SIST EN ISO 19111:2008
Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO 19111:2007)
Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO 19111:2007)
As for ISO 19111:2003 but with an extension for CRSs associated with moving platforms including associated simple spatio-temporal systems and coordinate
operations. "This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for the description of spatial referencing by coordinates, optionally extended to spatio-temporal
referencing. It describes the minimum data required to define 1-, 2- and 3- dimensional spatial coordinate reference systems with an extension to merged
spatial-temporal reference systems. It allows additional descriptive information to be provided. It also describes the information required to change coordinate values
from one coordinate reference system to another.
Geoinformation - Koordinatenreferenzsysteme (ISO 19111:2007)
Information géographique - Systeme de références spatiales par coordonnées (ISO 19111:2007)
L'ISO 19111:2007 définit le schéma conceptuel de la description d'un système de références spatiales par coordonnées qui peut éventuellement être étendu à un système de références spatio-temporelles. Les données minimales requises pour définir des systèmes unidimensionnels, bidimensionnels et tridimensionnels de coordonnées de références spatiales avec une extension aux systèmes de références spatio-temporelles sont décrites. Cela permet de fournir des informations descriptives supplémentaires. Les informations requises pour modifier les coordonnées d'un système de coordonnées de référence à un autre sont également fournies.
Dans l'ISO 19111:2007, un système de coordonnées de référence ne change pas dans le temps. Pour les systèmes de coordonnées de référence définis sur des plates-formes mobiles telles que les véhicules, les navires, les avions et les navettes spatiales, la transformation en système de coordonnées de référence de type trièdre terrestre peut inclure un élément temporel.
L'ISO 19111:2007 est applicable aux producteurs et aux utilisateurs d'informations géographiques. Bien qu'elle soit applicable aux données géographiques numériques, il est possible d'élargir ses principes à de nombreux autres types de données géographiques tels que les cartes, les tableaux et les textes.
Le schéma décrit peut être appliqué à l'association de la position horizontale à un troisième paramètre non spatial qui varie de façon régulière avec la hauteur ou la profondeur. Cet élargissement aux données non spatiales dépasse le domaine d'application de l'ISO 19111:2007, mais il peut être mis en œuvre par l'intermédiaire des profils.
Geografske informacije - Lociranje s koordinatami (ISO 19111:2007)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 19111:2008
01-junij-2008
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 19111:2005
Geografske informacije - Lociranje s koordinatami (ISO 19111:2007)
Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO 19111:2007)
Geoinformation - Koordinatenreferenzsysteme (ISO 19111:2007)
Information géographique - Systeme de références spatiales par coordonnées (ISO
19111:2007)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19111:2007
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST EN ISO 19111:2008 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 19111
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2007
ICS 35.240.70 Supersedes EN ISO 19111:2005
English Version
Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates
(ISO 19111:2007)
Information géographique - Système de références Geoinformation - Raumbezug durch Koordinaten (ISO
spatiales par coordonnées (ISO 19111:2007) 19111:2007)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 June 2007.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19111:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
EN ISO 19111:2007 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 19111:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211
"Geographic information/Geomatics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 287
"Geographic Information", the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of
an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2008, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2008.
This document supersedes EN ISO 19111:2005.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of
the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19111:2007 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19111:2007 without any
modifications.
2
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19111
Second edition
2007-07-01
Geographic information — Spatial
referencing by coordinates
Information géographique — Système de références spatiales par
coordonnées
Reference number
ISO 19111:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
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ii © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance requirements. 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 2
5 Conventions . 7
5.1 Symbols . 7
5.2 Abbreviated terms . 7
5.3 UML notation. 8
5.4 Attribute status . 9
6 Spatial referencing by coordinates — Overview . 9
6.1 Relationship between coordinates and coordinate reference system. 9
6.2 UML model for spatial referencing by coordinates — Overview . 11
7 Identified Object package . 12
7.1 General. 12
7.2 UML schema for the Identified Object package. 12
8 Coordinate Reference System package . 15
8.1 Reference system . 15
8.2 Coordinate reference system . 15
8.3 UML schema for the Coordinate Reference System package . 17
9 Coordinate System package. 23
9.1 Introduction . 23
9.2 Coordinate system. 23
9.3 Coordinate system axis . 24
9.4 UML schema for the Coordinate System package . 25
10 Datum package . 34
10.1 Types of datums . 34
10.2 Geodetic datum. 34
10.3 UML schema for the Datum package.34
11 Coordinate Operation package . 41
11.1 General characteristics of coordinate operations. 41
11.2 UML schema for the Coordinate Operation package. 41
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite. 51
Annex B (informative) Context for modelling of spatial referencing by coordinates . 53
Annex C (informative) Spatial referencing by coordinates – Geodetic concepts. 62
Annex D (informative) Examples . 65
Annex E (informative) Recommended best practice for interfacing to ISO 19111 . 77
Bibliography . 78
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19111 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics, in close
collaboration with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 19111:2003), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
Introduction
Geographic information contains spatial references which relate the features represented in the data to
positions in the real world. Spatial references fall into two categories:
⎯ those using coordinates;
⎯ those based on geographic identifiers.
[4]
Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers is defined in ISO 19112 . This International Standard describes
the data elements, relationships and associated metadata required for spatial referencing by coordinates. It
describes the elements that are necessary to fully define various types of coordinate systems and coordinate
reference systems applicable to geographic information. The subset of elements required is partially
dependent upon the type of coordinates. This International Standard also includes optional fields to allow for
the inclusion of non-essential coordinate reference system information. The elements are intended to be both
machine and human readable.
The traditional separation of horizontal and vertical position has resulted in coordinate reference systems that
are horizontal (2D) and vertical (1D) in nature, as opposed to truly three-dimensional. It is established practice
to define a three-dimensional position by combining the horizontal coordinates of a point with a height or depth
from a different coordinate reference system. In this International Standard, this concept is defined as a
compound coordinate reference system.
The concept of coordinates can be expanded from a strictly spatial context to include time. ISO 19108
describes temporal schema. Time can be added as a temporal coordinate reference system within a
compound coordinate reference system. It is even possible to add two time-coordinates, provided the two
coordinates describe different independent quantities.
EXAMPLE An example is the time/space position of a subsurface point of which the vertical coordinate is expressed
as the two-way travel time of a sound signal in milliseconds, as is common in seismic imaging. A second time-coordinate
indicates the time of observation, usually expressed in whole years.
Certain scientific communities use three-dimensional systems where horizontal position is combined with a
non-spatial parameter. In these communities, the parameter is considered to be a third, vertical axis. The
parameter, although varying monotonically with elevation or depth, does not necessarily vary in a simple
manner; thus, conversion from the parameter to height or depth is non-trivial. The parameters concerned are
normally absolute measurements and the datum is taken with reference to a direct physical measurement of
the parameter. These non-spatial parameters are beyond the scope of this International Standard. However,
the modelling constructs described within this International Standard can be applied through a profile specific
to a community.
In addition to describing a coordinate reference system, this International Standard provides for the
description of a coordinate transformation or a coordinate conversion between two different coordinate
reference systems. With such information, spatial data referred to different coordinate reference systems can
be related to one specified coordinate reference system. This facilitates spatial data integration. Alternatively,
an audit trail of coordinate reference system manipulations can be maintained.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19111:2007(E)
Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
1 Scope
This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for the description of spatial referencing by
coordinates, optionally extended to spatio-temporal referencing. It describes the minimum data required to
define one-, two- and three-dimensional spatial coordinate reference systems with an extension to merged
spatial-temporal reference systems. It allows additional descriptive information to be provided. It also
describes the information required to change coordinates from one coordinate reference system to another.
In this International Standard, a coordinate reference system does not change with time. For coordinate
reference systems defined on moving platforms such as cars, ships, aircraft and spacecraft, the
transformation to an Earth-fixed coordinate reference system can include a time element.
This International Standard is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is
applicable to digital geographic data, its principles can be extended to many other forms of geographic data
such as maps, charts and text documents.
The schema described can be applied to the combination of horizontal position with a third non-spatial
parameter which varies monotonically with height or depth. This extension to non-spatial data is beyond the
scope of this International Standard but can be implemented through profiles.
2 Conformance requirements
This International Standard defines two classes of conformance, Class A for conformance of coordinate
reference systems and Class B for coordinate operations between two coordinate reference systems. Any
coordinate reference system claiming conformance to this International Standard shall satisfy the
requirements given in A.1. Any coordinate operation claiming conformance to this International Standard shall
satisfy the requirements given in A.2.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the cited edition applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19108, Geographic information — Temporal schema
ISO 19115, Geographic information — Metadata
Normative reference to ISO 19115 is restricted as follows. In this International Standard, normative reference
to ISO 19115 excludes the MD_CRS class and its component classes. ISO 19115 class MD_CRS and its
component classes specify descriptions of coordinate reference systems elements. These elements are
modelled in this International Standard.
NOTE The MD_CRS class and its component classes were deleted from ISO 19115:2003 through Technical
Corrigendum 1:2006.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
affine coordinate system
coordinate system in Euclidean space with straight axes that are not necessarily mutually perpendicular
4.2
Cartesian coordinate system
coordinate system which gives the position of points relative to n mutually perpendicular axes
NOTE n is 2 or 3 for the purposes of this International Standard.
4.3
compound coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system using at least two independent coordinate reference systems
NOTE Coordinate reference systems are independent of each other if coordinate values in one cannot be converted
or transformed into coordinate values in the other.
4.4
concatenated operation
coordinate operation consisting of sequential application of multiple coordinate operations
4.5
coordinate
one of a sequence of n numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimensional space
NOTE In a coordinate reference system, the coordinate numbers are qualified by units.
4.6
coordinate conversion
coordinate operation in which both coordinate reference systems are based on the same datum
EXAMPLE Conversion from an ellipsoidal coordinate reference system based on the WGS 84 datum to a Cartesian
coordinate reference system also based on the WGS 84 datum, or change of units such as from radians to degrees or feet
to meters.
NOTE A coordinate conversion uses parameters which have specified values that are not determined empirically.
4.7
coordinate operation
change of coordinates, based on a one-to-one relationship, from one coordinate reference system to
another
NOTE Supertype of coordinate transformation and coordinate conversion.
4.8
coordinate reference system
coordinate system that is related to an object by a datum
NOTE For geodetic and vertical datums, the object will be the Earth.
4.9
coordinate set
collection of coordinate tuples related to the same coordinate reference system
2 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
4.10
coordinate system
set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points
4.11
coordinate transformation
coordinate operation in which the two coordinate reference systems are based on different datums
NOTE A coordinate transformation uses parameters which are derived empirically by a set of points with known
coordinates in both coordinate reference systems.
4.12
coordinate tuple
tuple composed of a sequence of coordinates
NOTE The number of coordinates in the coordinate tuple equals the dimension of the coordinate system; the order of
coordinates in the coordinate tuple is identical to the order of the axes of the coordinate system.
4.13
cylindrical coordinate system
three-dimensional coordinate system with two distance and one angular coordinates
4.14
datum
parameter or set of parameters that define the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a
coordinate system
4.15
depth
distance of a point from a chosen reference surface measured downward along a line perpendicular to that
surface
NOTE A depth above the reference surface will have a negative value.
4.16
easting
E
distance in a coordinate system, eastwards (positive) or westwards (negative) from a north-south reference
line
4.17
ellipsoid
surface formed by the rotation of an ellipse about a main axis
NOTE In this International Standard, ellipsoids are always oblate, meaning that the axis of rotation is always the
minor axis.
4.18
ellipsoidal coordinate system
geodetic coordinate system
coordinate system in which position is specified by geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude and (in the three-
dimensional case) ellipsoidal height
4.19
ellipsoidal height
geodetic height
h
distance of a point from the ellipsoid measured along the perpendicular from the ellipsoid to this point,
positive if upwards or outside of the ellipsoid
NOTE Only used as part of a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate system and never on its own.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
4.20
engineering coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system based on an engineering datum
EXAMPLES Local engineering and architectural grids; coordinate reference system local to a ship or an orbiting
spacecraft.
4.21
engineering datum
local datum
datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to a local reference
NOTE Engineering datum excludes both geodetic and vertical datums.
EXAMPLE A system for identifying relative positions within a few kilometres of the reference point.
4.22
flattening
f
ratio of the difference between the semi-major (a) and semi-minor axis (b) of an ellipsoid to the semi-major
axis; f = (a – b)/a
NOTE Sometimes inverse flattening 1/f = a/(a − b) is given instead; 1/f is also known as reciprocal flattening.
4.23
geodetic coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system based on a geodetic datum
4.24
geodetic datum
datum describing the relationship of a two- or three-dimensional coordinate system to the Earth
4.25
geodetic latitude
ellipsoidal latitude
ϕ
angle from the equatorial plane to the perpendicular to the ellipsoid through a given point, northwards treated
as positive
4.26
geodetic longitude
ellipsoidal longitude
λ
angle from the prime meridian plane to the meridian plane of a given point, eastward treated as positive
4.27
geoid
equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field which is everywhere perpendicular to the direction of gravity
and which best fits mean sea level either locally or globally
4.28
gravity-related height
H
height dependent on the Earth’s gravity field
NOTE This refers to in particular orthometric height or normal height, which are both approximations of the distance
of a point above the mean sea level.
4 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
4.29
height
h, H
distance of a point from a chosen reference surface measured upward along a line perpendicular to that
surface
NOTE A height below the reference surface will have a negative value.
4.30
image coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system based on an image datum
4.31
image datum
engineering datum which defines the relationship of a coordinate system to an image
4.32
linear coordinate system
one-dimensional coordinate system in which a linear feature forms the axis
EXAMPLES Distances along a pipeline; depths down a deviated oil well bore.
4.33
map projection
coordinate conversion from an ellipsoidal coordinate system to a plane
4.34
mean sea level
average level of the surface of the sea over all stages of tide and seasonal variations
NOTE Mean sea level in a local context normally means mean sea level for the region calculated from observations
at one or more points over a given period of time. Mean sea level in a global context differs from a global geoid by not
more than 2 m.
4.35
meridian
intersection of an ellipsoid by a plane containing the shortest axis of the ellipsoid
NOTE This term is often used for the pole-to-pole arc rather than the complete closed figure.
4.36
northing
N
distance in a coordinate system, northwards (positive) or southwards (negative) from an east-west reference
line
4.37
polar coordinate system
two-dimensional coordinate system in which position is specified by distance and direction from the origin
NOTE For the three-dimensional case, see spherical coordinate system (4.44).
4.38
prime meridian
zero meridian
meridian from which the longitudes of other meridians are quantified
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
4.39
projected coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system derived from a two-dimensional geodetic coordinate reference system by
applying a map projection
4.40
semi-major axis
a
semi-diameter of the longest axis of an ellipsoid
NOTE This equates to the semi-diameter of the ellipsoid measured in its equatorial plane.
4.41
semi-minor axis
b
semi-diameter of the shortest axis of an ellipsoid
NOTE The shortest axis coincides with the rotation axis of the ellipsoid and therefore contains both poles.
4.42
sequence
finite, ordered collection of related items (objects or values) that may be repeated
[ISO 19107]
4.43
spatial reference
description of position in the real world
NOTE This may take the form of a label, code or coordinate tuple.
4.44
spherical coordinate system
three-dimensional coordinate system with one distance measured from the origin and two angular
coordinates, commonly associated with a geodetic coordinate reference system
NOTE Not to be confused with an ellipsoidal coordinate system based on an ellipsoid ‘degenerated’ into a sphere.
4.45
tuple
ordered list of values
[ISO 19136]
4.46
unit
defined quantity in which dimensioned parameters are expressed
NOTE In this International Standard, the subtypes of units are length units, angular units, time units, scale units and
pixel spacing units.
4.47
vertical coordinate reference system
one-dimensional coordinate reference system based on a vertical datum
4.48
vertical coordinate system
one-dimensional coordinate system used for gravity-related height or depth measurements
6 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
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ISO 19111:2007(E)
4.49
vertical datum
datum describing the relation of gravity-related heights or depths to the Earth
NOTE In most cases, the vertical datum will be related to mean sea level. Ellipsoidal heights are treated as related to
a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate system referenced to a geodetic datum. Vertical datums include sounding
datums (used for hydrographic purposes), in which case the heights may be negative heights or depths.
5 Conventions
5.1 Symbols
a semi-major axis
b semi-minor axis
E easting
f flattening
H gravity-related height
h ellipsoidal height
N northing
λ geodetic longitude
ϕ geodetic latitude
E, N Cartesian coordinates in a projected coordinate refere
...
SLOVENSKI oSIST prEN ISO 19111:2006
PREDSTANDARD
februar 2006
Geografske informacije - Lociranje s koordinatami (ISO/DIS 19111:2005)
Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates (ISO/DIS 19111:2005)
ICS 07.040; 35.240.70 Referenčna številka
oSIST prEN ISO 19111:2006(en)
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN ISO 19111
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2005
ICS Will supersede EN ISO 19111:2005
English Version
Geographic information - Spatial referencing by coordinates
(ISO/DIS 19111:2005)
Information géographique - Système de références
spatiales par coordonnées (ISO/DIS 19111:2005)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for parallel enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 287.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
: This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
Warning
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN ISO 19111:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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prEN ISO 19111:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN ISO 19111:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
211 "Geographic information/Geomatics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC
287 "Geographic Information", the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the parallel Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN ISO 19111:2005.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19111:2005 has been approved by CEN as prEN ISO 19111:2005 without
any modifications.
2
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 19111
ISO/TC 211 Secretariat: SN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2005-11-03 2006-04-03
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
Information géographique — Système de références spatiales par coordonnées
[Revision of first edition (ISO 19111:2003)]
ICS 35.240.70
ISO/CEN PARALLEL ENQUIRY
The CEN Secretary-General has advised the ISO Secretary-General that this ISO/DIS covers a subject
of interest to European standardization. In accordance with the ISO-lead mode of collaboration as
defined in the Vienna Agreement, consultation on this ISO/DIS has the same effect for CEN
members as would a CEN enquiry on a draft European Standard. Should this draft be accepted, a
final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be submitted to a parallel two-month FDIS
vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993 this document is circulated in
the English language only.
Conformément aux dispositions de la Résolution du Conseil 15/1993, ce document est distribué
en version anglaise seulement.
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ISO/DIS 19111
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ISO/DIS 19111
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Conformance requirements .1
3 Normative references.1
4 Terms and definitions .2
5 Conventions.7
5.1 Symbols.7
5.2 Abbreviated terms.7
5.3 UML Notation .8
5.4 Attribute status .9
6 The UML model for spatial referencing by coordinates – overview .10
7 Identified Object package.10
7.1 General .10
7.2 UML schema of Identified Object package .11
8 Coordinate Reference System package.13
8.1 Reference system.13
8.2 Coordinate reference system.14
8.2.1 General .14
8.2.2 Principal sub-types of coordinate reference system.14
8.2.3 Additional sub-types of coordinate reference system .14
8.2.4 Compound coordinate reference system .15
8.3 UML schema of Coordinate Reference System package.15
9 Coordinate System package .21
9.1 Introduction.21
9.2 Coordinate System.21
9.3 Coordinate system axis .22
9.4 UML schema of Coordinate System package.23
10 Datum package.31
10.1 Types of datums.31
10.2 Geodetic datum .31
10.2.1 Prime meridian.31
10.2.2 Ellipsoid.31
10.3 UML schema of the Datum package.31
11 Coordinate operation package.38
11.1 General characteristics of coordinate operations .38
11.2 UML schema of Coordinate Operation package .38
Annex A (normative) Conformance .48
A.1 Class A – Conformance of a coordinate reference system .48
A.1.1 Abstract test suite .48
A.1.2 Test case identifier: Completeness test.48
A.1.3 Test case identifier: Maximum occurrence test .48
A.1.4 Test case identifier: Data type test.48
A.1.5 Test case identifier: Unit test .49
A.2 Class B - Conformance of a coordinate operation .49
A.2.1 Abstract test suite .49
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ISO/DIS 19111
A.2.2 Test case identifier: Completeness test. 49
A.2.3 Test case identifier: Maximum occurrence test . 49
A.2.4 Test case identifier: Data type test . 49
A.2.5 Test case identifier: Unit test. 50
Annex B (informative) Context for modelling of spatial referencing by coordinates . 51
B.1 Coordinate Reference System. 51
B.1.1 Coordinates. 51
B.1.2 Coordinate Reference System. 51
B.2 Coordinate System . 54
B.2.1 Coordinate System . 54
B.2.2 Coordinate system axis . 54
B.3 Datum. 55
B.3.1 General. 55
B.3.2 Geodetic datum. 55
B.3.3 Vertical datum . 55
B.3.4 Engineering datum . 56
B.3.5 Image datum. 56
B.4 Coordinate Operation. 57
B.4.1 General characteristics of coordinate operations. 57
B.4.2 Coordinate conversions. 57
B.4.3 Concatenated coordinate operation . 57
B.4.4 Pass-through coordinate operation. 58
B.4.5 Coordinate operation method and parameters . 58
B.4.6 Parameter groups . 59
B.4.7 Implementation considerations. 59
Annex C (informative) Spatial referencing by coordinates – geodetic concepts . 60
C.1 Some geodetic concepts . 60
C.2 Geodetic reference surfaces . 60
C.3 Map projections . 62
C.4 Transformation of coordinates. 62
C.5 Point positioning. 62
Annex D (informative) Examples . 63
Annex E (informative) Recommended best practice for interfacing to ISO 19111 . 73
Bibliography. 74
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ISO/DIS 19111
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19111 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 19111:2003), which has been technically
revised.
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ISO/DIS 19111
Introduction
Geographic information contains spatial references which relate the features represented in the data to
positions in the real world. Spatial references fall into two categories:
those using coordinates;
those based on geographic identifiers.
Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers is defined in ISO 19112. This International Standard describes
the structured metadata required for spatial referencing by coordinates.
This International Standard describes the elements that are necessary to fully define various types of
coordinate systems and coordinate reference systems applicable to geographic information. The subset of
elements required is partially dependent upon the type of coordinates. This International Standard also
includes optional fields to allow for the inclusion of non-essential coordinate reference system information. The
elements are intended to be both machine and human readable.
In this International Standard, a coordinate is one of n scalar values that define the position of a single point.
In other contexts the term ordinate is used for a single value and coordinate for multiple ordinates. Such
usage is not part of this International Standard.
A coordinate tuple is an ordered list of n coordinates that define the position of a single point. The coordinate
tuple is composed of one, two or three spatial coordinates. The coordinates are mutually independent and
their number is equal to the dimension of the coordinate space.
EXAMPLE A coordinate tuple cannot contain two heights.
Coordinates are ambiguous until the system to which those coordinates are related has been fully defined.
Without the full specification of the system, coordinates are ambiguous at best and meaningless at worst. A
coordinate reference system (CRS) defines the coordinate space such that the coordinate values are
unambiguous. The order of the coordinates within the coordinate tuple and their unit(s) of measure are parts
of the coordinate reference system definition.
For some interchange purposes it is sufficient to confirm the identity of the coordinate reference system
without necessarily having its definition.
In this International Standard, a coordinate set is a collection of coordinate tuples. All coordinate tuples within
a coordinate set should be referenced to the same coordinate reference system. A CRS identification or
definition in accordance with this International Standard should be associated with every coordinate tuple. If
only one point is being described the association between coordinate tuple and coordinate reference system
may be direct but for a coordinate set one CRS identification or definition is associated with the coordinate set
and all coordinate tuples in that coordinate inherit the association. The semantic meaning of coordinate tuple
and coordinate set is reflected in the modelling of classes DirectPosition and GM_Object in ISO 19107.
The conceptual relationship between coordinates describing the spatial location of a feature and coordinate
reference system is shown in Figure 1.
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ISO/DIS 19111
Coordinate Set Coordinate Tuple
contains
Coordinate Tuple
(for example X,Y,Z)
Coordinate Tuple 1
(for example X ,Y ,Z )
1 1 1
is referenced to
Coordinate Tuple 2
(X ,Y ,Z )
2 2 2
is referenced to Coordinate Reference System
(for example ETRS89)
Coordinate Tuple n
(X ,Y ,Z )
n n n
Figure 1 — Conceptual relationship of coordinates to coordinate reference system
In this International Standard a coordinate reference system is comprised of one coordinate system and one
datum (see Figure 2).
Coordinate Reference System
(for example ETRS89)
is comprised of
Datum Coordinate System
and
(Geodetic) (Cartesian 3D)
Figure 2 — Conceptual model of a coordinate reference system
The traditional separation of horizontal and vertical position outlined in Annex D has resulted in coordinate
reference systems that are horizontal (2D) and vertical (1D) in nature, as opposed to truly 3-dimensional. It is
established practice to define a 3-dimensional position by combining the horizontal coordinates of a point with
a height or depth from a different coordinate reference system. In this International Standard this concept is
defined as a compound coordinate reference system.
In addition to describing a coordinate reference system, this International Standard provides for the
description of a coordinate transformation or a coordinate conversion between two different coordinate
reference systems. With such information, spatial data referred to different coordinate reference systems can
be related to one specified coordinate reference system. This facilitates spatial data integration. Alternatively
an audit trail of coordinate reference system manipulations can be maintained. Although the position is
unchanged the coordinate values will generally be different. The high level abstract model for spatial
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ISO/DIS 19111
referencing by coordinates is shown in Figure 3. The coordinate transformation or coordinate conversion
operates on coordinates, not on coordinate reference systems. Coordinate operation has been modelled in
ISO 19107 by the operation "Transform" of the GM_Object class.
Coordinate Tuple Coordinate Tuple
(for example X,Y,Z) (for example φ,λ)
inputs outputs
Coordinate Operation is referenced to
is referenced to
(ETRS89 to ED50)
Coordinate Reference System
Coordinate Reference System source target
(for example ED50)
(for example ETRS89)
is comprised of is comprised of
Datum Coordinate System Datum Coordinate System
and and
(Geodetic) (Cartesian 3D) (Geodetic)
(Ellipsoidal 2D)
NOTE A coordinate operation may be single or concatenated. Refer to Clause 11.
Figure 3 — Conceptual model for spatial referencing by coordinates
The description of quality of a spatial reference is covered by the provisions of ISO 19115.
The concept of coordinates may be expanded from a strictly spatial context to include time. ISO 19108
describes temporal schema. Time may be added as a temporal coordinate reference system within a
compound coordinate reference system. It is even possible to add two time-coordinates, provided the two
coordinates describe different independent quantities.
EXAMPLE The time/space position of a subsurface point of which the vertical coordinate is expressed as the two-
way travel time of a sound signal in milliseconds, as is common in seismic imaging. A second time-coordinate indicates
the time of observation, usually expressed in whole years.
Certain scientific communities use three-dimensional systems where horizontal position is combined with a
non-spatial parameter. In these communities the parameter is considered to be a third, vertical, axis. The
parameter, although varying monotonically with elevation or depth, does not necessarily vary in a simple
manner thus conversion from the parameter to height or depth is non-trivial. The parameters concerned are
normally absolute measurements and the datum is taken with reference to a direct physical measurement of
the parameter. These non-spatial parameters are beyond the scope of this International Standard. However
the modelling constructs described within this International Standard may be applied through a profile specific
to a community.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 19111
Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
1 Scope
This International Standard defines the conceptual schema for the description of spatial referencing by
coordinates, optionally extended to spatio-temporal referencing. It describes the minimum data required to
define 1-, 2- and 3-dimensional spatial coordinate reference systems with an extension to merged spatial-
temporal reference systems. It allows additional descriptive information to be provided. It also describes the
information required to change coordinate values from one coordinate reference system to another.
In this International Standard, a coordinate reference system shall not change with time. For coordinate
reference systems defined on moving platforms such as cars, ships, aircraft and spacecraft, the
transformation to an earth-fixed coordinate reference system may include a time element.
This International Standard is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is
applicable to digital geographic data, its principles can be extended to many other forms of geographic data
such as maps, charts, and text documents.
The schema described may be applied to the combination of horizontal position with a third non-spatial
parameter which varies monotonically with height or depth. This extension to non-spatial data is beyond the
scope of this International Standard but may be implemented through profiles.
2 Conformance requirements
This International Standard
...
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