) of the gas-mixing chamber as quickly as
possible after the volume of gas in the syringe has been brought to the target value but allowing sufficient time
for the initially above-ambient pressure in the syringe to decay to atmospheric pressure. Where possible,
determine experimentally, for each syringe used, the time taken to extract the syringe needle from the septum
of the filling apparatus and inject the gas into the mixing chamber.
Depress the plunger of the syringe slowly, thereby injecting the calibration component into the mixing
chamber, at the same time withdrawing the needle from the septum.
Carry out the number of repeat injections necessary (as determined in 6.4) to produce the required calibration
gas concentration, using the above procedure for filling the syringe and injecting its contents into the mixing
chamber.
Homogenize the gas mixture in the mixing chamber using the gas-mixing device (5.1.6). The time necessary
to achieve the required homogeneity will depend both on the size and shape of the mixing chamber and on
the performance of the mixing device, and this shall be investigated experimentally for the specific apparatus
being used.
Where more than one calibration component is to be added, repeat the procedures in 6.5 and 6.6 for each of
the additional calibration components.
6 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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ISO 6144:2003(E)
6.7 Introduction of additional complementary gas
Increase the pressure by introducing additional complementary gas (up to the safe working pressure of the
apparatus) so as to enable sufficient gas to be made available for instrumental calibrations (which are
generally carried out using the calibration gas mixture at atmospheric pressure).
NOTE
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 6144:2004
01-oktober-2004
$QDOL]DSOLQRY±3ULSUDYDNDOLEULUQLKSOLQVNLK]PHVL±6WDWLþQDYROXPHWULMVND
PHWRGD
Gas analysis -- Preparation of calibration gas mixtures -- Static volumetric method
Analyse des gaz -- Préparation des mélanges de gaz pour étalonnage -- Méthode
volumétrique statique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 6144:2003
ICS:
71.040.40 Kemijska analiza Chemical analysis
SIST ISO 6144:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6144:2004
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6144:2004
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6144
Second edition
2003-02-01
Gas analysis — Preparation of calibration
gas mixtures — Static volumetric method
Analyse des gaz — Préparation des mélanges de gaz pour
étalonnage — Méthode volumétrique statique
Reference number
ISO 6144:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6144:2004
ISO 6144:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6144:2004
ISO 6144:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Principle .2
5 Apparatus.2
6 Procedure for preparing the calibration gas mixture .4
7 Calculation of the volume fraction of the calibration component in the gas mixture.7
8 Determination of the uncertainty in the concentration of the calibration component in the
gas mixture .9
Annex A (informative) Example of an apparatus suitable for the preparation of calibration gas
mixtures by the static volumetric method.12
Annex B (informative) Example of determination of the volume of metering syringes .15
Annex C (informative) Example of the determination of the uncertainty in the concentration of a
calibration gas mixture prepared by the static volumetric method.17
Annex D (informative) Example of the determination of the stability, as a function of time, of
prepared calibration gas mixtures .22
Bibliography.29
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6144:2004
ISO 6144:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 6144 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 158, Analysis of gases.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 6144:1981), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 6144:2004
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6144:2003(E)
Gas analysis — Preparation of calibration gas mixtures —
Static volumetric method
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for the preparation of calibration gas mixtures by a static
volumetric method and provides a procedure for calculating the volumetric composition of the mixture. It can
be used either with binary gas mixtures (containing one calibration component in a complementary gas, which
[1, 2]
is usually nitrogen or air ) or with mixtures containing more than one component in the complementary gas.
This International Standard also specifies how the expanded uncertainty in the volume fraction of each
calibration component in the mixture is determined by a rigorous evaluation of all the measurement
uncertainties involved, including those associated with the apparatus used for the preparation of the gas
mixture and those associated with the experimental procedure itself.
NOTE 1 This International Standard is generally applicable to the preparation of calibration gas mixtures containing
−9 −6
calibration components in the concentration range 10 × 10 (10 ppb — parts per billion) to 50 × 10 (50 ppm — parts per
million) by volume. However, gas mixtures may be prepared at larger or smaller volume fractions, provided that the
components used in the static dilution process are selected appropriately.
NOTE 2 A relative expanded uncertainty of not greater than ± 1 % at a level of confidence of 95 % may be achievable
at these concentrations, provided that:
the purities of the parent gases have been determined by analysis and any significant impurities and the uncertainties
in their measured concentrations have been taken into account;
no significant adsorption effects or chemical reactions occur between the gaseous constituents and the internal
surfaces of the apparatus, and there are no reactions between any of the gaseous components, i.e. between the
calibration component and complementary gas or between the calibration components themselves;
all the relevant apparatus used in the preparation of a calibration gas mixture have been calibrated with assigned
measurement uncertainties which are appropriate to calculating the final expanded uncertainty for the calibration gas
mixture prepared.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7504, Gas analysis — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7504 apply.
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4 Principle
A calibration gas mixture consists of one of more calibration components in a complementary (diluent) gas,
mixed in a suitable gas-mixing chamber. These calibration components are generally pure gases taken from
cylinders, or from pure, volatile liquids that are allowed to evaporate into the gas-mixing chamber. The gas
mixture is prepared using syringes to inject:
5
either known volumes of gaseous calibration components (each at a pressure of about 1 × 10 Pa);
or known masses or volumes of liquid calibration components;
These are injected into a volume of complementary gas contained in the mixing chamber (which is also at a
5
pressure of about 1 × 10 Pa). Further complementary gas is then added to increase the overall pressure of
the gas mixture to an accurately measured value above ambient atmospheric pressure. This final (above-
atmospheric) pressure is required so that the calibration gas mixture will subsequently flow out of the mixing
chamber and can be used to calibrate a gas analyser, which is usually operated at ambient pressure.
At each stage in the preparation procedure, the mixture is homogenized, usually by means of a suitable
stirring device, and then left to equilibrate to ambient atmospheric temperature.
The volume fraction of each calibration component in the calibration gas mixture is determined by calculation
of the ratio of the volume of the calibration component to the total volume of the mixture.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Gas-mixing chamber, consisting of the components specified in 5.1.1 to 5.1.8.
NOTE An example of a suitable gas-mixing chamber is described in Annex A.
5.1.1 Vessel, comprising the gas-mixing chamber itself, of sufficient internal volume to deliver the amount
of calibration gas mixture required for any subsequent instrumental calibrations, manufactured of a suitable
material that is inert to all the component gases, and designed both to be evacuable and to withstand the
required above-atmospheric operating pressures. It shall also have vacuum/high-pressure flanges to allow
access to the components that are mounted within the mixing chamber.
3 3 5
NOTE 1 Vessels with internal volumes of 0,1 m to 0,5 m , capable of operating up to pressures of about 2 × 10 Pa
2
(2 bar) and of maintaining a vacuum of better than 0,1 × 10 Pa (0,1 mbar), have been found to be suitable (see Annex A).
NOTE 2 Mixing chambers manufactured from borosilicate glass or stainless steel have been found to be suitable for
the commonly used gaseous species (e.g. gas mixtures which contain SO , NO, NO , CO and C H as the calibration
2 2 6 6
components). However, care shall be taken in selecting the materials of the mixing chamber, and of the other components
which come into contact with the gas mixtures, so that they do not affect the mixture's stability adversely — particularly
when more reactive gas mixtures are to be prepared.
5.1.2 Vacuum pump, capable of evacuating the mixing chamber and its associated components to a low
pressure, and including a suitable vacuum shut-off valve. This low pressure shall be defined either so that any
gaseous contamination resulting from the residual low pressure has no effect on the accuracy of the
concentration of the gas mixture prepared, or so that a quantitative correction for the effect of this residual low
pressure may be made to the concentration of the mixture.
NOTE The residual gas pressure is generally due mainly to nitrogen from residual air. However, care must be taken
to ensure that other gases that may react with the constituents of the gas mixture are not present at significant
concentrations in this residual gas (e.g. traces of water vapour when acid gases are being used as calibration
components, or traces of oxygen in the case when nitric oxide calibration mixtures are being prepared).
5.1.3 Gas line, used for the injection of the complementary gas, and including appropriate metering and
shut-off valves.
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5.1.4 Pressure, vacuum and temperature gauges, used to monitor these parameters inside the mixing
vessel.
5.1.5 Septum, enabling a gas or liquid of known volume or mass to be injected into the mixing chamber
from a metering syringe (5.2).
5.1.6 Motor-driven gas-mixing device, e.g. a fan, enabling the gaseous components in the gas-mixing
chamber to be homogenized, and designed to provide satisfactory mixing of all the gaseous components to a
given degree of homogeneity within a specified time. Experimental tests shall be carried out to demonstrate
that the mixing device is able to achieve the required homogeneity within the specified time.
5.1.7 Pressure relief valve, used to ensure that the maximum internal safe working pressure specified for
the mixing vessel and its associated components is not exceeded.
5.1.8 Outlet-gas sampling line, enabling the gas mixture prepared to be used for calibration purposes,
and having a device for equalizing the internal pressure of the gas mixture in the mixing chamber with
atmospheric pressure so as to enable the gas mixture to be determined at ambient pressure for calibration
purposes.
5.2 Calibrated metering syringe, which can be used to inject, by means of a piston, a known volume of
gas or liquid through a needle. The syringe shall have gastight seals to ensure that no significant leakage of
the gas or liquid takes place.
NOTE 1 Glass syringes having polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) bushings as seals, and with internal volumes of 10 ml,
5 ml, 1 ml, 0,5 ml and 0,1 ml, have been found to be suitable when used with mixing chambers of volumes which are in
practical use, and when used to prepare gas mixtures for the calibration of ambient-air analysers.
NOTE 2 It is recommended that the internal volume of the syringe be measured experimentally with a maximum
relative uncertainty of ± 1 % (at a level of confidence of 95 %). In addition, the syringe should have a maximum leak rate of
2 –2
10 × 10 Pa (10 mbar) per hour after evacuation to 5 Pa (5 × 10 mbar), in order that it has satisfactory leaktightness.
5.3 Apparatus for filling the metering syringe, consisting of the components specified in 5.3.1 to 5.3.9.
NOTE An example of a suitable set-up for filling the syringe is described in Annex A.
5.3.1 Evacuable gas reservoir, capable of containing gas at above-atmospheric pressure so as to enable
the metering syringe to be filled to that pressure, its internal surfaces being made of a material that does not
react with any of the calibration components.
5
NOTE A gas reservoir with an internal volume of about 100 ml, capable of operating up to a pressure of 1,4 × 10 Pa
2
(1,4 bar) and of maintaining a vacuum of better than 0,1 × 10 Pa (0,1 mbar), has been found suitable.
5.3.2 High-pressure gas cylinder, containing the selected pure gas component (or a pre-mixture
containing a higher concentration of gas mixture).
5.3.3 Pressure regulator, used to enable the pressure of gas in the reservoir to be adjusted to a pre-
defined pressure above that of the ambient atmosphere.
5.3.4 Septum, constructed of appropriate material, enabling the needle of the metering syringe to be
introduced into the gas reservoir.
5.3.5 Vacuum pump, enabling the gas reservoir and its associated components to be evacuated to below
the required vacuum.
NOTE It is important to ensure that any gaseous component which may be hazardous, and which is exhausted by
the vacuum pump to the atmosphere, is vented in a safe way.
5.3.6 Pressure gauge, used to monitor the pressure of the gas in the reservoir during the various stages of
the preparation procedure.
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5.3.7 Gas shut-off valves, used to isolate the gas cylinder from the reservoir, and the gas reservoir from
the vacuum pump.
5.3.8 Pressure-relief valve, capable of relieving a gas pressure selected to protect the apparatus (typically
5
1,4 × 10 Pa). It should be vented to a safe location.
5.3.9 Suitable vessel, for use when the metering syringe is to be filled with a volatile liquid rather than a
gas, and enabling the syringe to be filled in a manner that prevents the ingress into the syringe of any
components other than the volatile liquid.
6 Procedure for preparing the calibration gas mixture
6.1 Determination of the volume of the gas-mixing chamber
There are a number of ways by which the internal volume of the gas-mixing chamber may be determined in
practice. The major component of this volume will be the internal volume of the empty vessel itself and this is
normally measured by filling it with water, or with another liquid of known density, and then determining the
increase in mass due to this liquid. However, other methods may be used where these have the required
accuracy. Following this, the internal volumes of the components within the gas-mixing chamber shall be
determined by, for example, geometric measurement or liquid displacement. Corrections shall then be made
for the volumes of these additional components when determining the net volume of the chamber. Corrections
for some of the components (e.g. the gas-mixing device) will lead to a smaller volume whereas others (e.g.
the pressure gauge and the outlet pipes leading to the shut-off valves) will lead to an increase in volume.
These measurements of the volumes of the components that make up the total gas-mixing chamber (see 5.1)
may have been carried out at different temperatures. In such cases, corrections shall be made, where
significant, to convert the measured volumes to a common ambient temperature. A further correction may
need to be made if the complete mixing chamber with all its components is used at a different ambient
temperature, provided such a correction is significant.
6.2 Conditioning the gas-mixing chamber before use
A new gas-mixing chamber will normally contain ambient air, and this may contain trace pollutants at levels
that would affect the accuracy of the calibration gas mixture. In addition, the inside surfaces of the chamber
may be contaminated with a surface layer which may react with some species which are put in the mixing
chamber. It is therefore necessary to condition the mixing chamber before use so as to avoid any potential
contamination of the calibration gas from these causes. Do this by evacuating the chamber to a pressure of
2
less than 5 × 10 Pa (5 mbar). Then fill the chamber to above-atmospheric pressure with the complementary
gas which is to be used in the preparation of the calibration gas mixture. Subsequently, connect the outlet
from the mixing chamber to a set of instruments designed to measure air pollutants (e.g. analysers which
monitor SO , NO , CO and hydrocarbons). These shall have sufficient detection sensitivity to determine
2 x
whether significant concentrations of the relevant gaseous impurities exist in the complementary gas in the
mixing chamber at this time. Allow the complementary gas in the mixing chamber to flow into these analysers,
and observe the concentrations of any impurities detected.
Repeat this procedure, involving the evacuation of the mixing chamber followed by re-filling with
complementary gas, several times or until all relevant gaseous impurities are below the concentrations
required to prevent significant contamination of the calibration gas mixtures to be prepared in the chamber. In
circumstances where this cannot be achieved, either clean the mixing chamber by other means so as to
remove the contaminants, or make a suitable correction when calculating the concentration of the calibration
component in the calibration gas mixture so as to allow for such impurities.
In circumstances where such an analysis of the impurities present in the complementary gas is the only one
that is carried out, the detection limits of the analysers used shall represent the upper limits for the
concentrations of the impurities which could be present in the calibration gas mixture. In these cases, the
concentrations represented by these detection limits shall be taken into account in the determination of the
expanded uncertainty of the prepared calibration gas mixture. In cases, however, where additional, more
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sensitive, analyses of impurities are carried out by other means, the results of these analyses shall instead be
incorporated into the expanded uncertainty of the calibration gas mixture.
After the mixing chamber has been pre-conditioned using the above procedure, it is possible that it might not
be used for a significant period. If this is the case, re-fill the mixing chamber with the selected complementary
gas at a pressure that is higher than ambient, so as to minimize further contamination which may arise from
ingress of gaseous pollutants from the ambient atmosphere.
Subsequently, carry out the following steps to prepare the calibration gas mixture.
6.3 Filling the mixing chamber with the complementary gas
First evacuate the mixing chamber, using the vacuum pump (5.1.2), to a residual pressure such that
contamination by components of the residual gas will have no significant effect on the accuracy and stability of
2
the final calibration gas mixture (typically about 5 × 10 Pa). Then fill the chamber with the selected
5
complementary gas through the feed line (5.1.3) to about 0,1 × 10 Pa (0,1 bar) above ambient pressure. The
temperature of the complementary gas in the mixing chamber after filling will normally be above ambient
temperature (due to adiabatic compression). Allow the gas to stand, therefore, so that it equilibrates to the
temperature of the mixing chamber, and to that of the ambient atmosphere.
NOTE A temperature difference of 0,2 °C will introduce an uncertainty in the final volume fraction of a component of
less than 0,1 % (relative) of the value of the concentration. In practice, therefore, it is sufficient to ensure that the
complementary gas temperature and the ambient temperature are within 0,2 °C of each other.
After the temperature of the complementary gas and the external temperature have equilibrated, bring the
pressure of the complementary gas in the mixing chamber to ambient pressure by opening the shut-off valve
connected to the pressure relief valve (5.1.7). Record both the temperature and the pressure of the gas in the
mixing chamber at this point, for use subsequently in the determination of the concentration of the calibration
gas mixture.
6.4 Determination of the calibration component volume required
The required volume of the calibration component which is to be injected into the mixing chamber is calculated
from the required composition of the final gas mixture, the volume of the mixing chamber itself, and the target
value of the final gas pressure in the mixing chamber. Where a liquid is to be injected, it is important to know,
at least approximately, the density of the calibration component in its liquid form so as to obtain the required
concentration in the gaseous state when the final calibration gas mixture is produced.
The accuracy to which the internal volume of the syringe is known, and any leakage to the atmosphere
through the needle or through the seals of the syringe, will make a contribution to the overall accuracy of the
calibration gas mixture. An example of a method used to determine experimentally the volume of gas in the
syringe, to demonstrate the leaktightness of the syringe, and to demonstrate the amount of gas loss through
the needle is given in Annex B.
Select a syringe of appropriate volume so as to provide a final gas mixture with the required uncertainty in its
concentration. In most cases, multiple injections using the selected syringe will be necessary. The uncertainty
in the final volume fraction of the component is usually minimized by using a syringe that gives the minimum
number of injections of calibration component into the mixing chamber. However, the choice of syringe will
also depend, in practice, on the availability of a suitable syringe with the required uncertainty in its volume.
Record the number of injections that are required.
6.5 Filling the syringe with the calibration component
6.5.1 Gaseous calibration components
When gaseous calibration components are employed, use the apparatus described in 5.3 to fill the syringe.
Then proceed using the following procedure.
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First close the shut-off valve on the cylinder of calibration component. Then use the vacuum pump to
evacuate the whole apparatus, including the reservoir, to a sufficiently low pressure to ensure that any gas left
in the reservoir does not have a significant effect on the concentration or stability of the final gas mixture.
2
NOTE A residual pressure of about 1 × 10 Pa (1 mbar) has generally been found to be suitable. However, this will
depend, in practice, on the type of gas mixture being prepared and the concentration of the calibration component. It is
recommended, therefore, that consideration be given to the residual gas pressure required when evaluating the
uncertainty in the concentration of the calibration component in the gas mixture.
Close the shut-off valve between the vacuum pump and reservoir, and fill the reservoir with the calibration
5
component up to a pressure of about 1,4 × 10 Pa (1,4 bar). Re-evacuate the reservoir and then refill it with
calibration component. Repeat this purging process a sufficient number of times so as to ensure that no
gaseous impurities are left with the calibration component in the reservoir. After the final filling, check the gas
pressure in the reservoir to ensure that sufficient over-pressure is available to fill the syringe.
NOTE Appropriate precautions should be taken to ensure that the calibration component, if hazardous, is vented
safely when it is discharged from the apparatus.
Insert the needle of the selected empty metering syringe through the reservoir septum (5.3.4) into the
reservoir. Then raise and lower the plunger of the syringe a sufficient number of times to flush the syringe with
the calibration component and ensure that no significant contamination remains.
Fill the syringe completely by withdrawing the plunger to its full extent. Then remove the syringe needle from
the septum and depress the plunger so that the syringe contains the target volume (taking suitable
precautions, where applicable, to avoid any hazardous discharge of the calibration component into the
atmosphere).
6.5.2 Liquid calibration components
The procedure for filling the selected metering syringe with liquids is, in principle, more straightforward than
that for gaseous calibration components. However, it shall be designed so as to ensure that no significant
amounts of contaminants, including air, are drawn into the syringe during filling.
6.6 Introduction of the calibration component into the mixing chamber
Introduce the needle of the syringe through the septum (5.1.5) of the gas-mixing chamber as quickly as
possible after the volume of gas in the syringe has been brought to the target value but allowing sufficient time
for the initially above-ambient pressure in the syringe to decay to atmospheric pressure. Where possible,
determine experimentally, for each syringe used, the time taken to extract the syringe needle from the septum
of the filling apparatus and inject the gas into the mixing chamber.
Depress the plunger of the syringe slowly, thereby injecting the calibration component into the mixing
chamber, at the same time withdrawing the needle from the septum.
Carry out the number of repeat injections necessary (as determined in 6.4) to produce the required calibration
gas concentration, using the above procedure for filling the syringe and injecting its contents into the mixing
chamber.
Homogenize the gas mixture in the mixi
...
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