SIST ISO 8243:2008
Cigarettes - Sampling
Cigarettes - Sampling
This International Standard specifies two methods of providing representative samples of a population of cigarettes manufactured for sale. Different procedures are specified (see Table 1) according to whether sampling is undertaken at the point of sale or at a factory. a) Sampling "at one point in time" provides for appraisal of the chosen properties of the cigarettes on that occasion. Sampling is carried out within as short a period as possible. b) Sampling "over a period of time" provides for on-going appraisals. It can be considered for practical purposes as a series of samples each taken "at one point in time". This International Standard provides information on the statistical basis for the treatment of data and gives estimates, based on practical experience, of the typical confidence intervals for NFDPM, nicotine and CO yields which may be found when a product is sampled in accordance with this International Standard and smoked in accordance with the procedures specified in ISO 3308, ISO 3402, ISO 4387, ISO 8454, ISO 10315, ISO 10362-1 and ISO 10362-2.
Cigarettes — Échantillonnage
L'ISO 8243:2006 spécifie deux méthodes permettant d'obtenir des échantillons représentatifs d'une population de cigarettes, fabriquées pour la vente. Différents modes opératoires sont décrits selon que l'échantillonnage est exécuté au point de vente ou à l'usine.
L'échantillonnage «à un moment donné» fournit une estimation ponctuelle de caractéristiques des cigarettes choisies à cette occasion. L'échantillonnage est effectué sur une période aussi courte que possible;
L'échantillonnage «sur une période de longue durée» fournit une estimation continue. Il peut être considéré, en pratique, comme une série d'échantillonnages pris chacun «à un moment donné».
L'ISO 8243:2006 donne des informations sur le traitement statistique des données et fournit des estimations, fondées sur l'expérience pratique, des intervalles de confiance types des rendements en matière particulaire anhydre et exempte de nicotine, en nicotine et en monoxyde de carbone (CO) existants lorsque l'échantillonnage est réalisé conformément à l'ISO 8243:2006 et que le fumage des produits est réalisé conformément aux modes opératoires décrits dans l'ISO 3308, dans l'ISO 3402, dans l'ISO 4387, dans l'ISO 8454, dans l'ISO 10315, dans l'ISO 10362-1 et dans l'ISO 10362-2.
Cigarete - Vzorčenje
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Standards Content (Sample)
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ISO
СТАНДАРТ 8243
Четвертое издание
2006-09-15
Сигареты. Отбор проб
Сigarettes − Sampling
Ответственность за подготовку русской версии несёт ГOST R
(Российская Федерация) в соответствии со статьёй 18.1 Устава ISO
Ссылочный номер
ISO 8243:2006(R)
©
ISO 2006
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ISO 8243:2006(R)
ДОКУМЕНТ ЗАЩИЩЕН АВТОРСКИМ ПРАВОМ
© ISO 2006
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ISO 8243:2006(R)
Содержание Страница
Предисловие . iv
Введение . v
1 Область применения . 1
2 Нормативные ссылки . 1
3 Термины и определения . 2
4 Метод отбора проб за короткий период времени . 4
4.1 Процедура отбора проб в месте продажи . 4
4.2 Процедура отбора проб на фабрике . 6
5 Метод отбора проб за длительный период времени . 7
5.1 Общие положения . 7
5.2 Процедура отбора проб за длительный период времени на фабрике . 8
6 Статистическая оценка и представление результатов . 8
6.1 Статистическая оценка . 8
6.2 Выбросы . 8
6.3 Доверительный интервал. 8
6.4 Подтверждение содержания компонентов дыма . 9
7 Протокол испытания . 9
Приложение А (информативное) Схема, иллюстрирующая отбор проб в Разделах 4 и 5 . 11
Приложение B (информативное) Источники колебаний, касающиеся выбора процедуры
отбора проб . 12
Библиография . 13
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ISO 8243:2006(R)
Предисловие
Международная организация стандартизации (ISO) является мировой федерацией национальных
органов по стандартизации (членов ISO). Работа по подготовке международных стандартов обычно
ведется в технических комитетах. Каждый член ISO, имеющий интерес по объекту, для которого был
создан технический комитет, имеет право на представительство в этом комитете. В работе и
взаимодействии с ISO могут принимать участие международные, правительственные и
неправительственные организации. ISO тесно сотрудничает с Международной Электротехнической
Комиссией (IEC) по вопросам, касающимся стандартизации в области электротехники.
Международные стандарты проектируются в соответствии с правилами, определенными Частью 2,
Директивы ISO/IEC.
Главной задачей технического комитета является подготовка международных стандартов. Проекты
международных стандартов, подготовленные техническими комитетами, высылаются членам
комитетов для голосования. Для публикации международного стандарта необходимо, по меньшей
мере, 75 % положительных голосов от участвующих в голосовании членов.
Внимание обращено на то, что некоторые элементы этого документа могут быть предметом патентных
прав. ISO не несет ответственность за установление части или всех патентных прав.
ISO 8243 был подготовлен Техническим комитетом ISO/ТC 126, Табак и табачные изделия.
Настоящий стандарт является четвертой редакцией, отменяющей и заменяющей третью редакцию
(ISO 8243:2003), которая была технически пересмотрена.
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ISO 8243:2006(R)
Введение
Сложно рекомендовать подходящий метод отбора проб сигарет, подходящий для всех случаев. Цель
отбора проб – обеспечение представительными образцами, проблема возникает, потому что особая
цель, для которой нужны испытания, влияет на рекомендации.
При подготовке данного международного стандарта были учтены существующие национальные
стандарты, правила, инструкции. В данном стандарте описаны две процедуры отбора проб, каждая из
которых является простой и надежной:
– отбор проб в пункте продажи;
– отбор проб на территории изготовителя или складе импортера или дистрибьютора.
Отбор проб проводится "за короткий период времени" (то есть сигареты готовы для распределения с
фабрики/склада или доступны в розничной продаже на рынке в определенный день). Когда требуется
образец, который будет представлять сигареты, доступные в течение определенного периода времени
(то есть сигареты, произведенные в течение нескольких месяцев) проводят серию отбора проб,
отбирают несколько разовых выборок длительного периода времени, и результаты испытаний
объединяют.
Роль настоящего стандарта (с момента первого издания в 1981г) заключается в обеспечении основ
отбора проб сигарет для подтверждения данных по содержанию смолы и никотина, обозначаемых на
пачке, и является очень важной. По этой причине было включено руководство по статистической
оценке и отчету по испытаниям для разъяснения статистической основы доверительных интервалов,
которые представлены в таблице 3, для не содержащего никотин сухого конденсата (смолы), никотина
и монооксида углерода.
Источники изменчивости, возникающие при производстве сигарет и при определении компонентов
дыма сигарет описаны в Приложении В и техническом отчете ISO/ТР 22305. Рекомендуется
определять компоненты дыма в генеральной совокупности, выпущенной для продажи, отобранной с
фабрики производителя или склада импортера, и из-за отклонений в произведенных сигаретах, где
только возможно, должен применяться метод отбора проб за длительный период времени.
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МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ СТАНДАРТ ISO 8243:2006(R)
Сигареты. Отбор проб
1 Область применения
Настоящий стандарт устанавливает два метода отбора проб для представления на испытания сигарет
из генеральной совокупности, произведенной или выпущенной для продажи:
а) отбор проб за короткий период времени, позволяющий дать единовременную оценку одной или
нескольким характеристикам сигарет. Его следует проводить за возможно короткое время.
b) отбор проб за длительный период времени, позволяющий давать многократную оценку одной
или нескольким характеристикам сигарет. С практической стороны это можно рассматривать
как несколько разовых выборок за короткий период времени, в совокупности составляющих
общую пробу.
В стандарте описаны действия отборщика проб в зависимости от места отбора проб: в местах продажи,
у изготовителя, импортера, дистрибьютора, оптовика.
Таблица 1 − Варианты отбора проб
Метод отбора проб
Процедура отбора проб
За короткий период За длительный период
времени времени
a
A В местах продажи Подраздел 4.1
B На фабрике изготовителя или
на складах импортера или Подраздел 4.2 Раздел 5
оптовика
a
Процедура А за длительный период времени возможна, но не описана в настоящем стандарте.
Настоящий стандарт обеспечивает информацию по статистической основе для обработки данных,
и дает оценку, основанную на практическом опыте, типичных доверительных интервалов для
смолы, никотина и монооксида углерода, которые могут быть получены при отборе проб в
соответствии с данным стандартом и при прокуривании образцов в соответствии с процедурами,
описанными в ISO 3308, ISO 3402, ISO 4387, ISO 8454, ISO 10315, ISO 10362-1 и ISO 10362-2.
2 Нормативные ссылки
Следующие ссылочные документы обязательны к применению с настоящим стандартом. Для
документов с обозначенной датой утверждения обязательна к применению данная редакция
документа. Для документов без обозначенной даты утверждения к применению предназначена
последняя редакция данного документа.
ISO 2602:1980, Статистическая интерпретация результатов испытаний. Оценка среднего
значения. Доверительный интервал
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ISO 8243:2006(R)
ISO 4387:2000, Сигареты. Определение содержания общего и не содержащего никотина сухого
вещества с применением обычного аналитического устройства для раскуривания сигарет
ISO 5725-2:1994 Точность (достоверность и прецизионность) методов и результатов измерений
Часть 2 Основной метод определения повторяемости и воспроизводимости стандартного метода
измерений
ISO 8454:1995, Сигареты. Определение содержания монооксида углерода в газовой фазе
сигаретного дыма. Метод недисперсионного инфракрасного анализатора (NDIR)
ISO 10315:2000, Сигареты. Определение содержания никотина в конденсатах дыма. Метод газовой
хроматографии
ISO 10362-1:1999, Сигареты. Определение содержания воды в конденсатах дыма. Часть 1. Метод
газовой хроматографии
3 Термины и определения
В настоящем стандарте применены следующие термины и определения.
3.1
фабрика
factory
место изготовления сигарет или относящийся к ней торговый склад, склад импортера
3.2
торговая единица
sale unit
количество сигарет, предлагаемых для продажи населению
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ За основу в настоящем стандарте была принята находящаяся в продаже обычная
пачка, содержащая 20 сигарет. Однако сигареты продаются россыпью и в пачках с другим количеством
сигарет.
3.3
бокс
carton
потребительская фабричная упаковка
ПРИМЕР Пачки, содержащие 20 сигарет, обычно укладывают в бокс (блок), содержащий 200
сигарет.
3.4
место закупки
place of purchase
город, населенный пункт или район (области отбора или их часть), в которых можно приобрести
сигареты
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Примером подобных областей являются местные административные округа,
избирательные округа, зоны почтовых индексов или всякие разграничения по географическим или
другим признакам.
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ISO 8243:2006(R)
3.5
точка отбора проб
sampling point
определенное место, представляющее различные виды точек отбора проб (например, магазин,
магазин розничной торговли табаком, торговый автомат, супермаркет, место на фабрике, место на
складе), в котором проводят отбор мгновенной выборки
3.6
генеральная совокупность
population
сумма торговых единиц, из которых должны быть отобраны пробы
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Определение включает в себя различные подмножества генеральной совокупности,
три из которых даны в.3.6.1 – 3.6.4.
3.6.1
генеральная совокупность в розничной продаже
population available to consumers
сумма торговых единиц в розничной торговле в определенной географической области и в
определенный период времени
3.6.2
генеральная совокупность, выпущенная для продажи
population manufactured for sale
сумма торговых единиц на фабрике
3.6.3
послойное деление генеральной совокупности
stratification
разделение генеральной совокупности на взаимно исключающие и исчерпывающие подмножества
генеральной совокупности (называемые слоями), более однородные по исследуемым характеристикам,
чем генеральная совокупность
3.6.4
отбор проб по слоям
stratified sampling
в генеральной совокупности, которая может быть разделена на несколько взаимно исключающих и
исчерпывающих подмножеств генеральной совокупности (называемых слоями), отбор проб
проводится таким образом, чтобы из различных слоев были взяты пробы определенной пропорции, и
из каждого слоя была отобрана, по крайней мере, одна проба
3.7
мгновенная выборка
increment
проба сигарет, отобранная в определенное время в определенном месте отбора проб
3.8
часть мгновенной выборки
sub-increment
отдельные группы сигарет, составляющие мгновенную выборку
3.9
разовая выборка длительного периода времени
sub-period sample
мгновенная выборка, взятая при отборе проб за длительный период времени
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ISO 8243:2006(R)
3.10
лабораторная проба
laboratory sample
проба, предназначенная для лабораторных испытаний или тестов
3.11
проба для испытания
test sample
часть лабораторной пробы, отобранной по принципу случайности, представительная для всех
мгновенных выборок, составляющих лабораторную пробу
3.12
проба для анализа
test portion
группа сигарет, взятая по принципу случайности из пробы для испытания
3.13
лот
lot
определенное количество продукта, материала или услуг, собранных вместе и предназначенных для
проверки
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Проверяемый лот может содержать несколько партий или частей партий.
[ISO 3534-2:1993, определение 1.3.5]
4 Метод отбора проб за короткий период времени
4.1 Процедура отбора проб в месте продажи
4.1.1 Выбор количества торговых единиц и точек отбора проб
Количество торговых единиц и число мест закупки, в которых проводится отбор проб по принципу
случайности, определяется размером территории, на которой продаются сигареты. Выбор их
количества производится в соответствии с Таблицей 2.
Таблица 2 — Необходимые условия для отбора проб
Общее число точек отбора Число точек отбора проб, Количество торговых
проб выбранных по принципу единиц, взятых в каждой
случайности точке отбора проб для
каждой лабораторной пробы
> 20 20 2
> 10 u 20 10 4
W 5 u10 5 8
4 4 10
3 3 14
2 2 20
1 1 40
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ISO 8243:2006(R)
Если при отборе проб не используется процедура из Таблицы 1, тогда может быть использована
альтернативная процедура отбора проб с объяснением этого факта в отчете по отбору проб.
Альтернативная процедура может быть независима от размера территории продажи сигарет, образцы
могут быть отобраны не по принципу случайности, но проба, составленная из этих образцов, должна
быть представительной. При использовании альтернативной процедуры общее количество торговых
единиц, по возможности, должно быть не менее 40.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ Таблица 2 применима для пробы в 800 сигарет. Если в испытаниях участвует более чем одна
лаборатория, тогда количество торговых единиц должно быть пропорционально увеличено. Необходимо
убедиться, что каждая лабораторная проба является представительной к генеральной совокупности, то есть, если
отобран более чем один бокс (блок), то сигареты должны быть поделены между лабораторными пробами.
В случае если торговая единица представляет собой пачку, содержащую иное чем 20 число сигарет, то
количество торговых единиц должно быть отрегулировано таким образом, чтобы получить
необходимое общее количество сигарет. Если в испытаниях участвует более чем одна лаборатория,
то должно быть обращено особое внимание на то, чтобы каждая лаборатория имела равноценные
образцы.
Точки отбора проб, от которых производится отбор торговых единиц, должны быть равномерно
распределены по месту закупки.
Выбор точек отбора проб должен, по возможности, отражать структуру розничной торговли сигаретами
в данном месте отбора проб. Это обычно достигается путем установления нескольких типов точек
отбора проб для каждой схемы отбора проб.
Каждый тип точек отбора проб в месте закупки выбирается по принципу случайности, и, в общем,
мгновенная выборка должна составлять определенную часть всей пробы.
Отбор проб допускается проводить в точке отбора проб другого типа только в том случае,
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8243
Fourth edition
2006-09-15
Cigarettes — Sampling
Cigarettes — Échantillonnage
Reference number
ISO 8243:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2006
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Sampling mode: at one time. 3
4.1 Procedure for sampling at the point of sale . 3
4.2 Procedure for sampling at the factory. 5
5 Sampling mode: over a period of time . 6
5.1 General. 6
5.2 Procedure for sampling over a period of time at the factory . 6
6 Statistical evaluation and reporting. 7
6.1 Statistical evaluation . 7
6.2 Outliers . 7
6.3 Confidence interval. 7
6.4 Applications to the verification of cigarettes yields . 7
7 Sampling report . 8
Annex A (informative) Flow chart illustration of the sampling in Clauses 4 and 5 . 9
Annex B (informative) Sources of variability concerning the choice of sampling procedures . 10
Bibliography . 11
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8243 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 126, Tobacco and tobacco products.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 8243:2003), which has been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Introduction
It is difficult to recommend a detailed method of sampling cigarettes, suitable for every purpose. The objective
of sampling is clearly, to provide a representative sample, but the problem arises because the specific
purpose for which tests are required affects the recommendation.
Existing national standards, rules, regulations and laws were taken into account when preparing this
International Standard and two different procedures both of which are simple and reliable are described:
⎯ sampling at the point of sale;
⎯ sampling at the producer's premises or importer's and distributor's warehouses.
Sampling is carried out “at one point in time” (e.g. cigarettes available for distribution from a
factory/warehouse or available at a retail outlet on the market on a scheduled day). When a sample is
required which represents cigarettes available over an appreciable period of time (e.g. cigarettes representing
several months' production) a number of sub-period samples will be taken in a series of samplings, and the
results combined.
Since this International Standard was originally written in 1981, its role in providing a basis of sampling
cigarettes for the verification of on-pack declarations of smoke constituent yields has become increasingly
important. For this reason a guide to the statistical evaluation and reporting of results is included to clarify the
statistical basis of the confidence intervals for nicotine-free dry particulate matter (NFDPM), nicotine and
carbon monoxide (CO) that are listed in Table 3.
The sources of variability arising in cigarette manufacture and in the determination of smoke constituent
components are described in Annex B and in Technical Report ISO/TR 22305. It is recommended that
determinations of smoke constituent yields should be made on the population manufactured for sale, sampled
at manufacturers' factories or importers' warehouses and that because of variations in cigarette manufacture
the “sampling over a period of time” mode should be used wherever possible.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8243:2006(E)
Cigarettes — Sampling
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies two methods of providing representative samples of a population of
cigarettes manufactured for sale. Different procedures are specified (see Table 1) according to whether
sampling is undertaken at the point of sale or at a factory.
a) Sampling “at one point in time” provides for appraisal of the chosen properties of the cigarettes on that
occasion. Sampling is carried out within as short a period as possible.
b) Sampling “over a period of time” provides for on-going appraisals. It can be considered for practical
purposes as a series of samples each taken “at one point in time”.
Table 1 — Sampling possibilities
Sampling mode
Sampling procedures
At one time Over a period
(instantaneous) (continuous)
a
A At point of sale Subclause 4.1
B At a factory Subclause 4.2 Clause 5
a
Procedure A over a period of time is possible but is not specified in this International Standard.
This International Standard provides information on the statistical basis for the treatment of data and gives
estimates, based on practical experience, of the typical confidence intervals for NFDPM, nicotine and CO
yields which may be found when a product is sampled in accordance with this International Standard and
smoked in accordance with the procedures specified in ISO 3308, ISO 3402, ISO 4387, ISO 8454, ISO 10315,
ISO 10362-1 and ISO 10362-2.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2602:1980, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval
ISO 4387:2000, Cigarettes — Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine
analytical smoking machine
ISO 5725-2:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
ISO 8454:1995, Cigarettes — Determination of carbon monoxide in the vapour phase of cigarette smoke —
NDIR method
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
ISO 10315:2000, Cigarettes — Determination of nicotine in smoke condensates — Gas-chromatographic
method
ISO 10362-1:1999, Cigarettes — Determination of water in smoke condensates — Part 1: Gas-
chromatographic method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
factory
place of manufacture or its associated distribution depots or the warehouse of an importer
3.2
sale unit
quantity of cigarettes ready to be offered for sale to the public
NOTE The commonly sold packet of 20 cigarettes is used as the basis of this International Standard, but cigarettes
are also sold loose and in other size packets.
3.3
carton
commercial package available within a factory
EXAMPLE Packets of 20 cigarettes are usually put into cartons of 200 cigarettes.
3.4
place of purchase
town, village or district within the area to be sampled, or that part of the area where the cigarettes are
available
NOTE Examples of boundaries are those of cantons, local government districts, electoral areas, postal code areas or
any boundaries in accordance with the geographical context, or others.
3.5
sampling point
specific location representing different kinds of sampling points (e.g. shop, specialist tobacco shop, auto-
vending machine, supermarket, place in warehouse, place in factory) from which an increment is to be taken
3.6
population
aggregate of sale units to be sampled
NOTE The definition includes different sub-populations, three of which are given in 3.6.1 to 3.6.4.
3.6.1
population available to consumers
aggregate of sale units in retail outlets in a given area, at any time in a given time period
3.6.2
population manufactured for sale
aggregate of sale units at a factory
3.6.3
stratification
the division of a population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive sub-populations (called strata), which are
thought to be more homogeneous, with respect to the characteristics investigated, than the total population
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
3.6.4
stratified sampling
in a population that can be divided into different mutually exclusive and exhaustive sub-populations (called
strata), sampling carried out in such a way that specified proportions of the sample are drawn from the
different strata and each stratum is sampled with at least one sampling unit
3.7
increment
sample of cigarettes taken at one time, at one sampling point
3.8
sub-increment
individual groups of cigarettes making up an increment
3.9
sub-period sample
increment taken when sampling over a period of time
3.10
laboratory sample
sample intended for laboratory inspection or testing
3.11
test sample
cigarettes for test taken at random from the laboratory sample and which are representative of each of the
increments making up the laboratory sample
3.12
test portion
group of cigarettes randomly selected from the test sample for a determination
3.13
lot
definite quantity of some product, material or service, collected together and submitted for examination
NOTE An inspection lot may consist of several batches or parts of batches.
[ISO 3534-2:1993, definition 1.3.5]
4 Sampling mode: at one time
4.1 Procedure for sampling at the point of sale
4.1.1 Selection of the number and choice of sampling points
The number of sales units to be taken and the number of places of purchase to be randomly sampled is
determined by the size of the area in which the cigarettes are sold. Select the appropriate numbers according
to Table 2.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Table 2 — Sampling requirements
Number of sales units to be
Total number of Number of sampling points
taken at each sampling point
sampling points to be randomly sampled
for each laboratory sample
> 20 20 2
> 10 u 20 10 4
W 5 u10 5 8
4 4 10
3 3 14
2 2 20
1 1 40
If the procedure in Table 1 cannot be used, an alternative may be used with a justification in the sampling
report. This may be independent of the size of the sales area, and not at random, but is satisfactory provided
that a representative sample is taken. When used, a total of at least 40 sales units, when possible, shall be
obtained.
NOTE Table 2 is applicable to a sample of 800 cigarettes. If there is more than one testing laboratory then the
number of sales units is increased appropriately. It is necessary to make sure that each laboratory sample is
representative of the population, e.g. if more than one carton is sampled they should be subdivided between the laboratory
samples.
When a sales unit does not consist of a packet of 20 cigarettes, adjust the number of sales units sampled to
produce the required number of cigarettes. In case of more laboratories special attention shall be given to the
fact that each laboratory has a matched sample.
The sampling points from which the sales unit shall be obtained are to be distributed throughout the place of
purchase.
The choice of sampling points shall, whenever possible, reflect the pattern of retail distribution of cigarettes in
that sampling place to be sampled. This is usually done by defining several kinds of sampling points for each
sampling scheme.
Each kind of sampling point is randomly sampled throughout the place of purchase and, in total, the increment
shall make up a defined proportion of the whole sample.
Sampling shall only be carried out at another kind of sampling point after two unsuccessful attempts have
been made at t
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 8243:2008
01-julij-2008
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 8243:2004
&LJDUHWH9]RUþHQMH
Cigarettes - Sampling
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 8243:2006
ICS:
65.160 7REDNWREDþQLL]GHONLLQ Tobacco, tobacco products
RSUHPD and related equipment
SIST ISO 8243:2008 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8243
Fourth edition
2006-09-15
Cigarettes — Sampling
Cigarettes — Échantillonnage
Reference number
ISO 8243:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2006
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Sampling mode: at one time. 3
4.1 Procedure for sampling at the point of sale . 3
4.2 Procedure for sampling at the factory. 5
5 Sampling mode: over a period of time . 6
5.1 General. 6
5.2 Procedure for sampling over a period of time at the factory . 6
6 Statistical evaluation and reporting. 7
6.1 Statistical evaluation . 7
6.2 Outliers . 7
6.3 Confidence interval. 7
6.4 Applications to the verification of cigarettes yields . 7
7 Sampling report . 8
Annex A (informative) Flow chart illustration of the sampling in Clauses 4 and 5 . 9
Annex B (informative) Sources of variability concerning the choice of sampling procedures . 10
Bibliography . 11
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8243 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 126, Tobacco and tobacco products.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 8243:2003), which has been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Introduction
It is difficult to recommend a detailed method of sampling cigarettes, suitable for every purpose. The objective
of sampling is clearly, to provide a representative sample, but the problem arises because the specific
purpose for which tests are required affects the recommendation.
Existing national standards, rules, regulations and laws were taken into account when preparing this
International Standard and two different procedures both of which are simple and reliable are described:
⎯ sampling at the point of sale;
⎯ sampling at the producer's premises or importer's and distributor's warehouses.
Sampling is carried out “at one point in time” (e.g. cigarettes available for distribution from a
factory/warehouse or available at a retail outlet on the market on a scheduled day). When a sample is
required which represents cigarettes available over an appreciable period of time (e.g. cigarettes representing
several months' production) a number of sub-period samples will be taken in a series of samplings, and the
results combined.
Since this International Standard was originally written in 1981, its role in providing a basis of sampling
cigarettes for the verification of on-pack declarations of smoke constituent yields has become increasingly
important. For this reason a guide to the statistical evaluation and reporting of results is included to clarify the
statistical basis of the confidence intervals for nicotine-free dry particulate matter (NFDPM), nicotine and
carbon monoxide (CO) that are listed in Table 3.
The sources of variability arising in cigarette manufacture and in the determination of smoke constituent
components are described in Annex B and in Technical Report ISO/TR 22305. It is recommended that
determinations of smoke constituent yields should be made on the population manufactured for sale, sampled
at manufacturers' factories or importers' warehouses and that because of variations in cigarette manufacture
the “sampling over a period of time” mode should be used wherever possible.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8243:2006(E)
Cigarettes — Sampling
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies two methods of providing representative samples of a population of
cigarettes manufactured for sale. Different procedures are specified (see Table 1) according to whether
sampling is undertaken at the point of sale or at a factory.
a) Sampling “at one point in time” provides for appraisal of the chosen properties of the cigarettes on that
occasion. Sampling is carried out within as short a period as possible.
b) Sampling “over a period of time” provides for on-going appraisals. It can be considered for practical
purposes as a series of samples each taken “at one point in time”.
Table 1 — Sampling possibilities
Sampling mode
Sampling procedures
At one time Over a period
(instantaneous) (continuous)
a
A At point of sale Subclause 4.1
B At a factory Subclause 4.2 Clause 5
a
Procedure A over a period of time is possible but is not specified in this International Standard.
This International Standard provides information on the statistical basis for the treatment of data and gives
estimates, based on practical experience, of the typical confidence intervals for NFDPM, nicotine and CO
yields which may be found when a product is sampled in accordance with this International Standard and
smoked in accordance with the procedures specified in ISO 3308, ISO 3402, ISO 4387, ISO 8454, ISO 10315,
ISO 10362-1 and ISO 10362-2.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2602:1980, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval
ISO 4387:2000, Cigarettes — Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine
analytical smoking machine
ISO 5725-2:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
ISO 8454:1995, Cigarettes — Determination of carbon monoxide in the vapour phase of cigarette smoke —
NDIR method
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
ISO 10315:2000, Cigarettes — Determination of nicotine in smoke condensates — Gas-chromatographic
method
ISO 10362-1:1999, Cigarettes — Determination of water in smoke condensates — Part 1: Gas-
chromatographic method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
factory
place of manufacture or its associated distribution depots or the warehouse of an importer
3.2
sale unit
quantity of cigarettes ready to be offered for sale to the public
NOTE The commonly sold packet of 20 cigarettes is used as the basis of this International Standard, but cigarettes
are also sold loose and in other size packets.
3.3
carton
commercial package available within a factory
EXAMPLE Packets of 20 cigarettes are usually put into cartons of 200 cigarettes.
3.4
place of purchase
town, village or district within the area to be sampled, or that part of the area where the cigarettes are
available
NOTE Examples of boundaries are those of cantons, local government districts, electoral areas, postal code areas or
any boundaries in accordance with the geographical context, or others.
3.5
sampling point
specific location representing different kinds of sampling points (e.g. shop, specialist tobacco shop, auto-
vending machine, supermarket, place in warehouse, place in factory) from which an increment is to be taken
3.6
population
aggregate of sale units to be sampled
NOTE The definition includes different sub-populations, three of which are given in 3.6.1 to 3.6.4.
3.6.1
population available to consumers
aggregate of sale units in retail outlets in a given area, at any time in a given time period
3.6.2
population manufactured for sale
aggregate of sale units at a factory
3.6.3
stratification
the division of a population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive sub-populations (called strata), which are
thought to be more homogeneous, with respect to the characteristics investigated, than the total population
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
3.6.4
stratified sampling
in a population that can be divided into different mutually exclusive and exhaustive sub-populations (called
strata), sampling carried out in such a way that specified proportions of the sample are drawn from the
different strata and each stratum is sampled with at least one sampling unit
3.7
increment
sample of cigarettes taken at one time, at one sampling point
3.8
sub-increment
individual groups of cigarettes making up an increment
3.9
sub-period sample
increment taken when sampling over a period of time
3.10
laboratory sample
sample intended for laboratory inspection or testing
3.11
test sample
cigarettes for test taken at random from the laboratory sample and which are representative of each of the
increments making up the laboratory sample
3.12
test portion
group of cigarettes randomly selected from the test sample for a determination
3.13
lot
definite quantity of some product, material or service, collected together and submitted for examination
NOTE An inspection lot may consist of several batches or parts of batches.
[ISO 3534-2:1993, definition 1.3.5]
4 Sampling mode: at one time
4.1 Procedure for sampling at the point of sale
4.1.1 Selection of the number and choice of sampling points
The number of sales units to be taken and the number of places of purchase to be randomly sampled is
determined by the size of the area in which the cigarettes are sold. Select the appropriate numbers according
to Table 2.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Table 2 — Sampling requirements
Number of sales units to be
Total number of Number of sampling points
taken at each sampling point
sampling points to be randomly sampled
for each laboratory sample
> 20 20 2
> 10 u 20 10 4
W 5 u10 5 8
4 4 10
3 3 14
2 2 20
1 1 40
If the procedure in Table 1 cannot be used, an alternative may be used with a justification in the sampling
report. This may be independent of the size of the sales area, and not at random, but is satisfactory provided
that a representative sample is taken. When used, a total of at least 40 sales units, when possible, shall be
obtained.
NOTE Table 2 is applicable to a sample of 800 cigarettes. If there is more than one testing laboratory then the
number of sales units is increased appropriately. It is necessary to make sure that each laboratory sample is
representative of the population, e.g. if more than one carton is sampled they should be subdivided between the laboratory
samples.
When a sales unit does not consist of a packet of 20 cigarettes, adjust the number of sales units sampled to
produce the required number of cigarettes. In case of more laboratories special attention shall be given to the
fact that each laboratory has a matched sample.
The sampling points from which the sales unit shall be obtained are to be distributed throughout the place of
purchase.
The choice of sampling points shall, whenever possible, reflect the pattern of retail distribution of cigarettes in
that sampling place to be sampled. This is usually done by defining several kinds of sampling points for each
sa
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO 8243:2008
01-junij-2008
&LJDUHWH9]RUþHQMH
Cigarettes - Sampling
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:
ICS:
65.160 7REDNWREDþQLL]GHONLLQ Tobacco, tobacco products
RSUHPD and related equipment
oSIST ISO 8243:2008 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8243
Fourth edition
2006-09-15
Cigarettes — Sampling
Cigarettes — Échantillonnage
Reference number
ISO 8243:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2006
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Sampling mode: at one time. 3
4.1 Procedure for sampling at the point of sale . 3
4.2 Procedure for sampling at the factory. 5
5 Sampling mode: over a period of time . 6
5.1 General. 6
5.2 Procedure for sampling over a period of time at the factory . 6
6 Statistical evaluation and reporting. 7
6.1 Statistical evaluation . 7
6.2 Outliers . 7
6.3 Confidence interval. 7
6.4 Applications to the verification of cigarettes yields . 7
7 Sampling report . 8
Annex A (informative) Flow chart illustration of the sampling in Clauses 4 and 5 . 9
Annex B (informative) Sources of variability concerning the choice of sampling procedures . 10
Bibliography . 11
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8243 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 126, Tobacco and tobacco products.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 8243:2003), which has been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 8243:2006(E)
Introduction
It is difficult to recommend a detailed method of sampling cigarettes, suitable for every purpose. The objective
of sampling is clearly, to provide a representative sample, but the problem arises because the specific
purpose for which tests are required affects the recommendation.
Existing national standards, rules, regulations and laws were taken into account when preparing this
International Standard and two different procedures both of which are simple and reliable are described:
⎯ sampling at the point of sale;
⎯ sampling at the producer's premises or importer's and distributor's warehouses.
Sampling is carried out “at one point in time” (e.g. cigarettes available for distribution from a
factory/warehouse or available at a retail outlet on the market on a scheduled day). When a sample is
required which represents cigarettes available over an appreciable period of time (e.g. cigarettes representing
several months' production) a number of sub-period samples will be taken in a series of samplings, and the
results combined.
Since this International Standard was originally written in 1981, its role in providing a basis of sampling
cigarettes for the verification of on-pack declarations of smoke constituent yields has become increasingly
important. For this reason a guide to the statistical evaluation and reporting of results is included to clarify the
statistical basis of the confidence intervals for nicotine-free dry particulate matter (NFDPM), nicotine and
carbon monoxide (CO) that are listed in Table 3.
The sources of variability arising in cigarette manufacture and in the determination of smoke constituent
components are described in Annex B and in Technical Report ISO/TR 22305. It is recommended that
determinations of smoke constituent yields should be made on the population manufactured for sale, sampled
at manufacturers' factories or importers' warehouses and that because of variations in cigarette manufacture
the “sampling over a period of time” mode should be used wherever possible.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8243:2006(E)
Cigarettes — Sampling
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies two methods of providing representative samples of a population of
cigarettes manufactured for sale. Different procedures are specified (see Table 1) according to whether
sampling is undertaken at the point of sale or at a factory.
a) Sampling “at one point in time” provides for appraisal of the chosen properties of the cigarettes on that
occasion. Sampling is carried out within as short a period as possible.
b) Sampling “over a period of time” provides for on-going appraisals. It can be considered for practical
purposes as a series of samples each taken “at one point in time”.
Table 1 — Sampling possibilities
Sampling mode
Sampling procedures
At one time Over a period
(instantaneous) (continuous)
a
A At point of sale Subclause 4.1
B At a factory Subclause 4.2 Clause 5
a
Procedure A over a period of time is possible but is not specified in this International Standard.
This International Standard provides information on the statistical basis for the treatment of data and gives
estimates, based on practical experience, of the typical confidence intervals for NFDPM, nicotine and CO
yields which may be found when a product is sampled in accordance with this International Standard and
smoked in accordance with the procedures specified in ISO 3308, ISO 3402, ISO 4387, ISO 8454, ISO 10315,
ISO 10362-1 and ISO 10362-2.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2602:1980, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval
ISO 4387:2000, Cigarettes — Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine
analytical smoking machine
ISO 5725-2:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
ISO 8454:1995, Cigarettes — Determination of carbon monoxide in the vapour phase of cigarette smoke —
NDIR method
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ISO 8243:2006(E)
ISO 10315:2000, Cigarettes — Determination of nicotine in smoke condensates — Gas-chromatographic
method
ISO 10362-1:1999, Cigarettes — Determination of water in smoke condensates — Part 1: Gas-
chromatographic method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
factory
place of manufacture or its associated distribution depots or the warehouse of an importer
3.2
sale unit
quantity of cigarettes ready to be offered for sale to the public
NOTE The commonly sold packet of 20 cigarettes is used as the basis of this International Standard, but cigarettes
are also sold loose and in other size packets.
3.3
carton
commercial package available within a factory
EXAMPLE Packets of 20 cigarettes are usually put into cartons of 200 cigarettes.
3.4
place of purchase
town, village or district within the area to be sampled, or that part of the area where the cigarettes are
available
NOTE Examples of boundaries are those of cantons, local government districts, electoral areas, postal code areas or
any boundaries in accordance with the geographical context, or others.
3.5
sampling point
specific location representing different kinds of sampling points (e.g. shop, specialist tobacco shop, auto-
vending machine, supermarket, place in warehouse, place in factory) from which an increment is to be taken
3.6
population
aggregate of sale units to be sampled
NOTE The definition includes different sub-populations, three of which are given in 3.6.1 to 3.6.4.
3.6.1
population available to consumers
aggregate of sale units in retail outlets in a given area, at any time in a given time period
3.6.2
population manufactured for sale
aggregate of sale units at a factory
3.6.3
stratification
the division of a population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive sub-populations (called strata), which are
thought to be more homogeneous, with respect to the characteristics investigated, than the total population
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ISO 8243:2006(E)
3.6.4
stratified sampling
in a population that can be divided into different mutually exclusive and exhaustive sub-populations (called
strata), sampling carried out in such a way that specified proportions of the sample are drawn from the
different strata and each stratum is sampled with at least one sampling unit
3.7
increment
sample of cigarettes taken at one time, at one sampling point
3.8
sub-increment
individual groups of cigarettes making up an increment
3.9
sub-period sample
increment taken when sampling over a period of time
3.10
laboratory sample
sample intended for laboratory inspection or testing
3.11
test sample
cigarettes for test taken at random from the laboratory sample and which are representative of each of the
increments making up the laboratory sample
3.12
test portion
group of cigarettes randomly selected from the test sample for a determination
3.13
lot
definite quantity of some product, material or service, collected together and submitted for examination
NOTE An inspection lot may consist of several batches or parts of batches.
[ISO 3534-2:1993, definition 1.3.5]
4 Sampling mode: at one time
4.1 Procedure for sampling at the point of sale
4.1.1 Selection of the number and choice of sampling points
The number of sales units to be taken and the number of places of purchase to be randomly sampled is
determined by the size of the area in which the cigarettes are sold. Select the appropriate numbers according
to Table 2.
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ISO 8243:2006(E)
Table 2 — Sampling requirements
Number of sales units to be
Total number of Number of sampling points
taken at each sampling point
sampling points to be randomly sampled
for each laboratory sample
> 20 20 2
> 10 u 20 10 4
W 5 u10 5 8
4 4 10
3 3 14
2 2 20
1 1 40
If the procedure in Table 1 cannot be used, an alternative may be used with a justification in the sampling
report. This may be independent of the size of the sales area, and not at random, but is satisfactory provided
that a representative sample is taken. When used, a total of at least 40 sales units, when possible, shall be
obtained.
NOTE Table 2 is applicable to a sample of 800 cigarettes. If there is more than one testing laboratory then the
number of sales units is increased appropriately. It is necessary to make sure that each laboratory sample is
representative of the population, e.g. if more than one carton is sampled they should be subdivided between the laboratory
samples.
When a sales unit does not consist of a packet of 20 cigarettes, adjust the number of sales units sampled to
produce the required number of cigarettes. In case of more laboratories special attention shall be given to the
fact that each laboratory has a matched sample.
The sampling points from which the sales unit shall be obtained are to be distributed throughout the place of
purchase.
The choice of sampling points shall, whenever possible, reflect the pattern of retail distribution of cigarettes in
that sampling place to be sampled. This is usually done by defining several kinds of sampling points for each
sampling scheme.
Each
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 8243
Quatrième édition
2006-09-15
Cigarettes — Échantillonnage
Cigarettes — Sampling
Numéro de référence
ISO 8243:2006(F)
©
ISO 2006
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ISO 8243:2006(F)
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ISO 8243:2006(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions. 2
4 Mode d'échantillonnage à un moment donné. 3
4.1 Mode opératoire d'échantillonnage au point de vente. 3
4.2 Mode opératoire d'échantillonnage à l'usine.6
5 Mode d'échantillonnage sur une période de longue durée. 6
5.1 Généralités . 6
5.2 Mode opératoire d'échantillonnage à l'usine, pendant une période de longue durée . 7
6 Exploitation statistique et rapport . 7
6.1 Exploitation statistique . 7
6.2 Valeurs aberrantes. 7
6.3 Intervalle de confiance . 8
6.4 Applications à la vérification des rendements pour les cigarettes . 8
7 Rapport d'échantillonnage. 9
Annexe A (informative) Représentation graphique de l'échantillonnage décrit dans les Articles 4
et 5. 10
Annexe B (informative) Sources de variabilité quant au choix des modes opératoires
d'échantillonnage. 11
Bibliographie . 12
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ISO 8243:2006(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 8243 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 126, Tabac et produits du tabac.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition (ISO 8243:2003), qui a fait l'objet d'une
révision technique.
iv © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 8243:2006(F)
Introduction
Il est difficile de recommander une méthode d'échantillonnage des cigarettes détaillée et adaptée à chaque
besoin. L'objectif de tout échantillonnage est évidemment d'obtenir un échantillon représentatif, mais le but
spécifique pour lequel des essais sont entrepris influe sur le choix du mode opératoire.
Il a été tenu compte des normes, règles, règlements et lois actuellement en vigueur dans les différents pays
pour la préparation de la présente Norme internationale, qui décrit deux modes opératoires différents qui sont
à la fois simples et fiables:
⎯ échantillonnage au point de vente;
⎯ échantillonnage chez le fabricant ou à l'entrepôt de l'importateur ou du distributeur.
L'échantillonnage est effectué «à un moment donné», par exemple sur des cigarettes prêtes à être distribuées
au départ d'une usine/d'un entrepôt ou disponibles dans un magasin au détail sur le marché un jour bien
défini. Quand on veut disposer d'un échantillon représentant les cigarettes disponibles pendant une durée
appréciable (par exemple si l'on veut disposer des cigarettes représentant la production de plusieurs mois) un
certain nombre d'échantillons de sous-période seront prélevés à différents moments et leurs résultats
combinés.
La présente Norme internationale a été rédigée pour la première fois en 1981 et l'importance de son rôle dans
l'établissement d'une base pour l'échantillonnage de cigarettes, dans le but de vérifier les déclarations
apposées sur le paquet relatives aux rendements des constituants de la fumée, s'est considérablement
accrue. À cet effet, un guide pour l'exploitation statistique et l'expression des résultats est inclus afin de
clarifier la base statistique des intervalles de confiance de la matière particulaire anhydre et exempte de
nicotine, de la nicotine et du monoxyde de carbone (CO) énumérés dans le Tableau 3.
Les sources de variabilité provenant de la fabrication de cigarettes et de la détermination des constituants de
la fumée sont décrites dans l'Annexe B et dans l'ISO/TR 22305. Il en ressort qu'il convient d'effectuer les
déterminations du rendement des constituants de fumée sur une population de cigarettes fabriquées pour la
vente qui est échantillonnée en usine ou dans l'entrepôt de l'importateur et que, pour atténuer les variations
inhérentes à la fabrication de cigarettes, il convient, dans la mesure du possible, de recourir à
l'échantillonnage «sur une période de longue durée».
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 8243:2006(F)
Cigarettes — Échantillonnage
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale spécifie deux méthodes permettant d'obtenir des échantillons représentatifs
d'une population de cigarettes, fabriquées pour la vente. Différents modes opératoires sont décrits (voir
Tableau 1) selon que l'échantillonnage est exécuté au point de vente ou à l'usine.
a) L'échantillonnage «à un moment donné» fournit une estimation ponctuelle de caractéristiques des
cigarettes choisies à cette occasion. L'échantillonnage est effectué sur une période aussi courte que
possible;
b) L'échantillonnage «sur une période de longue durée» fournit une estimation continue. Il peut être
considéré, en pratique, comme une série d'échantillonnages pris chacun «à un moment donné».
Tableau 1 — Possibilités d'échantillonnage
Modalités d'échantillonnage
Modes opératoires
d'échantillonnage
À un moment donné (ponctuel) Sur une période de longue durée (continu)
a
A Au point de vente 4.1
B À l'usine 4.2 Article 5
a
Le mode opératoire A sur une période de longue durée est possible mais n'est pas spécifié dans la présente Norme internationale.
La présente Norme internationale donne des informations sur le traitement statistique des données et fournit
des estimations, fondées sur l'expérience pratique, des intervalles de confiance types des rendements en
matière particulaire anhydre et exempte de nicotine, en nicotine et en monoxyde de carbone (CO) existants
lorsque l'échantillonnage est réalisé conformément à la présente Norme internationale et que le fumage des
produits est réalisé conformément aux modes opératoires décrits dans l'ISO 3308, dans l'ISO 3402, dans
l'ISO 4387, dans l'ISO 8454, dans l'ISO 10315, dans l'ISO 10362-1 et dans l'ISO 10362-2.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 2602:1980, Interprétation statistique de résultats d'essais — Estimation de la moyenne — Intervalle de
confiance
ISO 4387:2000, Cigarettes — Détermination de la matière particulaire totale et de la matière particulaire
anhydre et exempte de nicotine au moyen d'une machine à fumer analytique de routine
ISO 5725-2:1994, Exactitude (justesse et fidélité) des résultats et méthodes de mesure — Partie 2: Méthode
de base pour la détermination de la répétabilité et de la reproductibilité d'une méthode de mesure normalisée
ISO 8454:1995, Cigarettes — Dosage du monoxyde de carbone dans la phase gazeuse de fumée de
cigarette — Méthode IRND
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ISO 8243:2006(F)
ISO 10315:2000, Cigarettes — Dosage de la nicotine dans les condensats de fumée — Méthode par
chromatographie en phase gazeuse
ISO 10362-1:1999, Cigarettes — Dosage de l'eau dans les condensats de fumée — Partie 1: Méthode par
chromatographie en phase gazeuse
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
3.1
usine
manufacture elle-même ou ses dépôts de stockage pour la distribution ou entrepôts de l'importateur
3.2
unité de vente
quantité de cigarettes prête à être mise en vente au public
NOTE Le paquet de 20 cigarettes vendu habituellement est utilisé comme base pour la présente Norme
internationale, mais les cigarettes peuvent être vendues en vrac et en paquets d'autres contenances.
3.3
cartouche
emballage commercial disponible dans une usine
EXEMPLE Les paquets de 20 cigarettes sont généralement regroupés en cartouches de 200 cigarettes.
3.4
lieu d'achat
ville, village ou circonscription à l'intérieur de la zone concernée par l'échantillonnage ou partie de la zone
dans laquelle les cigarettes sont disponibles
NOTE Des exemples de délimitations sont les cantons, les régions, la circonscription électorale, la région
caractérisée par un même code postal, ou toute autre délimitation adaptée au contexte géographique ou autre.
3.5
point de prélèvement
endroit précis représentant différentes sortes de points de prélèvement (par exemple boutique, débit de tabac,
distributeur automatique, supermarché, emplacement dans l'entrepôt, dans l'usine, etc.) d'où un échantillon
élémentaire doit provenir
3.6
population
ensemble des unités de vente à échantillonner
NOTE La définition englobe différentes sous-populations, parmi lesquelles trois sont données de 3.6.1 à 3.6.4.
3.6.1
population disponible pour les consommateurs
ensemble des unités de vente figurant dans les points de vente au détail dans une zone géographique
donnée, à tout moment d'une période donnée
3.6.2
population fabriquée en vue de la vente
ensemble des unités de vente disponibles à l'usine
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ISO 8243:2006(F)
3.6.3
stratification
division d'une population en sous-populations à la fois exclusives et exhaustives (appelées strates) et qui sont
considérées comme étant plus homogènes du point de vue des caractéristiques contrôlées que la population
totale
3.6.4
échantillonnage stratifié
dans une population qui peut être divisée en sous-populations à la fois exclusives et exhaustives (appelées
strates), échantillonnage effectué de sorte que des proportions spécifiées de l'échantillon soient tirées des
différentes strates et que chaque strate soit échantillonnée avec au moins une unité d'échantillonnage
3.7
échantillon élémentaire
échantillon constitué de cigarettes prélevées en une seule fois en un seul point de prélèvement
3.8
sous-échantillon élémentaire
groupes individuels de cigarettes qui constituent un échantillon élémentaire
3.9
échantillon de sous-période
échantillon élémentaire lorsque l'échantillon est prélevé pendant une période de longue durée
3.10
échantillon de laboratoire
échantillon destiné à être utilisé pour un contrôle ou pour des essais en laboratoire
3.11
échantillon d'essai
cigarettes d'essai, prélevées au hasard dans l'échantillon de laboratoire, et qui sont représentatives de
chacun des échantillons élémentaires constituant l'échantillon de laboratoire
3.12
prise d'essai
groupe de cigarettes préparées pour une seule détermination et qui est constitué de façon aléatoire à partir de
l'échantillon d'essai
3.13
lot
quantité définie d'un produit, d'une matière ou d'un service, réunie et soumise pour examen
NOTE 1 Un lot pour inspection peut être composé de plusieurs lots de production ou parties de lots de production.
NOTE 2 Adapté de l'ISO 3534-2:1993, 1.3.5.
4 Mode d'échantillonnage à un moment donné
4.1 Mode opératoire d'échantillonnage au point de vente
4.1.1 Choix du nombre et des points de prélèvement
Le nombre d'unités de vente nécessaires et le nombre de lieux d'achat concernés par l'échantillonnage
aléatoire sont déterminés par la taille de la zone géographique dans laquelle les cigarettes sont vendues.
Choisir les nombres appropriés selon le Tableau 2.
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ISO 8243:2006(F)
Tableau 2 — Exigences relatives à l'échantillonnage
Nombre d'unités de vente à
Nombre de points de
Nombre total de points prélever à chaque point de
prélèvement concernés par
de prélèvement prélèvement pour chaque
l'échantillonnage aléatoire
échantillon de laboratoire
> 20 20 2
> 10 u 20 10 4
W 5 u 10 5 8
4 4 10
3 3 14
2 2 20
1 1 40
Si le mode opératoire présenté au Tableau 1 ne peut pas être utilisé, il est possible d'en utiliser un autre, en
justifiant son utilisation dans le rapport d'échantillonnage. Celui-ci peut être indépendant de la taille des zones
de vente et ne pas être réalisé au hasard, mais il est satisfaisant à condition de prélever un échantillon
représentatif. Si cette autre possibilité est choisie, un total d'au moins 40 unités de vente, si possible, doit être
obtenu.
NOTE Le Tableau 2 est applicable à un échantillon de 800 cigarettes. S'il y a plus d'un laboratoire d'essai, le nombre
d'unités de vente doit être augmenté en conséquence. Il est nécessaire de s'assurer que chaque échantillon de
laboratoire est représentatif de la population, c'est-à-dire que, si plusieurs cartouches sont échantillonnées, il convient de
les sous-diviser entre les échantillons de laboratoire.
Lorsqu'une unité de vente ne correspond pas à un paquet de 20 cigarettes, ajuster le nombre d'unités de
vente échantillonnées afin de produire le nombre de cigarettes nécessaire. S'il y a plusieurs laboratoires, on
doit accorder une attention particulière au fait que chaque laboratoire doit avoir un échantillon apparié.
Les points de prélèvement à partir desquels les unités de vente doivent être obtenues doivent être répartis sur
la totalité du lieu d'achat.
Le choix des points de prélèvement doit, si possible, refléter la structure de la vente au détail des cigarettes
dans le lieu de prélèvement concerné par l'échantillonnage. À cet effet, plusieurs sortes de points de
prélèvement sont définies pour chaque schéma d'échantillonnage.
Chaque type de point de prélèvement est échantillonné au hasard sur la totalité du lieu d'achat et, au total,
l'échantillon élémentaire doit représenter une proportion définie de l'échantillon global.
L'échantillonnage ne peut être effectué en un point de prélèvement d'un autre type qu'après deux tentatives
infructueuses aux points de prélèvement du type prévu.
4.1.2 Constitution de l'échantillon de laboratoire
4.1.2.1 Prélever dans chaque unité de vente des cigarettes en proportions identiques pour les
échantillons de laboratoire (voir Tableau 2).
4.1.2.2 Si des cigarettes avec le même nom et les mêmes caractéristiques sont destinées à plusieurs
déterminations individuelles, un nombre suffisant d'unités de vente doit provenir de chaque point de
prélèvement. Si les essais doivent être effectués dans plusieurs laboratoires, chaque échantillon pour
laboratoire doit contenir u
...
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