SIST EN 14127:2004
(Main)Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic thickness measurement
Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic thickness measurement
This document specifies the principles for ultrasonic thickness measurement of metallic and non-metallic materials by direct contact, based on measurement of time-of-flight of ultrasonic pulses only.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Dickenmessung mit Ultraschall
Dieses Dokument legt die Grundlagen fest zur Ermittlung der Dicke metallischer und nicht metallischer Werkstoffe mit Ultraschall durch unmittelbaren Kontakt mit dem Prüfgegenstand allein, basierend auf der Messung der Laufzeit von Ultraschallimpulsen.
Essais non destructifs - Mesurage de l'épaisseur par ultrasons
Le présent document spécifie les principes pour le mesurage de l?épaisseur par ultrasons de matériaux
métalliques et non métalliques par contact direct, basé sur la mesure du temps de vol d?impulsions
ultrasonores exclusivement.
Neporušitveno preskušanje – Ultrazvočno merjenje debeline
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Dickenmessung mit UltraschallEssais non destructifs - Mesurage de l'épaisseur par ultrasonsNon-destructive testing - Ultrasonic thickness measurement19.100Neporušitveno preskušanjeNon-destructive testingICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14127:2004SIST EN 14127:2004en01-november-2004SIST EN 14127:2004SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 14127:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14127August 2004ICS 19.100English versionNon-destructive testing - Ultrasonic thickness measurementEssais non destructifs - Mesurage de l'épaisseur parultrasonsZerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Dickenmessung mit UltraschallThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 February 2004.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2004 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14127:2004: ESIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword.4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms and definitions.5 4 Measurement modes.5 5 General requirements.7 5.1 Instruments.7 5.2 Probes.7 5.3 Couplant.7 5.4 Reference blocks.7 5.5 Test objects.7 5.6 Qualification of personnel.8 6 Application of the technique.8 6.1 Surface conditions and surface preparation.8 6.2 Technique.8 6.2.1 General.8 6.2.2 Measurement during manufacture.9 6.2.3 In-service measurement of residual wall thickness.9 6.3 Selection of probe.9 6.4 Selection of instrument.10 6.5 Materials different from the reference.10 6.6 Special measuring conditions.10 6.6.1 General.10 6.6.2 Measurements at temperatures below 0 °C.11 6.6.3 Measurements at elevated temperatures.11 6.6.4 Hazardous atmospheres.11 7 Instrument setting.11 7.1 General.11 7.2 Methods.12 7.2.1 General.12 7.2.2 Digital thickness instruments.12 7.2.3 A-scan Instruments.12 7.3 Check of settings.13 8 Influence on accuracy.13 8.1 Operational conditions.13 8.1.1 Surface conditions.13 8.1.2 Surface temperature.14 8.1.3 Metallic coating.14 8.1.4 Non-metallic coating.15 8.1.5 Geometry.16 8.2 Equipment.16 8.2.1 Resolution.16 8.2.2 Range.17 8.3 Evaluation of accuracy.17 8.3.1 General.17 8.3.2 Influencing parameters.17 8.3.3 Method of calculation.18 SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 3 9 Influence of materials.18 9.1 General.18 9.2 Inhomogeneity.18 9.3 Anisotropy.18 9.4 Attenuation.18 9.5 Surface conditions.18 9.5.1 General.18 9.5.2 Contact surface.18 9.5.3 Reflecting surface.19 9.5.4 Corrosion and erosion.19 10 Test report.20 10.1 General.20 10.2 General information.20 10.3 Inspection data.21 Annex A (informative)
Corrosion in vessels and piping.22 A.1 General.22 A.2 Measurement of general corrosion.22 A.2.1 Instrument.22 A.2.2 Probes.22 A.2.3 Setting of the instrument.22 A.2.4 Measuring.23 A.3 Measurement of corrosion with pitting.23 A.3.1 Instrument.23 A.3.2 Probes.23 A.3.3 Setting of the instrument.23 A.3.4 Measuring.23 Annex B (informative)
Instrument settings.27 Annex C (informative)
Parameters influencing accuracy.29 C.1 Parameters influencing accuracy.29 C.2 Methods of calculation.31 Annex D
(informative)
Measuring technique selection.34
SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 14127:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2005. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 5 1 Scope This document specifies the principles for ultrasonic thickness measurement of metallic and non-metallic materials by direct contact, based on measurement of time-of-flight of ultrasonic pulses only. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 473, Non-destructive testing Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
General principles. EN 583-2, Non-destructive testing Ultrasonic examination Part 2: Sensitivity and range setting. EN 1330-4:2000, Non-destructive testing Terminology Part 4: Terms used in ultrasonic testing. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-4:2000 apply. 4 Measurement modes The thickness of a part or structure is determined by accurately measuring the time required for a short ultrasonic pulse generated by a transducer to travel through the thickness of the material once, twice or several times. The material thickness is calculated by multiplying the known sound velocity of the material with the transit time and dividing by the number of times the pulse transits the material wall. This principle can be accomplished by applying one of the following modes, see Figure 1: Mode 1: Measure the transit time from an initial excitation pulse to a first returning echo, minus a zero correction to account for the thickness of the transducer wear surface and the couplant layer (single echo mode). Mode 2: Measure the transit time from the end of a delay line to the first backwall echo (single echo delay line mode). Mode 3: Measure the transit time between backwall echoes (multiple echoes). Mode 4: Measure the transit time for a pulse travelling from the transmitter to a receiver in contact with the backwall (through transmission mode). SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 6
Mode 1 Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4 Key A Transmit/Receive probeDTransmission pulse indication A1 Transmit probe E1 to E3Backwall echoesA2 Receive probe FInterface echoA3 Double transducer probeGDelay pathB Test object HReceived pulseC Sound path travel time Figure 1 — Measurement modes SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 7 5 General requirements 5.1 Instruments Thickness measurement can be achieved by using the following types of instruments: a) dedicated ultrasonic thickness measurement instruments with numerical display showing the measured value; b) dedicated ultrasonic thickness measurement instruments with numerical display showing the measured value and A-scan presentation (waveform display); c) instruments designed primarily for flaw detection with A-scan presentation of signals. This type of instrument may also include numerical display of thickness values. See 6.4. 5.2 Probes The following types of probes are used, these are generally longitudinal wave probes: double transducer probes; single transducer probes. See 6.3. 5.3 Couplant Acoustic contact between probe (probes) and material has to be provided, normally by application of a fluid or gel. The couplant shall not have any adverse effect on the test object, the equipment or represent a health hazard to the operator. For couplant to be used in special measuring conditions see 6.6. The coupling medium should be chosen to suit the surface conditions and the irregularities of the surface to ensure adequate coupling. 5.4 Reference blocks The measuring system shall be calibrated on one or more samples or reference blocks representative of the object to be measured, i.e. having comparable dimensions, material and structure. The thickness of the blocks or the steps should cover the range of thickness to be measured. Either the thickness or the sound velocity of the reference blocks shall be known. 5.5 Test objects The object to be measured shall allow for ultrasonic wave propagation. There shall be free access to each individual area to be measured. The surface of the area to be measured shall be free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux and spatter, oil or other extraneous matter that could interfere with the examination. If the surface is coated, the coating shall have good adhesion to the material. Otherwise it shall be removed. When measuring through coating its thickness and sound velocity need to be known unless mode 3 is used. SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 8 For further details, see Clause 8. 5.6 Qualification of personnel An operator performing ultrasonic thickness measurement according to this document shall have a basic knowledge of the physics of ultrasonics, and a detailed understanding and training related to ultrasonic thickness measurements. In addition, the operator shall have knowledge of the product and material to be measured. It is assumed that ultrasonic thickness testing is performed by qualified and capable personnel. In order to prove this qualification, it is recommended to certify the personnel in accordance with EN 473 or equivalent. NOTE For pressure equipment see directive 97/23/EC, Annex I, 3.1.3: "For pressure equipment in categories III and IV, the personnel must be approved by a third-party organization recognized by a Member State”. 6 Application of the technique 6.1 Surface conditions and surface preparation Using the pulse-echo method means that the ultrasonic pulse has to pass the contact surface between test object and the probe at least twice: when entering the object and when leaving it. Therefore a clean and even contact area with at least two times the probe's diameter is preferred. Poor contact will result in loss of energy, distortion of signal and sound path. To enable sound propagation all loose parts and non adherent coatings shall be removed by brushing or grinding. Attached layers, like colour coating, plating, enamels, may stay on the object, but only a few thickness meters are able to exclude these layers from being measured. Very often thickness measurements have to be done on corroded surfaces, e.g. storage tanks and pipelines. To increase measuring accuracy the contact surface should be ground within an area at least two times the probe's diameter. This area should be clean from corrosion products. 6.2 Technique 6.2.1 General The task of ultrasonic thickness measurements can be separated into two application areas: measurement during manufacture; in-service measurements of residual wall thickness. Each area has its own special conditions which require special measuring techniques. With a knowledge of the material, geometry and thickness to be measured and the required accuracy the most suitable measuring equipment and mode can be selected. Annex D gives further guidance: a) depending on the thickness and the material, frequencies from 100 kHz with through transmission on highly attenuative materials up to 50 MHz on thin metal sheets shall be used; b) if double transducer probes
are used then compensation for V-path error is required; c) on curved objects the diameter of the probe contact area shall be significantly smaller than the diameter of the test object; SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 9 d) the accuracy of the thickness measurement depends on how accurate the time-of-flight can be measured, depending on the mode of time-measuring (zero crossing, flank-to-flank, peak-to-peak), depending on the mode chosen (with multiple echoes, mode 3, the accuracy is higher than with modes 1 and 2), depending on the frequencies which can be used (higher frequencies provide higher accuracy than lower frequencies because of the more accurate time measurement). e) ultrasonic thickness measurement is often required over an area of the component to be measured. Where this is the case consideration should be given to the spacing between each measurement. Such spacing should be even and the use of a grid is recommended. The grid size should be selected to give a balance between the confidence in the results and the work content involved. Measuring the thickness ultrasonically means measuring the time-of-flight and then calculating the thickness assuming a constant sound velocity (see Clause 7). If the velocity is not constant within the path the sound pulse has travelled the accuracy of the measurement will be severely affected. 6.2.2 Measurement during manufacture 6.2.2.1 Modes 1, 2 and 3 Where the pulse echo mode is used, the flow charts in Figures D.1 and D.2 give guidance on the selection of the best method and equipment. Thickness measurement on clean parallel surfaces may be carried out with simple numerical display thickness instruments. On composite materials which generate echoes in addition to the backwall echo, it is recommended that thickness instruments with A-scan displays (type 5.1.b) or 5.1.c)) are used to select the correct echo of the thickness measurement. 6.2.2.2 Mode 4 If the material is highly attenuative and large thicknesses have to be measured, no echo technique can be used, i.e. only through transmission (mode 4) is applicable. Two probes on opposite sides of the test object have to be used. The instrument therefore shall allow for operation with separate transmitter and receiver (TR mode). In most cases the frequency shall be lower than 1 MHz. Special low frequency instruments from group c) in 5.1 with low frequency probes shall be used. 6.2.3 In-service measurement of residual wall thickness During in-service inspection, measurements have to be taken on materials that are subject to corrosion or erosion. The surfaces may be rough and contain pitting or other defects (see Annex A) which are areas of low reflectivity. For these applications the use of double transducer probes is recommended. The sensitivity shall be set manually to detect the bad reflecting areas. Where it is necessary to take a lot of measurements, the readings shall be values with the information on the location of the measuring point. Special inspection programs are available to achieve this (data logging). With in-service inspection the environmental conditions are very important. Equipment may be needed which can withstand high temperatures and harsh environments or has special electrical shielding. The flow charts in Figures D.3 and D.4 give guidance on in-service thickness measurements. 6.3 Selection of probe Having chosen a suitable measurement procedure according to 6.2, i.e. a general decision for a probe type (single or double transducer) has been made, there are other parameters that need to be considered when matching the probe to the measuring conditions: SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 10 Wide band probes offer a shorter pulse than narrow band probes, thus giving a suited flank or peak to start and stop the time-of-flight measurement, giving a better resolution when measuring thin sheets or coatings. Additionally a wide frequency band always gives a stable echo even when attenuating materials have to be measured. Probe size and frequency shall be chosen to cover the measurement range by a narrow sound beam to get an echo from a well defined area. For double transducer probes the focal range should cover the expected thickness range. When measuring small thicknesses a delay path should be used. The measurement should be done with the interface echo (delay path / test object) and the first backwall echo from the test object (mode 2) or to make the measurement using mode 3. The material of the delay path shall be chosen to generate a suitable interface echo. Using the same material as the test object will not generate an interface echo. When the material of the delay path has a lower acoustic impedance than the material to be tested, e.g. plastics delay on metals, there will be a phase shift of the interface echo. This has to be corrected to get accurate results. Some thickness instruments do this correction automatically. For small thicknesses it is also possible to use a double transducer probe with small focal distance. When measuring on hot surfaces, the delay path shall act as a thermal barrier. The material chosen for delay has to withstand the temperatures of the test object. The influence of the temperature on the acoustical properties of the delay path has to be known (drift of sound attenuation and velocity). Data sheets of the probe manufacturers show the range of temperatures a probe is suitable for and the time it can be used on those temperatures. 6.4 Selection of instrument Selection of instruments of type 5.1 a), b) or c) is done as follows: instruments of type 5.1 c) can be used for modes 1 to 4, see 4, and can satisfy the conditions given in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3; instruments of type 5.1 b) can be used for modes 1, 2 and 3 only; see 4, and can satisfy the conditions given in 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.3; instruments of type 5.1 a) may be preset by the manufacturer to work only in one of the modes 1, 2 or 3 (see Clause 4). The instruments shall be selected to satisfy the individual requirements given in 6.2.2.1 or 6.2.3. See also Annex D. 6.5 Materials different from the reference See Table B.1. 6.6 Special measuring conditions 6.6.1 General There shall be strict observation of all legislative procedures governing the safe use of chemicals and electrical equipment. Where there is a requirement for high accuracy measurements the calibration or reference blocks used should be at the same temperature as the item under test. SIST EN 14127:2004
EN 14127:2004 (E) 11 6.6.2 Measurements at temperatures below 0 °C For measurements below 0 ºC the couplant chosen shall retain its acoustic characteristics and have a freezing point below the test temperature. Most probes are rated for use between -20 ºC and +60 ºC, at temperatures below -20 ºC specially designed probes may be required and contact time should be limited as recommended by the manufacturer. 6.6.3 Measurements at elevated temperatures For measurements above 60 ºC a high temperature probe is required and the couplant shall be designed for use at the test temperature. It is also recommended that when using A-scan equipment it should have a ‘freeze’ mode to allow the operator to assess the signal response. The probe contact time shall be limited to the minimum time necessary to achieve measurement as recommended by the manufacturer. 6.6.4 Hazardous atmospheres In the measurement of thickness in hazardous atmospheres there shall be strict compliance with prevailing safety regulations and standards. In explosive atmospheres the probe, cable and equipment combination shall be classified as intrinsically safe and relevant safety certification and or documentation shall be checked and completed prior to use. In corrosive atmospheres the couplant shall not react adversely with the environment and shall retain its acoustic properties. 7 Instrument setting 7.1 General All instrume
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