SIST ISO 11464:2006
(Main)Soil quality -- Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis
Soil quality -- Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis
This International Standard specifies the pretreatments required for soil samples that are to be subjected to physico-chemical analyses of stable and non-volatile parameters and describes the following five types of pretreatment of samples: drying, crushing, sieving, dividing and milling. The pretreatment procedures described in this International Standard are not applicable if they affect the results of the determinations to be made. This International Standard is also not applicable to samples when volatile compounds are measured. In general, International Standards for analytical methods will state when it is necessary to adopt other procedures.
Qualité du sol -- Prétraitement des échantillons pour analyses physico-chimiques
L'ISO 11464:2006 spécifie les prétraitements nécessaires des échantillons de sol devant être soumis à des analyses physico-chimiques des paramètres stables et non-volatils et décrit les cinq types de prétraitement des échantillons suivants: séchage, broyage, tamisage, séparation et pulvérisation.
Les méthodes de prétraitement décrites dans l'ISO 11464:2006 ne doivent pas être utilisées si elles affectent les résultats des déterminations à réaliser. L'ISO 11464:2006 ne doit également pas être utilisée pour des échantillons dans lesquels on mesure des composés volatiles. En règle générale, les Normes internationales relatives aux méthodes analytiques précisent lorsqu'il est nécessaire d'adopter d'autres façons de procéder.
Kakovost tal – Priprava vzorcev za fizikalno-kemijske analize
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO11464Second edition2006-07-01Reference numberISO11464:2006(E)© ISO2006Soil quality— Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysisQualité du sol— Prétraitement des échantillons pour analyses physico-chimiques
ISO11464:2006(E)ii© ISO2006–All rights reservedPDF disclaimerThis PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shallnot be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. Indownloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariataccepts no liability in this area.Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creationparameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In theunlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.©ISO2006All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below orISO's member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel.+ 41 22 749 01 11Fax+ 41 22 749 09 47E-mailcopyright@iso.orgWebwww.iso.orgPublished in Switzerland
ISO11464:2006(E)© ISO2006–All rights reservediiiContents Page1Scope . 12Normative references . 13Principle . 14Apparatus . 35Procedure . 35.1General . 35.2Sample description . 45.3Drying . 45.3.1General . 45.3.2Air drying . 45.3.3Oven drying . 45.3.4Freeze-drying . 45.4Crushing and removal of coarse materials . 55.4.1Separation of stones, etc. . 55.4.2Crushing . 55.5Subsampling . 55.5.1General . 55.5.2Subsampling by hand (quartering) . 65.5.3Use of the sample divider . 65.5.4Mechanical subsampling . 65.6Milling . 66Test report . 6AnnexA(informative)Examples of apparatus . 8Bibliography . 11
ISO11464:2006(E)iv© ISO2006–All rights reservedForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISOtechnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has beenestablished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental andnon-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standardsadopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as anInternational Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patentrights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO11464 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC3, Chemicalmethods and soil characteristics.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO11464:1994), which has been technicallyrevised.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO11464:2006(E)© ISO2006–All rights reserved1Soil quality— Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis1ScopeThis International Standard specifies the pretreatments required for soil samples that are to be subjected tophysico-chemical analyses of stable and non-volatile parameters and describes the following five types ofpretreatment of samples: drying, crushing, sieving, dividing and milling.The pretreatment procedures described in this International Standard are not applicable if they affect the resultsof the determinations to be made. This International Standard is also not applicable to samples when volatilecompounds are measured. In general, International Standards for analytical methods will state when it isnecessary to adopt other procedures.2Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document(including any amendments) applies.ISO565, Test sieves— Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet— Nominal sizes ofopeningsISO10381-8, Soil quality— Sampling— Part8: Guidance on sampling of stockpilesISO16720, Soil quality— Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis3PrincipleSoil samples are dried in air, or in an oven at temperature not exceeding , or freeze-dried (see 5.3). Ifnecessary, the soil sample is crushed while still damp and friable, and again after drying (see 5.4). The soil issieved and the fraction smaller than
is divided into portions mechanically, or by hand, to enablerepresentative subsampling for analysis (see 5.5). If small subsamples () are required for analysis, thesize of the particles of the fraction smaller than
is further decreased (see
5.6). The necessary proceduresare given in the flow diagram in Figure1.A drying temperature of
in an oven is preferable to air drying at room temperature because the increasedspeed of the drying limits changes due to microbial activity.It should be noted that every type of pretreatment will have an influence on several soil properties.The sieve aperture size of
is generally used. However, before the pretreatment is started, it should bechecked if any of the analytical methods to be applied later require other sieve sizes.NOTEStoring soil samples, including samples that are as received, air dried, refrigerated or stored in the absence of light,for a long time may have an influence on a number of soil parameters, especially solubilities of both inorganic and organicfractions. See Reference[1].Special measures should usually be taken for samples from contaminated soils. It is important to avoid contactwith the skin and special provisions should be taken when drying such samples (air discharge, ventilation, etc.).40◦C2mm<2g2mm40◦C2mm
ISO11464:2006(E)2© ISO2006–All rights reservedFigure1—Diagram for sample pretreatment
ISO11464:2006(E)© ISO2006–All rights reserved3Samples may be hazardous because of the presence of chemical contaminants, fungal spores, or pathogenssuch as leptospirosis, and appropriate safety precautions should be taken.In this International Standard, it is generally assumed that at least
of fresh soil is available.Keeping an archive sample (see Figure1) is optional and should be clearly stated in the overall description ofthe investigation programme.4ApparatusIt is essential that the apparatus used does not add or remove any of the substances under investigation (e.g.heavy metals). If the use of certain equipment and/or materials is not permitted in pretreatment of samplesrequired for a particular physico-chemical analysis, this shall be mentioned in the relevant InternationalStandards on analysis (see Note).4.1Drying oven, thermostatically controlled, with forced ventilation and capable of maintaining a temperaturenot exceeding .4.2Freeze-drier, optional.4.3Crusher(s), mill(s), mortar and pestle, wooden or other soft-faced hammer (see Note).4.4Plate sieve, complying with ISO565, with an aperture of .4.5Mechanical mixer(s).4.6Mechanical sieve shaker, optional (see Note).4.7Subsampler or sample divider (see Note).4.8Mesh sieve, complying with ISO565, with apertures of
or of the size specified in the relevant testmethod.4.9Analytical balance, readable and accurate to .4.10Balance, readable and accurate to .NOTEThe apparatus to be used is not specified in detail, although drawings of some suitable items of equipment areprovided in FiguresA.1 to A.4. Most comparable national standards contain detailed equipment specifications and thesemay be used, provided they meet the basic performance requirements indicated in this International Standard.5Procedure5.1GeneralThe procedures for drying, fraction separation and size reduction are set out in 5.3 and 5.4. At several stages inthe procedure, the analyst will be required to make decisions, referring in particular to whether size fractions areto be combined or treated separately: this will depend on the nature of the soil and the objectives of theanalytical programme.The sample shall be rehomogenized after any separation, sieving, crushing or milling operation (that may haveresulted in segregation of different sized particles) has been carried out.WARNING—Take special precautions with samples from potentially hazardous soil. Avoid any contactwith the skin and make special provisions concerning drying (air discharge, ventilation, etc.).Care should be taken to avoid contamination of the sample via the air or by dust (e.g. from the ambientlaboratory atmosphere or between samples stored or processed close to one another).500g40◦C2mm250µm0,1g1g
ISO11464:2006(E)4© ISO2006–All rights reservedIt is recommended that pretreatment of soil material always be performed in a room used only for this purposeand remote from locations where analytical measurements are made.NOTEIf the sample has a dust-like consistency, part of it may be lost, and this may alter its physico-chemical properties.5.2Sample descriptionExamine the sample as received and record the description including details of extraneous matter, remains ofvegetation, and other noticeable or relevant features.5.3Drying5.3.1GeneralDry the complete sample in air or in a ventilated drying oven from which the moist air is removed or in a freezedryer. Depending on the chosen method of drying, follow the procedure set out in 5.3.2, 5.3.3 or 5.3.4. Dry untilthe loss in mass of the soil sample is not larger than
(mass fraction) per . After the drying process hasbeen completed, determine and record the total mass of the dried sample.To accelerate the drying process, break down the size of larger aggregates (larger than ) during theprocess. When samples are dried in air, crush them lightly by hand using a wooden hammer or a mortar andpestle, taking great care to avoid contamination. When samples are dried in an oven, remove them temporarilyfrom the oven and treat them in the same way. This procedure also makes it easier to separate the particleslarger than .Freeze-drying has the advantage that the sample to be dried rarely dries into clods; it usually breaks up intoparts.The drying time depends on the type of material, the thickness of the layer, the initial moisture content of thematerial and of the air, and on the rate of ventilation. In a drying oven, the drying time for sandy soils is usuallynot more than
and for clay soils more than . For soils containing a large proportion of fresh organicmatter (e.g. plant roots, etc.),
to
may be required.5.3.2Air dryingSpread all the material, in a layer not thicker than , on a tray which does not absorb any moisture from thesoil and which does not cause contamination.It is essential that direct sunlight be avoided and the temperature does not exceed .NOTEDirect sunlight could create large temperature differences in the sampl
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11464
Second edition
2006-07-01
Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples
for physico-chemical analysis
Qualité du sol — Prétraitement des échantillons pour analyses physico-
chimiques
Reference number
©
ISO 2006
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall
not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the
unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
©
ii ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle . 1
4 Apparatus . 3
5 Procedure . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Sample description . 4
5.3 Drying . 4
5.3.1 General . 4
5.3.2 Air drying . 4
5.3.3 Oven drying . 4
5.3.4 Freeze-drying . 4
5.4 Crushing and removal of coarse materials . 5
5.4.1 Separation of stones, etc. . 5
5.4.2 Crushing . 5
5.5 Subsampling . 5
5.5.1 General . 5
5.5.2 Subsampling by hand (quartering) . 6
5.5.3 Use of the sample divider . 6
5.5.4 Mechanical subsampling . 6
5.6 Milling . 6
6 Test report . 6
Annex A (informative) Examples of apparatus . 8
Bibliography . 11
©
ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 11464 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Chemical
methods and soil characteristics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11464:1994), which has been technically
revised.
©
iv ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11464:2006(E)
Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical
analysis
1Scope
This International Standard specifies the pretreatments required for soil samples that are to be subjected to
physico-chemical analyses of stable and non-volatile parameters and describes the following five types of
pretreatment of samples: drying, crushing, sieving, dividing and milling.
The pretreatment procedures described in this International Standard are not applicable if they affect the results
of the determinations to be made. This International Standard is also not applicable to samples when volatile
compounds are measured. In general, International Standards for analytical methods will state when it is
necessary to adopt other procedures.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 565, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes of
openings
ISO 10381-8, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 8: Guidance on sampling of stockpiles
ISO 16720, Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples by freeze-drying for subsequent analysis
3 Principle
◦
Soil samples are dried in air, or in an oven at temperature not exceeding 40 C, or freeze-dried (see 5.3). If
necessary, the soil sample is crushed while still damp and friable, and again after drying (see 5.4). The soil is
sieved and the fraction smaller than 2mm is divided into portions mechanically, or by hand, to enable
representative subsampling for analysis (see 5.5). If small subsamples (< 2g) are required for analysis, the
size of the particles of the fraction smaller than 2mm is further decreased (see 5.6). The necessary procedures
are given in the flow diagram in Figure 1.
◦
A drying temperature of 40 C in an oven is preferable to air drying at room temperature because the increased
speed of the drying limits changes due to microbial activity.
It should be noted that every type of pretreatment will have an influence on several soil properties.
The sieve aperture size of 2mm is generally used. However, before the pretreatment is started, it should be
checked if any of the analytical methods to be applied later require other sieve sizes.
NOTE Storing soil samples, including samples that are as received, air dried, refrigerated or stored in the absence of light,
for a long time may have an influence on a number of soil parameters, especially solubilities of both inorganic and organic
fractions. See Reference [1].
Special measures should usually be taken for samples from contaminated soils. It is important to avoid contact
with the skin and special provisions should be taken when drying such samples (air discharge, ventilation, etc.).
©
ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1
Figure 1 — Diagram for sample pretreatment
©
2 ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
Samples may be hazardous because of the presence of chemical contaminants, fungal spores, or pathogens
such as leptospirosis, and appropriate safety precautions should be taken.
In this International Standard, it is generally assumed that at least 500 g of fresh soil is available.
Keeping an archive sample (see Figure 1) is optional and should be clearly stated in the overall description of
the investigation programme.
4 Apparatus
It is essential that the apparatus used does not add or remove any of the substances under investigation (e.g.
heavy metals). If the use of certain equipment and/or materials is not permitted in pretreatment of samples
required for a particular physico-chemical analysis, this shall be mentioned in the relevant International
Standards on analysis (see Note).
4.1 Drying oven, thermostatically controlled, with forced ventilation and capable of maintaining a temperature
◦
40 C
not exceeding .
4.2 Freeze-drier, optional.
4.3 Crusher(s), mill(s), mortar and pestle, wooden or other soft-faced hammer (see Note).
4.4 Plate sieve, complying with ISO 565, with an aperture of 2mm.
4.5 Mechanical mixer(s).
4.6 Mechanical sieve shaker, optional (see Note).
4.7 Subsampler or sample divider (see Note).
4.8 Mesh sieve, complying with ISO 565, with apertures of 250µm or of the size specified in the relevant test
method.
4.9 Analytical balance, readable and accurate to 0,1 g.
4.10 Balance, readable and accurate to 1g.
NOTE The apparatus to be used is not specified in detail, although drawings of some suitable items of equipment are
provided in Figures A.1 to A.4. Most comparable national standards contain detailed equipment specifications and these
may be used, provided they meet the basic performance requirements indicated in this International Standard.
5 Procedure
5.1 General
The procedures for drying, fraction separation and size reduction are set out in 5.3 and 5.4. At several stages in
the procedure, the analyst will be required to make decisions, referring in particular to whether size fractions are
to be combined or treated separately: this will depend on the nature of the soil and the objectives of the
analytical programme.
The sample shall be rehomogenized after any separation, sieving, crushing or milling operation (that may have
resulted in segregation of different sized particles) has been carried out.
WARNING — Take special precautions with samples from potentially hazardous soil. Avoid any contact
with the skin and make special provisions concerning drying (air discharge, ventilation, etc.).
Care should be taken to avoid contamination of the sample via the air or by dust (e.g. from the ambient
laboratory atmosphere or between samples stored or processed close to one another).
©
ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 3
It is recommended that pretreatment of soil material always be performed in a room used only for this purpose
and remote from locations where analytical measurements are made.
NOTE If the sample has a dust-like consistency, part of it may be lost, and this may alter its physico-chemical properties.
5.2 Sample description
Examine the sample as received and record the description including details of extraneous matter, remains of
vegetation, and other noticeable or relevant features.
5.3 Drying
5.3.1 General
Dry the complete sample in air or in a ventilated drying oven from which the moist air is removed or in a freeze
dryer. Depending on the chosen method of drying, follow the procedure set out in 5.3.2, 5.3.3 or 5.3.4. Dry until
the loss in mass of the soil sample is not larger than 5% (mass fraction) per 24 h. After the drying process has
been completed, determine and record the total mass of the dried sample.
To accelerate the drying process, break down the size of larger aggregates (larger than 15 mm) during the
process. When samples are dried in air, crush them lightly by hand using a wooden hammer or a mortar and
pestle, taking great care to avoid contamination. When samples are dried in an oven, remove them temporarily
from the oven and treat them in the same way. This procedure also makes it easier to separate the particles
larger than 2mm.
Freeze-drying has the advantage that the sample to be dried rarely dries into clods; it usually breaks up into
parts.
The drying time depends on the type of material, the thickness of the layer, the initial moisture content of the
material and of the air, and on the rate of ventilation. In a drying oven, the
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 11464
Deuxième édition
2006-07-01
Qualité du sol — Prétraitement des
échantillons pour analyses physico-
chimiques
Soil quality — Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2006
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Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
©
ii ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Principe . 1
4 Appareillage . 3
5 Mode opératoire . 4
5.1 Généralités . 4
5.2 Description de l'échantillon . 4
5.3 Séchage . 4
5.3.1 Généralités . 4
5.3.2 Séchage à l'air . 5
5.3.3 Séchage à l'étuve . 5
5.3.4 Lyophilisation . 5
5.4 Broyage et élimination des matériaux grossiers . 5
5.4.1 Séparation des pierres, etc. . 5
5.4.2 Broyage (désagrégation) . 5
5.5 Sous-échantillonnage . 6
5.5.1 Généralités . 6
5.5.2 Sous-échantillonnage manuel . 6
5.5.3 Utilisation d'un diviseur d'échantillons . 6
5.5.4 Sous-échantillonnage mécanique . 6
5.6 Broyage fin (pulvérisation) . 7
6 Rapport d'essai . 7
Annexe A (informative) Exemples d'appareillage . 8
Bibliographie . 11
©
ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés iii
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la
Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de droits
de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir
identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 11464 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 3, Méthodes
chimiques et caractéristiques du sol.
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 11464:1994), dont elle constitue une
révision technique.
©
iv ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 11464:2006(F)
Qualité du sol — Prétraitement des échantillons pour analyses
physico-chimiques
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les prétraitements nécessaires des échantillons de sol devant être
soumis à des analyses physico-chimiques des paramètres stables et non-volatils et décrit les cinq types de
prétraitement des échantillons suivants: séchage, broyage, tamisage, séparation et pulvérisation.
Les méthodes de prétraitement décrites dans la présente Norme internationale ne doivent pas être utilisées si
elles affectent les résultats des déterminations à réaliser. La présente Norme internationale ne doit également
pas être utilisée pour des échantillons dans lesquels on mesure des composés volatiles. En règle générale, les
Normes internationales relatives aux méthodes analytiques précisent lorsqu'il est nécessaire d'adopter d'autres
façons de procéder.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 565, Tamis de contrôle — Tissus métalliques, tôles métalliques perforées et feuilles électroformées —
Dimensions nominales des ouvertures
ISO 10381-8, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 8: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage des
stocks de réserve
ISO 16720, Qualité du sol — Prétraitement des échantillons par lyophilisation pour analyse subséquente
3Principe
◦
Les échantillons de sol sont séchés à l'air ou dans une étuve dont la température ne dépasse pas 40 C ou sont
lyophilisés (voir 5.3). Au besoin, l'échantillon de sol est broyé, alors qu'il est encore humide et friable, et à
2mm
nouveau après le séchage (voir 5.4). Le sol est tamisé et la fraction inférieure à est fractionnée par des
moyens mécaniques ou à la main en sous-échantillons représentatifs pour les analyses (voir 5.5). Si les
analyses exigent des sous-échantillons plus petits (< 2g), il faut réduire encore plus la granulométrie de la
fraction inférieure à 2mm (voir 5.6). Le schéma fonctionnel de la Figure 1 indique les méthodes nécessaires.
◦
Un séchage à l'étuve à 40 C est préférable à un séchage à l'air à la température ambiante, du fait que la
rapidité du séchage limite les variations dues à l'activité microbienne.
II convient de noter que chaque type de prétraitement a des répercussions sur diverses caractéristiques du sol.
La dimension de 2mm d'ouverture des mailles de tamis est généralement utilisée. Avant le début du
prétraitement, il convient toutefois de vérifier si aucune des méthodes analytiques à utiliser ultérieurement ne
nécessite d'autres dimensions de tamis.
NOTE La conservation prolongée d'échantillons de sol, y compris les échantillons tels qu'ils sont reçus, séchés à l'air,
réfrigérés ou conservés à l'abri de la lumière, peut avoir une influence sur un certain nombre de paramètres du sol, en
particulier sur la solubilité des fractions inorganiques et organiques. Voir la Référence [1].
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ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés 1
Figure 1 — Schéma fonctionnel pour le prétraitement de l'échantillon
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2 ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés
II convient généralement de prendre des mesures spéciales pour les échantillons provenant de sols
contaminés. II importe d'éviter tout contact avec la peau et il convient de prendre des mesures particulières
pour le séchage desdits échantillons (ventilation, évacuation de l'air, etc.). Les échantillons peuvent être
dangereux en raison de la présence de contaminants chimiques, de spores fongiques ou de pathogènes tels
que les leptospires. Il convient donc de prendre les mesures de sécurité qui s'imposent.
Dans le cadre de la présente Norme internationale, en règle générale, on considère disposer d'au moins 500 g
de sol frais.
La conservation d'un échantillon pour archives (voir la Figure 1) est facultative et il conviendrait de l'indiquer
clairement dans la description globale du programme d'étude.
4 Appareillage
II est essentiel que l'appareillage utilisé n'ajoute ou n'élimine aucune substance à rechercher (par exemple, des
métaux lourds). Toute interdiction d'emploi de certains types d'équipements et/ou de matériaux pour le
prétraitement des échantillons nécessaires aux analyses physico-chimiques doit être précisée dans les Normes
internationales appropriées relatives aux analyses (voir la Note).
4.1 Étuve de séchage, à thermostat de contrôle et ventilation forcée capable de maintenir une température
◦
ne dépassant pas 40 C.
4.2 Lyophilisateur, facultatif.
4.3 Broyeur(s), moulin(s), mortier et pilon, maillet à tête en bois ou autres matériaux tendres (voir la Note).
2mm
4.4 Plateau perforé, conforme à I'ISO 565, avec des ouvertures de .
4.5 Mélangeur(s) mécanique(s).
4.6 Agitateur mécanique pour le tamis, facultatif (voir la Note).
4.7 Appareil de sous-échantillonnage ou diviseur d'échantillons (voir la Note).
4.8 Tamis à mailles conforme à l'ISO 565, d'ouverture de mailles de 250µm ou de la dimension spécifiée
dans la méthode d'essai correspondante.
4.9 Balance analytique, lisible et précise à 0,1 g près.
4.10 Balance, lisible et précise à 1g près.
NOTE L'appareillage à utiliser n'est pas précisé en détail, cependant les Figures A.1 à A.4 illustrent certains types
d'équipements convenant aux différentes opérations. On peut trouver dans la plupart des normes nationales comparables
des spécifications détaillées d'équipements qui peuvent convenir, sous réserve qu'elles répondent aux exigences
fonctionnelles de base stipulées par la présente Norme internationale.
5 Mode opératoire
5.1 Généralités
La méthode à suivre pour le séchage, la séparation en fractions et la réduction granulométrique est indiquée en
5.3 et 5.4. À diverses étapes du processus, l'analyste est amené à prendre des décisions, notamment quant à
la combinaison ou au traitement séparé des fractions de granulométries différentes. Cette décision dépend de
la nature du sol et des objectifs visés par le programme d'analyses.
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ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés 3
Après toute opération de séparation, de tamisage, de broyage ou de pulvérisation (pouvant provoquer la
ségrégation des particules de granulométries différentes), l'échantillon doit être homogénéisé à nouveau.
AVERTISSEMENT — Prendre des précautions particulières avec les échantillons provenant de sols
potentiellement dangereux. Éviter tout contact avec la peau et prendre des mesures spéciales en ce qui
concerne le séchage (évacuation de l'air, ventilation, etc.).
Il convient de veiller à éviter toute contamination de l'échantillon par l'air ou la poussière (par exemple, par l'air
ambiant du laboratoire ou par d'autres échantillons conservés ou traités les uns à côté des autres).
II est recommandé de toujours effectuer le prétraitement des échantillons de sol dans une pièce réservée à cet
effet, éloignée des postes servant aux mesures analytiques.
NOTE Un échantillon pulvérulent peut subir une perte partielle de substance pouvant modifier ses propriétés physico-
chimiques.
5.2 Descr
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