SIST EN 926-2:2005
(Main)Paragliding equipment - Paragliders - Part 2: Requirements and test methods for classifying flight safety characteristics
Paragliding equipment - Paragliders - Part 2: Requirements and test methods for classifying flight safety characteristics
This Part of EN 926 specifies requirements and test methods for classifying the flight safety charac-teristics of paragliders in terms of the demands on pilot flying skills.
This document is intended for the use of independent testing laboratories qualified for flight testing paragliders.
Ausrüstung für das Gleitschirmfliegen - Gleitschirme - Teil 2: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren zur Klassifizierung der sicherheitsrelevanten Flugeigenschaften
Dieses Dokument legt sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren zur Klassifizierung der sicherheitsrelevanten Flugeigenschaften in Hinblick auf die Ansprüche, die an das Pilotenkönnen gestellt werden, fest.
Dieses Dokument ist für die Anwendung durch unabhängige und für Flugprüfungen an Gleitschirmen qualifizierte Prüfstellen gedacht.
Equipement pour le parapente - Parapentes - Partie 2: Exigences et procédures de test pour classification des caractéristiques de sécurité en vol
Le présent document décrit les exigences et les méthodes d'essai de classification des caractéristiques de sécurité
en vol des parapentes en termes de qualifications requises pour les pilotes.
Le présent document est destiné aux laboratoires d'essai indépendants habilités a soumettre les parapentes a des
essais en vol.
Oprema za jadralno padalstvo – Jadralna padala – 2. del: Zahteve in preskusne metode za razvrščanje po značilnostih, pomembnih za varno letenje
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 926-2:2005
01-junij-2005
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SIST ENV 926-2:2002
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Paragliding equipment - Paragliders - Part 2: Requirements and test methods for
classifying flight safety characteristics
Ausrüstung für das Gleitschirmfliegen - Gleitschirme - Teil 2: Anforderungen und
Prüfverfahren zur Klassifizierung der sicherheitsrelevanten Flugeigenschaften
Equipement pour le parapente - Parapentes - Partie 2: Exigences et procédures de test
pour classification des caractéristiques de sécurité en vol
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 926-2:2005
ICS:
97.220.40 Oprema za športe na Outdoor and water sports
prostem in vodne športe equipment
SIST EN 926-2:2005 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 926-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2005
ICS 97.220.40 Supersedes ENV 926-2:1999
English version
Paragliding equipment - Paragliders - Part 2: Requirements and
test methods for classifying flight safety characteristics
Equipement pour le parapente - Parapentes - Partie 2: Ausrüstung für das Gleitschirmfliegen - Gleitschirme - Teil
Exigences et procédures de test pour classification des 2: Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren zur Klassifzierung der
caractéristiques de sécurité en vol sicherheitsrelevanten Flugeigenschaften
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 February 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 926-2:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Requirements.6
4.1 Paraglider classes .6
4.2 Classification of flight characteristics.7
4.3 Failure .7
4.4 Flight characteristics.7
4.4.1 Inflation/take-off.7
4.4.2 Landing .8
4.4.3 Speeds in straight flight.9
4.4.4 Control movement .9
4.4.5 Pitch stability exiting accelerated flight .10
4.4.6 Pitch stability operating controls during accelerated flight.11
4.4.7 Roll stability and damping .12
4.4.8 Stability in gentle spirals .12
4.4.9 Behaviour in a steeply banked turn.13
4.4.10 Symmetric front collapse.13
4.4.11 Exiting deep stall (parachutal stall) .15
4.4.12 High angle of attack recovery.17
4.4.13 Recovery from a developed full stall .17
4.4.14 Asymmetric collapse.19
4.4.15 Directional control with a maintained asymmetric collapse .21
4.4.16 Trim speed spin tendency .21
4.4.17 Low speed spin tendency .22
4.4.18 Recovery from a developed spin .22
4.4.19 B-line stall.23
4.4.20 Big ears.24
4.4.21 Big ears in accelerated flight.26
4.4.22 Behaviour exiting a steep spiral.27
4.4.23 Alternative means of directional control.28
4.4.24 Any other flight procedure and/or configuration described in the user's manual .28
5 Flight tests.29
5.1 General.29
5.2 Apparatus .30
5.2.1 Test pilot equipment.30
5.2.2 Ground equipment.30
5.3 Test specimen.30
5.3.1 Selection .30
5.3.2 Marking .30
5.3.3 Folding lines.31
5.4 Test conditions .31
5.5 Procedure .31
5.5.1 General.31
5.5.2 Trimmers.32
5.5.3 Other adjustable or removable devices .32
5.5.4 Video documentation .32
5.5.5 Radio documentation .32
5.5.6 Harness dimensions.32
5.5.7 Ballast .33
5.5.8 Sitting position.33
5.5.9 Controls in hand .33
5.5.10 Wraps .33
2
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
5.5.11 Maximum travel of the accelerator .33
5.5.12 Timing when starting test measurements .33
5.5.13 Timing when exiting stalled flight conditions .33
5.5.14 Exiting developed spin rotation.33
5.5.15 Pitch angles .33
5.5.16 Keep course .34
5.5.17 Twist.34
5.5.18 Collapse on the opposite side .34
5.5.19 Details of test manoeuvres to be carried out .34
6 Test report.40
7 User's manual .41
8 Manufacturing record.43
9 Marking.44
Annex A (normative) Measuring suspension line lengths .45
Bibliography.46
3
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 926-2:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, play-
ground and other recreational equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be with-
drawn at the latest by September 2005.
This document supersedes ENV 926-2:1999.
This document is one of a series of standards on equipment for paragliding as follows:
EN 926-1, Paragliding equipment — Paragliders — Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural
strength.
EN 926-2, Paragliding equipment — Paragliders — Part 2: Requirements and test methods for classifying
flight safety characteristics.
EN 1651, Paragliding equipment — Harnesses — Safety requirements and strength tests.
EN 12491, Paragliding equipment — Emergency parachutes — Safety requirements and test methods.
This document includes a Bibliography.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Den-
mark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxem-
bourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and
United Kingdom.
4
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods for classifying the flight safety characteristics of para-
gliders in terms of the demands on pilot flying skills.
This document is intended for the use of independent testing laboratories qualified for flight testing paragliders.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated refer-
ences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
EN 926-1, Paragliding equipment — Paragliders — Part 1: Requirements and test methods for structural
strength
EN 966, Helmets for airborne sports
EN 12491, Paragliding equipment — Emergency parachutes — Safety requirements and test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
paraglider
ultralight glider with no primary rigid structure, for which take-off and landing are on foot, with the pilot (and
potentially one passenger) carried in a harness (or harnesses) connected to the wing
3.2
harness
assembly composed of straps and fabric for supporting the pilot in the seated or semi-recumbent or standing
position
[EN 1651:1999]
NOTE The harness is attached to the wing via two connectors; it can also be integral with the wing via risers.
3.3
emergency parachute
emergency device intended to slow the descent of a paraglider pilot in the event of an incident in flight, which
is deployed by the pilot by an intentional manual action. This may be unsteered or steerable
[EN 12491:2001]
3.4
controls
primary steering and speed controls which are designated as such by the manufacturer
3.5
trimmer
lockable pitch adjustment system, i.e. action by the pilot is required to return it to the initial position
5
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
3.6
accelerator
secondary pitch control mechanism operated by the feet (generally), which automatically returns to the initial
position when the action of the pilot stops
3.7
action of the pilot
any transfer of weight, action on the controls, the accelerator or on the trimmer
3.8
normal flight
flight condition in which the paraglider is fully inflated and is following a trajectory close to straight flight (at a
speed close to trim speed) without any action on the part of the pilot. A small number of cells may still be col-
lapsed
3.9
spontaneous recovery
without any action on the part of the pilot, the paraglider returns to normal flight
3.10
front collapse
front collapse is considered to have occurred when the top surface is visible from the underside of the
paraglider. Deformation of the leading edge is not considered to be a front collapse
3.11
cascade
transition from one involuntary abnormal flight condition to another involuntary abnormal flight condition
3.12
minimum speed
slowest airspeed maintainable without entering a deep stall or full stall
3.13
trim speed
airspeed of the paraglider in straight flight without activating the controls or the accelerator
3.14
maximum speed
airspeed of the paraglider in straight flight with the controls in the zero position and the accelerator fully acti-
vated. Maximum speed is only used when referring to gliders equipped with an accelerator
3.15
low speed
airspeed of the paraglider in straight flight with the controls at 50 % of travel between the zero and the sym-
metric stall position (i.e. 50 % of the symmetric control travel)
3.16
weight in flight
total weight (mass) of the pilot and his entire paragliding equipment (including the glider) ready to fly; for the
purposes of this document masses are indicated in kg, rounded to the nearest integer value. The term weight
may be used instead of mass
4 Requirements
4.1 Paraglider classes
The class of a paraglider is determined according to 4.2.
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
The class is intended to give pilots a guideline whether a paraglider is suitable for their levels of skills (see
Table 1).
Table 1 — Description of the paraglider classes
Class Description of flight characteristics Description of pilot skills required
A Paragliders with maximum passive safety and Designed for all pilots including pilots under all
extremely forgiving flying characteristics. Gliders levels of training.
with good resistance to departures from normal
flight.
B Paragliders with good passive safety and forgiv- Designed for all pilots including pilots under all
ing flying characteristics. Gliders with some re- levels of training.
sistance to departures from normal flight.
C Paragliders with moderate passive safety and Designed for pilots familiar with recovery tech-
with potentially dynamic reactions to turbulence niques, who fly “actively” and regularly, and un-
and pilot errors. Recovery to normal flight may derstand the implications of flying a glider with
require precise pilot input. reduced passive safety.
D Paragliders with demanding flying characteris- Designed for pilots well practised in recovery
tics and potentially violent reactions to turbu- techniques, who fly very actively, have signifi-
lence and pilot errors. Recovery to normal flight cant experience of flying in turbulent conditions,
requires precise pilot input. and who accept the implications of flying such a
wing.
4.2 Classification of flight characteristics
When testing in accordance with the procedures 5.5.19.1 to 5.5.19.24, various aspects of the paraglider's be-
haviour are measured. These measurements are classified according to 4.4.1 to 4.4.24.
The class of a paraglider according to this document is determined by the highest classification obtained (i.e.
by the highest level of pilot skill required, see Table 1).
4.3 Failure
The glider has failed the test procedure if either:
a) as a consequence of tests 5.5.19.1 to 5.5.19.24 any failure of any part or component occurs;
b) the results of any of the tests 5.5.19.1 to 5.5.19.24 are not classified A, B, C or D.
NOTE In the classification tables in 4.4.1 to 4.4.24 the letter "F" (failed) is used to identify unacceptable behaviour.
4.4 Flight characteristics
4.4.1 Inflation/take-off
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.1 it is found out how difficult it is to take-off with this glider (including
checking for undesirable tendencies).
The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 2 and classified according to Table 3.
7
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
Table 2 — Measurements and possible ranges
in the inflation/take-off test
Measurement Ranges
Rising behaviour Smooth, easy and constant rising
Overshoots, shall be slowed
down to avoid a front collapse
Hangs back
Special take off technique No
required
Yes
Table 3 — Classification of a paraglider's behaviour
in the inflation/take-off test
Measurement and ranges (according to Table 2) Classification
Rising behaviour
Smooth, easy and constant rising A
Overshoots, shall be slowed down to C
avoid a front collapse
Hangs back D
Special take off technique required
No A
Yes C
4.4.2 Landing
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.2 it is found out how difficult it is to flare and land this glider (including
checking for undesirable tendencies).
The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 4 and classified according to Table 5.
Table 4 — Measurements and possible ranges in the landing test
Measurement Ranges
Special landing technique required No
Yes
Table 5 — Classification of a paraglider's behaviour in the landing test
Measurement and ranges (according to Table 4) Classification
Special landing technique required
No A
Yes D
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
4.4.3 Speeds in straight flight
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.3 it is made sure that the paraglider is not too slow (hands up) and an
adequate speed range is achievable using the controls only (not activating the accelerator).
The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 6 and classified according to Table 7.
(The speeds recorded in this test are not to be published.)
Table 6 — Measurements and possible ranges in the speeds
in straight flight test
Measurement Ranges
Trim speed more than 30 km/h Yes
No
Speed range using the controls larger than Yes
10 km/h
No
Minimum speed Less than 25 km/h
25 km/h to 30 km/h
Greater than 30 km/h
Table 7 — Classification of a paraglider's behaviour in the speeds
in straight flight test
Measurement and ranges (according to Table 6) Classification
Trim speed more than 30 km/h
Yes A
No F
Speed range using the controls larger than
10 km/h
Yes A
No F
Minimum speed
Less than 25 km/h A
25 km/h to 30 km/h B
Greater than 30 km/h D
4.4.4 Control movement
The paraglider shall have acceptable control force and control travel.
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.4 the glider's control force and control travel are measured according
to Table 8 and classified according to Table 9.
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
Table 8 — Measurements and possible ranges in the control movement test
Measurement Ranges
Symmetric control pressure Increasing
Approximately constant
Decreasing
Symmetric control travel Ranges, Ranges, Ranges,
max. weight in flight max. weight in flight max. weight in flight
up to 80 kg 80 to 100 kg greater than 100 kg
Greater than 55 cm Greater than 60 cm Greater than 65 cm
40 cm to 55 cm 45 cm to 60 cm 50 cm to 65 cm
35 cm to 40 cm 35 cm to 45 cm 35 cm to 50 cm
Less than 35 cm Less than 35 cm Less than 35 cm
Table 9 — Classification of a paraglider's behaviour in the control movement test
Measurement and ranges (according to Table 8) Classifi-
cation
Symmetric control Symmetric control travel
pressure
Max. weight in flight Max. weight in flight Max. weight in flight
up to 80 kg 80 kg to 100 kg greater than 100 kg
Increasing Greater than 55 cm Greater than 60 cm Greater than 65 cm A
Increasing 40 cm to 55 cm 45 cm to 60 cm 50 cm to 65 cm C
Increasing 35 cm to 40 cm 35 cm to 45 cm 35 cm to 50 cm D
Increasing Less than 35 cm Less than 35 cm Less than 35 cm F
Approximately constant Greater than 55 cm Greater than 60 cm Greater than 65 cm B
Approximately constant 40 cm to 55 cm 45 cm to 60 cm 50 cm to 65 cm C
Approximately constant 35 cm to 40 cm 35 cm to 45 cm 35 cm to 50 cm F
Approximately constant Less than 35 cm Less than 35 cm Less than 35 cm F
Decreasing Greater than 55 cm Greater than 60 cm Greater than 65 cm F
Decreasing 40 cm to 55 cm 45 cm to 60 cm 50 cm to 65 cm F
Decreasing 35 cm to 40 cm 35 cm to 45 cm 35 cm to 50 cm F
Decreasing Less than 35 cm Less than 35 cm Less than 35 cm F
4.4.5 Pitch stability exiting accelerated flight
This test is only required for paragliders equipped with an accelerator.
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.5 it is checked that the paraglider returns to normal flight when the
accelerator is quickly released.
The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 10 and classified according to Table 11.
10
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
Table 10 — Measurements and possible ranges in the pitch stability
exiting accelerated flight test
Measurement Ranges
Dive forward angle on exit Dive forward less than 30°
Dive forward 30° to 60°
Dive forward more than 60°
Collapse occurs Yes
No
Table 11 — Classification of a paraglider's behaviour in the pitch
stability exiting accelerated flight test
Measurement and ranges (according to Table 10) Classification
Dive forward angle on exit
Dive forward less than 30° A
Dive forward 30° to 60° C
Dive forward more than 60° F
Collapse occurs
No A
Yes F
4.4.6 Pitch stability operating controls during accelerated flight
This test is only required for paragliders equipped with an accelerator.
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.6 the behaviour of the paraglider after activating the controls in
accelerated flight is checked.
The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 12 and classified according to Table 13.
Table 12 — Measurements and possible ranges in the pitch stability
operating controls during accelerated flight test
Measurement Ranges
Collapse occurs No
Yes
Table 13 — Classification of a paraglider's behaviour in the pitch
stability operating controls during accelerated flight test
Measurement and ranges (according to Table 12) Classification
Collapse occurs
No A
Yes F
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
4.4.7 Roll stability and damping
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.7 it is checked that the paraglider returns to normal flight from large
control input and that roll oscillations are damped.
The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 14 and classified according to Table 15
Table 14 — Measurements and possible ranges in the roll stability
and damping test
Measurement Ranges
Oscillations Reducing
Not reducing
Table 15 — Classification of a paraglider's behaviour in the roll stability
and damping test
Measurement and ranges (according to Table 14) Classification
Oscillations
Reducing A
Not reducing F
4.4.8 Stability in gentle spirals
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.8 the glider's behaviour during and exiting from gentle spirals is meas-
ured according to Table 16 and classified according to Table 17.
Table 16 — Measurements and possible ranges in the stability
in gentle spirals test
Measurement Ranges
Tendency to return to straight flight Spontaneous exit
Turn remains
constant
Turn tightens
Table 17 — Classification of a paraglider's behaviour in the stability
in gentle spirals test
Measurement and ranges (according to Table 16) Classification
Tendency to return to straight flight
Spontaneous exit A
Turn remains constant C
Turn tightens F
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EN 926-2:2005 (E)
4.4.9 Behaviour in a steeply banked turn
When tested in accordance with 5.5.19.9 the glider's roll control is assessed by entering a spiral dive.
The behaviour of the paraglider is measured according to Table 18 and classified according to Table 19. The
sink rate is recorded and may be published for reasons of documentation and information.
Table 18 — Measurement
...
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