SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
(Main)Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Areal - Part 2: Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Areal - Part 2: Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 25178-2:2021)
This document specifies parameters for the determination of surface texture by areal methods
Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Oberflächenbeschaffenheit: Flächenhaft - Teil 2: Begriffe, Definitionen und Oberflächen-Kenngrößen (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Dieses Dokument legt Parameter für die Ermittlung der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit durch flächenhafte Verfahren fest.
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - État de surface: Surfacique - Partie 2: Termes, définitions et paramètres d'états de surface (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Le présent document spécifie les paramètres applicables à la détermination de l'état de surface au moyen de méthodes surfaciques.
Specifikacija geometrijskih veličin izdelka (GPS) - Tekstura površine: ploskovna - 2. del: Izrazi, definicije in parametri teksture površine (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Ta dokument določa parametre za ugotavljanje teksture površine s ploskovnimi metodami.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
01-marec-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2012
Specifikacija geometrijskih veličin izdelka (GPS) - Tekstura površine: ploskovna -
2. del: Izrazi, definicije in parametri teksture površine (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Areal - Part 2: Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Oberflächenbeschaffenheit: Flächenhaft -
Teil 2: Begriffe, Definitionen und Oberflächen-Kenngrößen (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - État de surface: Surfacique - Partie 2:
Termes, définitions et paramètres d'états de surface (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 25178-2:2022
ICS:
17.040.20 Lastnosti površin Properties of surfaces
17.040.40 Specifikacija geometrijskih Geometrical Product
veličin izdelka (GPS) Specification (GPS)
SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
EN ISO 25178-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
January 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.040.20 Supersedes EN ISO 25178-2:2012
English Version
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture:
Areal - Part 2: Terms, definitions and surface texture
parameters (ISO 25178-2:2021)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - État de Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) -
surface: Surfacique - Partie 2: Termes, définitions et Oberflächenbeschaffenheit: Flächenhaft - Teil 2:
paramètres d'états de surface (ISO 25178-2:2021) Begriffe, Definitionen und Oberflächen-Kenngrößen
(ISO 25178-2:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 November 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 25178-2:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
EN ISO 25178-2:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
EN ISO 25178-2:2022 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 25178-2:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213
"Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification" in collaboration with Technical
Committee CEN/TC 290 “Dimensional and geometrical product specification and verification” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by July 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 25178-2:2012.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 25178-2:2021 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 25178-2:2022 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 25178-2
Second edition
2021-12
Geometrical product specifications
(GPS) — Surface texture: Areal —
Part 2:
Terms, definitions and surface texture
parameters
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — État de surface:
Surfacique —
Partie 2: Termes, définitions et paramètres d'états de surface
Reference number
ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms . 1
3.2 Geometrical parameter terms . 5
3.3 Geometrical feature terms . . 11
4 Field parameters .15
4.1 General . 15
4.2 Height parameters. 15
4.2.1 General .15
4.2.2 Root mean square height . 15
4.2.3 Skewness . 15
4.2.4 Kurtosis .15
4.2.5 Maximum peak height . 16
4.2.6 Maximum pit depth . 16
4.2.7 Maximum height . 16
4.2.8 Arithmetic mean height . 16
4.3 Spatial parameters . 16
4.3.1 General . 16
4.3.2 Autocorrelation length. 16
4.3.3 Texture aspect ratio . 17
4.3.4 Texture direction . 18
4.3.5 Dominant spatial wavelength . 18
4.4 Hybrid parameters . . . 18
4.4.1 General . 18
4.4.2 Root mean square gradient . 18
4.4.3 Developed interfacial area ratio . 18
4.5 Material ratio functions and related parameters . 19
4.5.1 Areal material ratio . 19
4.5.2 Inverse areal material ratio . 19
4.5.3 Material ratio height difference . 20
4.5.4 Areal parameter for stratified surfaces . 21
4.5.5 Areal material probability parameters . 23
4.5.6 Void volume . 24
4.5.7 Material volume . 25
4.6 Gradient distribution . 26
4.7 Multiscale geometric (fractal) methods .28
4.7.1 Morphological volume-scale function .28
4.7.2 Relative area . .29
4.7.3 Relative length.29
4.7.4 Scale of observation .29
4.7.5 Volume-scale fractal complexity .29
4.7.6 Area-scale fractal complexity .29
4.7.7 Length-scale fractal complexity .30
4.7.8 Crossover scale .30
5 Feature parameters .30
5.1 General .30
5.2 Type of texture feature . 31
5.3 Segmentation . 32
5.4 Determining significant features . 32
iii
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
5.5 Section of feature attributes .33
5.6 Attribute statistics .34
5.7 Feature characterization convention .34
5.8 Named feature parameters . 35
5.8.1 General . 35
5.8.2 Density of peaks . 35
5.8.3 Density of pits . 35
5.8.4 Arithmetic mean peak curvature . 35
5.8.5 Arithmetic mean pit curvature . 36
5.8.6 Five-point peak height . 36
5.8.7 Five-point pit depth . 36
5.8.8 Ten-point height . 36
5.9 Additional feature parameters . 37
5.9.1 General . 37
5.9.2 Shape parameters. 37
Annex A (informative) Multiscale geometric (fractal) methods.40
Annex B (informative) Determination of areal parameters for stratified functional surfaces .47
Annex C (informative) Basis for areal surface texture standards — Timetable of events .50
Annex D (informative) Implementation details .51
Annex E (informative) Changes made to the 2012 edition of this document .55
Annex F (informative) Summary of areal surface texture parameters .57
Annex G (informative) Specification analysis workflow .59
Annex H (informative) Overview of profile and areal standards in the GPS matrix model .60
Annex I (informative) Relation with the GPS matrix .61
Bibliography .62
iv
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product
specifications and verification, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 290, Dimensional and geometrical product specification and verification, in
accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 25178-2:2012), which has been technically
revised. The main changes to the previous edition are described in Annex E.
A list of all parts in the ISO 25178 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
Introduction
This document is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a general
GPS standard (see ISO 14638). It influences the chain link B of the chains of standards on areal surface
texture.
The ISO/GPS matrix model given in ISO 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this
document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document and
the default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to the specifications made in accordance with this
document, unless otherwise indicated.
For more detailed information of the relation of this document to other standards and the GPS matrix
model, see Annex I. An overview of standards on profiles and areal surface texture is given in Annex H.
This document develops the terminology, concepts and parameters for areal surface texture.
Throughout this document, parameters are written as abbreviations with lower-case suffixes (as in Sq
or Vmp) when used in a sentence and are written as symbols with subscripts (as in S or V ) when used
q mp
in formulae, to avoid misinterpretations of compound letters as an indication of multiplication between
quantities in formulae. The parameters in lower case are used in product documentation, drawings and
data sheets.
Parameters are calculated from coordinates defined in the specification coordinate system, or from
derived quantities (e.g. gradient, curvature).
Parameters are defined for the continuous case, but in verification they are calculated on discrete
surfaces such as the primary extracted surface.
A short history of the work done on areal surface texture can be found in Annex C.
vi
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface
texture: Areal —
Part 2:
Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
1 Scope
This document specifies parameters for the determination of surface texture by areal methods.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16610-1:2015, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Filtration — Part 1: Overview and basic
concepts
ISO 17450-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts — Part 1: Model for
geometrical specification and verification
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16610-1:2015 and
ISO 17450-1:2011 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
skin model
model of the physical interface of the workpiece with its environment
[SOURCE: ISO 17450-1:2011, 3.2.2]
3.1.2
surface texture
geometrical irregularities contained in a scale-limited surface (3.1.9)
Note 1 to entry: Surface texture does not include those geometrical irregularities contributing to the form or
shape of the surface.
1
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
3.1.3
mechanical surface
boundary of the erosion, by a sphere of radius r, of the locus of the centre of an ideal tactile sphere, also
with radius r, rolled over the skin model (3.1.1) of a workpiece
[SOURCE: ISO 14406:2010, 3.1.1, modified — Notes to entry removed.]
3.1.3.1
electromagnetic surface
surface obtained by the electromagnetic interaction with the skin model (3.1.1) of a workpiece
[SOURCE: ISO 14406:2010, 3.1.2, modified — Notes to entry removed.]
3.1.3.2
auxiliary surface
surface, other than mechanical or electromagnetic, obtained by an interaction with the skin model
(3.1.1) of a workpiece
Note 1 to entry: A mathematical surface (softgauge) is an example of an auxiliary surface.
Note 2 to entry: Other physical measurement principles, such as tunnelling microscopy or atomic force
microscopy, can also serve as an auxiliary surface. See Figure 1 and Annex G.
3.1.4
specification coordinate system
system of coordinates in which surface texture parameters are specified
Note 1 to entry: If the nominal form of the surface is a plane (or portion of a plane), it is common (practice) to
use a rectangular coordinate system in which the axes form a right-handed Cartesian set, the x-axis and the
y-axis also lying on the nominal surface, and the z-axis being in an outward direction (from the material to the
surrounding medium). This convention is adopted throughout the rest of this document.
3.1.5
primary surface
surface portion obtained when a surface portion is represented as a specified primary mathematical
model with specified nesting index (3.1.6.4)
Note 1 to entry: In this document, an S-filter is used to derive the primary surface. See Figure 1.
[SOURCE: ISO 16610-1:2015, 3.3, modified — Note 1 to entry added.]
Figure 1 — Definition of primary surface
2
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 25178-2:2022
ISO 25178-2:2021(E)
3.1.5.1
primary extracted surface
finite set of data points sampled from the primary surface (3.1.5)
[SOURCE: ISO 14406:2010, 3.7, modified — Notes to entry removed.]
3.1.6
surface filter
filtration operator applied to a surface
3.1.6.1
S-filter
surface filter (3.1.6) which removes small-scale lateral components from the surface, resulting in the
primary surface (3.1.5)
3.1.6.2
L-filter
surface filter (3.1.6) which removes large-scale lateral components from the primary surface (3.1.5) o
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
01-februar-2020
Specifikacija geometrijskih veličin izdelka (GPS) - Tekstura površine: ploskovna -
2. del: Izrazi, definicije in parametri teksture površine (ISO/DIS 25178-2:2019)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Surface texture: Areal - Part 2: Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO/DIS 25178-2:2019)
Geometrische Produktspezifikation (GPS) - Oberflächenbeschaffenheit: Flächenhaft -
Teil 2: Begriffe, Definitionen und Oberflächen-Kenngrößen (ISO/DIS 25178-2:2019)
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) - État de surface: Surfacique - Partie 2:
Termes, définitions et paramètres d'états de surface (ISO/DIS 25178-2:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 25178-2
ICS:
17.040.20 Lastnosti površin Properties of surfaces
17.040.40 Specifikacija geometrijskih Geometrical Product
veličin izdelka (GPS) Specification (GPS)
oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 25178-2
ISO/TC 213 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-12-20 2020-03-13
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface
texture: Areal —
Part 2:
Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — État de surface: Surfacique —
Partie 2: Termes, définitions et paramètres d'états de surface
ICS: 17.040.20
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 25178-2:2019(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2019
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
ISO/DIS 25178-2:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
ISO/DIS 25178‐2:2019(E)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction. v
3.1 General terms . 1
3.2 Geometrical parameter terms . 5
3.3 Geometrical feature terms . 10
4.1 General . 13
4.2 Height parameters . 13
4.3 Spatial parameters . 14
4.4 Hybrid parameters . 16
4.5 Functions and related parameters . 16
5.1 General . 27
5.2 Type of texture feature . 29
5.3 Segmentation . 29
5.4 Determining significant features . 29
5.5 Section of feature attributes . 31
5.6 Attribute statistics . 32
5.7 Feature characterization convention . 33
5.8 Named feature parameters . 33
. 34
5.9 Additional parameters
Annex A (informative) Multiscale geometric (fractal) methods . 36
Annex B (normative) Determination of areal parameters for stratified functional surfaces . 42
Annex C (informative) Basis for areal surface texture standards . 44
Annex D (informative) Implementation details . 45
Annex E (informative) Changes made in this second edition compared to the 2012 edition . 49
Annex F (informative) Relation with the GPS matrix . 51
Bibliography . 52
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
ISO/DIS 25178‐2:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and
geometrical product specifications and verification.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 25178-2:2012), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are described in Annex F.
A list of all parts in the ISO 25178 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
ISO/DIS 25178‐2:2019(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 25178 is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a
general GPS standard (see ISO 14638). It influences the chain link B of the chains of standards on profile
and areal surface texture.
The ISO/GPS matrix model given in ISO 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this
part of ISO 25178 is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this part of
ISO 25178 and the default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to the specifications made in
accordance with this part of ISO 25178, unless otherwise indicated.
For more detailed information of the relation of this part of ISO 25178 to other standards and the GPS
matrix model, see Annex F.
This part of ISO 25178 develops the terminology, concepts and parameters for areal surface texture.
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved v
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 25178-2:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 25178-2:2019(E)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface
texture: Areal —
Part 2:
Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters
1 Scope
This part of ISO 25178 defines terms, definitions and parameters for the determination of surface texture
by areal methods.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16610-1:2015, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Filtration — Part 1: Overview and basic
concepts
ISO 17450-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts — Part 1: Model for
geometrical specification and verification
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 17450-1:2011 and ISO 16610-
1:2015, and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
non‐ideal surface model
skin model
model of the physical interface of the workpiece with its environment
[SOURCE: ISO 17450-1:2011, 3.2.2]
3.1.2
surface texture
geometrical irregularities contained in a scale-limited surface
Note 1 to entry: Surface texture does not include those geometrical irregularities contributing to the form or
shape of the surface.
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3.1.3
mechanical surface
boundary of the erosion, by a sphere of radius r, of the locus of the centre of an ideal tactile sphere, also
with radius r, rolled over the skin model of a workpiece
[SOURCE: ISO 14406:2010, 3.1.1]
3.1.3.1
electromagnetic surface
surface obtained by the electromagnetic interaction with the skin model of a workpiece
[SOURCE: ISO 14406:2010, 3.1.2]
3.1.3.2
auxiliary surface
surface obtained by an arbitrary external source
Note 1 to entry: A software measurement standard is an example for an auxiliary surface. Other physical
measurement principles which differ from a mechanical or electromagnetic surface, such as tunnelling microscopy
or atomic force microscopy, can also serve as an auxiliary surface. See Figure 1.
3.1.4
specification coordinate system
system of coordinates in which surface texture parameters are specified
Note 1 to entry: If the nominal form of the surface is a plane (or portion of a plane), it is common (practice) to
use a rectangular coordinate system in which the axes form a right-handed Cartesian set, the X-axis and the Y-axis
also lying on the nominal surface, and the Z-axis being in an outward direction (from the material to the surrounding
medium). This convention is adopted throughout the rest of this part of ISO 25178.
3.1.5
primary surface
surface portion obtained when a surface portion is represented as a specified primary mathematical
model with specified nesting index
[SOURCE: ISO 16610-1:2015, 3.3]
Note 1 to entry: In this part of ISO 25178, an S-filter is used to derive the primary surface. See Figure 1.
3.1.5.1
primary extracted surface
finite set of data points sampled from the primary surface
[SOURCE: ISO 14406:2010, 3.7]
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Figure 1 – Definition of primary surface
3.1.6
surface filter
filtration operator applied to a surface
3.1.6.1
S‐filter
surface filter which removes small scale lateral components from the surface, resulting in the primary
surface
3.1.6.2
L‐filter
surface filter which removes large scale lateral components from the primary surface or S-F surface
Note 1 to entry: When the L-Filter is not tolerant to form, it must be applied on an S-F surface; when it is tolerant to
form, it can be applied either on the primary surface or on an S-F surface.
3.1.6.3
F‐operation
operation which removes form from the primary surface
Note 1 to entry: Some F-operations (such as association operations) have a very different action to that of
filtration. Though their action can limit the larger lateral scales of a surface this action is very fuzzy. It is represented
in Figure 2 using the same convention as for a filter.
Note 2 to entry: Some L-filters are not tolerant to form and require an F-operation first as a prefilter before being
applied.
3.1.6.4
nesting index
Nis, Nic, Nif
number or set of numbers indicating the relative level of nesting for a particular primary mathematical
model
[SOURCE: ISO 16610-1:2015, 3.2.1]
3.1.7
S‐F surface
surface derived from the primary surface by removing the form using an F-operation
Note 1 to entry: Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between the S-F surface and the S-filter and F-operation.
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Note 2 to entry: If filtered with Nis nesting index to remove the shortest wavelengths from the surface, the surface
is equivalent to a “Primary S-F surface”. In that case, Nis is the areal equivalent of the s cut-off (see f in Figure 2).
Note 3 to entry: If filtered with Nic nesting index to separate longer from shorter wavelengths, the surface is
equivalent to a “Waviness S-F surface”. In that case, Nic is the areal equivalent of the c cut-off (see g in Figure 2).
Note 4 to entry: The concepts of “roughness” or “waviness” are less important in areal surface texture than in
profile surface texture. Some surfaces could exhibit roughness in one direction and waviness in the perpendicular
direction. That is why the concepts of S-L surface and S-F surface are preferred in this document.
3.1.8
S‐L surface
surface derived from the S-F surface by removing the large-scale components using an L-filter
Note 1 to entry: Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between the S-L surface and the S-filter and L-filter.
Note 2 to entry: If the S-Filter nesting index Nis is chosen to remove the shortest wavelengths from the surface
and the L-Filter nesting index Nic is chosen in order to separate longer from shorter wavelengths, the surface is
equivalent to a “Roughness S-L surface”. See h in Figure 2.
Note 3 to entry: A series of S-L surfaces can be generated with narrow bandwidth using a S-Filter and a L-Filter
of close nesting indices (or equal), in order to achieve a multi-scale exploration of the surface. See Figure 3.
a
Small scale
b
Large scale
c
S-Filter
d
L-Filter
e
F-Operation
f
S-F surface
g
S-F surface (see note 3 of
3.1.7)
h
S-L surface (see note 2 of
3.1.8)
Figure 2 — Relationships between the S‐filter, L‐filter, F‐operation and S‐F and S‐L surfaces
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Figure 3 — Example of bandpass filters used to generate a bank of S‐L surfaces
3.1.9
scale‐limited surface
S-F surface or S-L surface
3.1.10
reference surface
surface associated to the scale-limited surface according to a criterion
Note 1 to entry: This reference surface is used for surface texture parameters.
Note 2 to entry: Examples of reference surfaces include plane, cylinder and sphere.
3.1.11
evaluation area
portion of the scale-limited surface for specifying the area under evaluation
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 25178-3 for more information.
3.1.12
definition area
portion of the evaluation area for defining the parameters characterizing the scale-limited surface
Note1 to entry: Throughout this document, the symbol A is used for the numerical value of the definition area
�
and the symbol 𝐴 for the domain of integration.
3.2 Geometrical parameter terms
3.2.1
field parameter
parameter defined from all the points on a scale-limited surface
Note 1 to entry: Field parameters are defined in Clause 4.
3.2.2
feature parameter
parameter defined from a subset of predefined topographic features from the scale-limited surface
Note 1 to entry: Feature parameters are defined in Clause 5.
Note 2 to entry: The parameters Sp, Sv and Sz correspond to the definition of feature parameters but for
historical reasons they are considered as field parameters.
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3.2.3
V‐parameter
material volume or void volume field parameter
3.2.4
S‐parameter
field or feature parameter that is not a V-parameter
3.2.5
height
ordinate value
z(x,y)
signed normal distance from the reference surface to the scale-limited surface
Note1 to entry: Throughout this document, the term “height” is either used for a distance or for an absolute
coordinate. Example: Sz, maximum height, is a distance, and Sp, maximum peak height, is an absolute height.
3.2.5.1
depth
opposite value of height.
3.2.6
local gradient vector
𝝏𝒛�𝒙, 𝒚�𝝏𝒛�𝒙, 𝒚�
� , �
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
first derivative along x and along y of the scale-limited surface at position x,y
Note 1 to entry: See Annex E for implementation details.
3.2.7
local mean curvature
arithmetic mean of the principal curvatures at position x,y
Note 1 to entry: Principal curvatures are two numbers, k1 and k2 representing the maximum and minimum
� ��
� �
curvatures at a point. The local mean curvature is therefore: .
�
Note 2 to entry: See Annex E for implementation details.
3.2.8
material ratio
ratio of the area of the surface portion intersected by a plane at height c, to the evaluation area
𝐴 �𝑐�
�
𝑀 �𝑐��
�
𝐴
Note 1 to entry: The curve representing material ratio as a function of height is also called Abbott Firestone curve.
Note 2 to entry: The material ratio may be given in percentage or value between 0 and 1
Note 3 to entry: See Figure 4.
Note 4 to entry: See Annex E for the determination of the material ratio curve.
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Key
c intersecting height c
A areal portions
c
intersected by plane at
level c
Figure 4 — Area of the surface portion intersected by plane at level c
3.2.9
material ratio curve
material ratio function
function representing the areal material ratio of the scale-limited surface as a function of height
Note 1 to entry: This function can be interpreted as the sample cumulative probability function of the ordinates
z(x,y) within the evaluation area. See Annex E.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 5.
Key
a height
b material ratio in percent
c intersection level of height c
d material ratio at height c
Figure 5 — Material ratio curve
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3.2.10
inverse material ratio
C(m )
r
height at which a given material ratio m in percent is satisfied
r
��
𝐶�𝑚 ��𝑀 �𝑚�
� � �
3.2.11
height density curve
height density function
hc
curve representing the density of the height of the scale-limited profile z in percent
𝑑𝑀 �𝑐�
�
��
ℎ 𝑐 �
𝑑𝑐
Note 1to entry: See Figure 6.
Key
a height
b density in percent
Figure 6 — Height density curve
3.2.12
autocorrelation function
f (t , t )
ACF x y
function which describes the correlation between a surface and the same surface translated by (t , t )
x y
� �
∬ 𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑧�𝑥 � 𝑡,𝑦 � 𝑡 �𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
� �
�
�
𝑓 �𝑡,𝑡 ��
��� � �
�
𝑧 �𝑥, 𝑦�𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∬
�
�
B being the intersecting area of the two surfaces at shifts t and t
x y
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3.2.13
Fourier transformation
F(p, q)
operator which transforms the height ordinate values of the scale-limited surface into Fourier space
����������
� �
𝐹 𝑝, 𝑞 ��𝑧�𝑥,𝑦�𝑒 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
�
�
Note 1 to entry: The Fourier transformation defined here is using a limited support A, therefore it is an
approximation of the mathematical function called Fourier transformation which has an infinite support.
3.2.13.1
angular spectrum
F(r, s)
Fourier transformation expressed in polar coordinates, with respect to a reference direction in the
ref
plane of the definition area
� �
𝐹 𝑟, 𝑠 � 𝐹�𝑟 cos�𝑠 � 𝜃�,𝑟 sin�𝑠 � 𝜃��
��� ���
where r is a spatial frequency, s the specified direction and F is the Fourier transformation function
Note 1 to entry: The positive x-axis is defined as the zero angle.
Note 2 to entry: The angle is positive in an anticlockwise direction from the x-axis.
3.2.13.2
angular amplitude density
angular amplitude distribution
f (s)
AAD
integrated amplitude of the angular spectrum for a given direction s
�
�
�� | � �|
𝑓 𝑠 �� 𝐹 𝑟, 𝑠 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
���
�
�
where r is a spatial frequency, R to R (R < R ) is the range of integration of the frequencies in the radial
1 2 1 2
direction and s the specified direction and F is the Fourier transformation function
Note 1 to entry: the term “density” refers to the value at a given angle, and the term “distribution” refers to the graph
representing the values for all angles.
3.2.13.3
angular power density
angular power distribution
f (s)
APD
integrated squared amplitude of the angular spectrum for a given direction s
�
�
�
�� | � �|
𝑓 𝑠 �� 𝐹 𝑟, 𝑠 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
���
�
�
where r is a spatial frequency, R to R (R < R ) is the range of integration of the frequencies in the radial
1 2 1 2
direction and s the specified direction and F is the Fourier transformation function
Note 1 to entry: the term “density” refers to the value at a given angle, and the term “distribution” refers to the graph
representing the values for all angles.
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3.2.14
power spectral density
PSD
squared magnitude of the Fourier transform of the residual surface height function along one dimension
using an appropriate weighting function
Note 1 to entry: The PSD describes surface texture in a spatial frequency context allowing the waviness or ripples
in the surface to be described and controlled.
Note 2 to entry: An alternative and analogous function for describing and controlling surface texture in a spatial
frequency context is the Auto-Covariance or ACV, which is given by the overlap integral of shifted and unshifted 1D
profiles over the evaluation length.
3.3 Geometrical feature terms
3.3.1
peak
point on the surface which is higher than all other points within a neighbourhood of that point
Note 1 to entry: There is a theoretical possibility of a plateau. In practice, this can be avoided by the use of an
infinitesimal tilt.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 7.
3.3.1.1
hill
region around a peak such that all maximal upward paths end at the peak
Note 1 to entry: This definition is used for feature parameters.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 7.
3.3.1.2
hill
outwardly directed (from material to surrounding medium) contiguous portion of the scale-limited
surface above the mean plane
Note 1 to entry: This definition is used for field parameters.
3.3.1.3
course line
curve separating adjacent hills
Note to entry: See Figure 7.
3.3.2
pit
point on the surface which is lower than all other points within a neighbourhood of that point
Note 1 to entry: There is a theoretical possibility of a plateau. In practice, this can be avoided by the use of an
infinitesimal tilt.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 8.
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3.3.2.1
dale
region around a pit such that all maximal downward paths end at the pit
Note 1 to entry: This definition is used for feature parameters.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 8.
3.3.2.2
dale
an inwardly directed (from surrounding medium to material) contiguous portion of the scale-limited
surface below the mean plane
Note 1 to entry: this definition is used for field parameters.
3.3.2.3
ridge line
curve separating adjacent dales
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 8.
3.3.3
saddle
point or set of points on the scale-limited surface where ridge lines and course lines cross
3.3.3.1
saddle point
saddle consisting of one point
Figure 7 — Representation of a hill (B) in the Figure 8 — Representation of a dale (B) in
context of watershed segmentation with the the context of watershed segmentation with
peak (A) and the course line (C) the pit (A) and the ridge line (C)
3.3.4
motif
hill or dale defined with watershed segmentation
Note 1 to entry: The term motif is used to designate an areal feature obtained by segmentation.
Note 2 to entry: The term motif as defined on a profile in ISO 12085 is a cross section of a dale.
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3.3.5
topographic feature
areal, line or point feature on a scale-limited surface
3.3.5.1
areal feature
hill or dale
3.3.5.2
line feature
course line or ridge line
3.3.5.3
point feature
peak, pit or saddle point
3.3.6
contour line
line on the surface consisting of adjacent points of equal height
3.3.7
segmentation
method which partitions a scale-limited surface into distinct features
3.3.7.1
segmentation function
function which splits a set of “events” into two distinct sets called the significant events and the
insignificant events and which satisfies the three segmentation properties
Note 1 to entry: Examples of events are: ordinate values, point features, etc.
Note 2 to entry: A full mathematical description of the segmentation function and the three segmentation
properties can be found in Scott (2004) (see Reference [22]) and in ISO 16610-85.
3.3.8
change tree
graph where each contour line is plotted as a point against height in such a way that adjacent contour
lines are adjacent points on the graph
Note 1 to entry: Peaks and pits are represented on a change tree by the end of lines. Saddle points are represented
on a change tree by joining lines. See Annex A of ISO 16610-85 for more details concerning change trees.
3.3.8.1
pruning
method to simplify a ch
...
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