SIST EN 13451-1:2011
(Main)Swimming pool equipment - Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods
Swimming pool equipment - Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods
This standard specifies general safety requirements and test methods for equipment used in public swimming and some water associated activities. For particular types of equipment, these requirements are supplemented or modified by requirements of subsequent product specific parts of this standard. Where specific standard exist, this general standard shall not be used alone.
Schwimmbadgeräte - Teil 1: Allgemeine sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren
Diese Norm legt allgemeine sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren für Geräte fest, die in nach EN 15288 typisierten Schwimmbädern benutzt werden.
Wenn besondere Normen vorhanden sind, darf diese allgemeine Norm nicht allein verwendet werden.
Besondere Aufmerksamkeit ist erforderlich, wenn diese allgemeine Norm allein auf Geräte angewendet wird, für die noch keine produktspezifische Norm veröffentlicht wurde.
Equipement de piscine - Partie 1: Exigences générales de sécurité et méthodes d'essai
La présente norme spécifie des exigences de sécurité et des méthodes d'essai générales pour un équipement utilisé dans des piscines classées telles que spécifiées dans l'EN 15288.
Lorsqu'il existe des normes spécifiques, la présente norme générale ne doit pas être utilisée seule.
Il est nécessaire de prendre les précautions nécessaires lors de l'application de la présente norme seule pour un équipement pour lequel aucune norme spécifique à ce produit n'a encore été publiée.
Oprema za plavalne bazene - 1. del: Splošne varnostne zahteve in preskusne metode
Ta standard določa splošne varnostne zahteve in preskusne metode za opremo, ki se uporablja pri javnih vodnih aktivnostih in nekaterih z vodo povezanih aktivnostih. Za določene vrste opreme so te zahteve dopolnjene ali spremenjene z zahtevami naknadnih, s proizvodnjo povezanih delov tega standarda. Kjer obstaja določen standard, se ta splošni standard ne sme uporabljati sam.
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Oprema za plavalne bazene - 1. del: Splošne varnostne zahteve in preskusne metodeSchwimmbadgeräte - Teil 1: Allgemeine sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und PrüfverfahrenEquipement de piscine - Partie 1: Exigences générales de sécurité et méthodes d'essaiSwimming pool equipment - Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods97.220.10Športni objektiSports facilitiesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13451-1:2011SIST EN 13451-1:2011en,fr,de01-december-2011SIST EN 13451-1:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13451-1:20021DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13451-1
September 2011 ICS 97.220.10 Supersedes EN 13451-1:2001English Version
Swimming pool equipment -Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods
Equipement de piscine - Partie 1: Exigences générales de sécurité et méthodes d'essai
Schwimmbadgeräte - Teil 1: Allgemeine sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen und Prüfverfahren This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 July 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13451-1:2011: ESIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .31Scope .52Normative references .53Terms and definitions .54Safety requirements .84.1Structural integrity .84.2Minimum space .94.3Handrails, barriers, safety barriers .94.4Surfaces . 114.5Protrusions . 114.6Edges and corners. 124.7Entrapment, crushing and shearing points . 134.8Slip resistance . 144.9Fittings . 144.10Removable protection devices . 154.11Alteration of existing equipment . 155Test methods . 155.1General . 155.2Test report . 156Instruction and information . 166.1Installation . 166.2Technical operation . 166.3Inspection and maintenance . 167Marking . 17Annex A (normative)
Loads . 18Annex B (normative)
Method of calculation of structural integrity . 23Annex C (normative)
Physical testing of structural integrity . 25Annex D (normative)
Methods of test for entrapment . 27Annex E (normative)
Testing of slip resistance . 30Annex F (normative)
Alternate method for the determination of resistance to slipping . 32Annex G (normative)
Use of stainless steel with load bearing functions in the swimming pool atmosphere . 37Bibliography . 39 SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13451-1:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 136 “Sports, playground and other recreational facilities and equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 13451-1:2001. EN 13451, Swimming pool equipment, consists of the following parts: Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods Part 2: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for ladders, stepladders and handle bends Part 3: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for inlets and outlets and water/air based water leisure features Part 4: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for starting platforms Part 5: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for lane lines Part 6: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for turning boards Part 7: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for water polo goals Part 10: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for diving platforms, diving springboards and associated equipment
Part 11: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for moveable pool floors and moveable bulkheads
This standard may also be applicable to other equipment not specified, provided the safety requirements are fulfilled. There can be additional requirements for purposes such as competition swimming and advice should be sought from the governing body of the sport in question. In relation to EN 13451-1:2001 the following main amendments have been made: a) scope modified in accordance with EN 15288-1 and EN 15288-2; b) definition pool/swimming pool deleted; c) requirements for materials (see 4.1.2) added; d) requirements for barriers (see 4.3) added; SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 4 e) requirements for suctions deleted and will be moved to EN 13451-3; f) requirements for entrapment, crushing and shearing points (see 4.7) added; g) requirements for the
test report (see 5.2) modified; h) values of total vertical user load (see Table A.1) modified; i) only two test probes for the test methods of head and neck entrapment (see Annex D); j) normative Annex F "Alternate method for the determination of resistance to slipping" added; k) normative Annex G "Use of stainless steel with load bearing functions in the swimming pool atmosphere" added. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies general safety requirements and test methods for equipment used in classified swimming pools as specified in EN 15288-1 and EN 15288-2. Where specific standards exist, this general standard should not be used alone. Special care is required in applying this general standard alone to equipment for which no product specific standard has yet been published. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1990, Eurocode — Basis of structural design EN 1991-1-2, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures — Part 1-2: General actions — Actions on structures exposed to fire EN 1991-1-3, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures — Part 1-3: General actions — Snow loads EN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures — Part 1-4: General actions — Wind actions EN 10088-1, Stainless steels — Part 1: List of stainless steels EN 10088-2, Stainless steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes EN 12503-1, Sports mats — Part 1: Gymnastic mats, safety requirements EN 12503-5, Sports mats — Part 5: Determination of the base friction EN 12503-6, Sports mats — Part 6: Determination of the top friction EN 15288-1, Swimming pools — Part 1: Safety requirements for design EN ISO 12100, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15288-1 and the following apply. 3.1 swimming pool equipment components installed in and around a basin, designated: to operate the basin and its functionally adjoining areas; to use it and its functionally adjoining areas SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 6 NOTE These components can be part of the swimming pool technology (e.g. water inlets or outlets), to assist the users (e.g. ladders), or for competitive and training use (e.g. starting platforms), or for leisure (e.g. fountains). 3.2 crushing point place where parts of the equipment can move against each other, or against a fixed area so that persons, or parts of their body, can be crushed [EN 1176-1:2008, 3.10] 3.3 shearing point place where part of the equipment can move past a fixed or other moving part, or past a fixed area so that persons, or parts of their body, can be cut [EN 1176-1:2008, 3.11] 3.4 grip holding of the hand around the entire circumference of a support NOTE See Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Grip [EN 1176-1:2008, 3.15] 3.5 grasp holding of the hand around part of the circumference of a support NOTE See Figure 2. SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 7
Figure 2 — Grasp [EN 1176-1:2008, 3.16] 3.6 finger hold holding which is found with hand, at least with the finger head by hooking in 3.7 entrapment hazard presented by the situation in which a body, or part of a body, the hair or clothing can become trapped NOTE Entrapment hazard can arise from situations where the body, its parts, etc. get trapped, but also from situations where the body of the user has no complete freedom to emerge from the water, e.g. when swimming underneath a stepladder. 3.8 edge line being formed by two surfaces of something solid which meet one another 3.9 corner point being formed by two or more edges which meet one another 3.10 minimum space smallest space required for the safe installation and use of the equipment 3.11 minimum zone for use minimum space required for anyone who may come into contact with equipment 3.12 protrusion object, or a portion of an object, that stands or protrudes in/into the minimum zone for use 3.13 handrail rail intended to assist the user to balance [EN 1176-1:2008, 3.21] 3.14 barrier means of segregation to prevent movement or access SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 8 3.15 safety barrier barrier designed to prevent users from falling over, through or beneath 3.16 slit small opening < 8 mm, where entrapment is possible, which can cause a risk of drowning 3.17 grid component to cover an overflow channel or an opening, designed to allow the passage of water 4 Safety requirements 4.1 Structural integrity
4.1.1 General Structural integrity, including stability, of the equipment shall be assessed by one of the following: a) calculation, carried out in accordance with Annex A and Annex B; b) physical testing, in accordance with Annex C; or c) a combination of a) and b). When calculations are carried out in accordance with Annex B, no limit states shall be exceeded at combinations of loads as given in B.2. When tested in accordance with Annex C, the equipment shall not show any cracks or damage. Deformation shall remain within the elastic field. In some cases, these specific calculations or tests are not appropriate but the structural integrity shall be at least equivalent. Each structure shall resist both the permanent and variable loads acting on equipment and parts of equipment as described in Annex C. No allowance for accidental loads, i.e. loads produced by fire, collision by vehicles or earthquake has to be made for swimming pool equipment. The loads associated with fatigue are much smaller than the loads in combination with the appropriate load factors when calculated according to B.2. Therefore, swimming pool equipment need not be verified for fatigue. Structural parts shall resist the worst case loading condition. If a piece of equipment is made by components, it has to be constructed in such a way that every component is secured in its working position. 4.1.2 Materials 4.1.2.1 General Any material may be used provided it is fit for purpose, also considering the particular characteristics of the swimming pool environment (e.g. oxidizing atmosphere, humidity, ageing). SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 9 Where stainless steel is used, see 4.1.2.2, and where plastic material is used, see 4.1.2.3. Risk assessment should be developed according to EN ISO 12100. 4.1.2.2 Use of stainless steel As stress corrosion cracking may affect stainless steel in the swimming pool atmosphere, wherever the use of stainless steel is considered a design risk assessment shall be carried out. For the selection and use of stainless steel with safety critical load bearing function in the swimming pool atmosphere, see Annex G. 4.1.2.3 Use of plastic Wherever the risk assessment identifies possible hazards for users in case of progressive degradation of plastic components, appropriate actions shall be taken (e.g. stating a maximum life span, necessity of periodical inspection). Wherever the design risk assessment identifies the possibility of fracture or failure due to degradation, the component shall be subject to continuing risk assessment. NOTE For a possible ageing test see NF T 54-405-1. 4.2 Minimum space The manufacturer/supplier shall indicate the minimum space needed for the installation, operation and use of their equipment. 4.3 Handrails, barriers, safety barriers 4.3.1 Handrails Handrails for general use shall be not less than 800 mm and not more than 1 100 mm above the foot position. Handrails designed for children only shall be not less than 600 mm and not more than 850 mm above the foot position.
4.3.2 Barriers The design of the barriers shall not encourage the users to stand or sit on them and shall prevent climbing. Barriers may be in form of gratings, full faced panels or walls. NOTE The design should consider the visual needs connected with the use of the facility. 4.3.3 Safety barriers Safety barriers shall be used to prevent users from falling from heights > 600 mm, except in situations where a risk assessment shows that a safety barrier is not necessary.
Gaps shall have a width ≤ 110 mm and where two or more safety barriers are used in combination (e.g. ladder, stair and platform) the safety barrier shall be designed to give continuous protection. Safety barriers shall have a height ≥ 1 000 mm, measured from the highest point on which a person can stand within 1 000 mm from the barriers themselves, see Figure 3. SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 10 Dimensions in millimetres
Key 1 highest standing point 2 platform 3 safety barrier within 1 000 mm from a higher standpoint 4 safety barrier outside 1 000 mm from a higher standpoint 3, 4 are different possibilities for placing barriers X height of highest point on which a person can stand Figure 3 — Height of the safety barriers 4.3.4 Grip The cross section of any component designed to be gripped shall have in any direction, when measured across its centre, a dimension not less than 16 mm and not more than 50 mm. 4.3.5 Grasp The thickness of any component designed to be grasped shall have a width not exceeding 60 mm. 4.3.6 Finger hold The minimum space for clutching shall be at least 15 mm high and at least 20 mm wide. For an example, see Figure 4. SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 11 EXAMPLE
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 4 — Finger hold 4.4 Surfaces 4.4.1 Surface finishing The surface finishing in the minimum zone for use shall not present any risk of injury. Special attention shall be paid to: the finishing of welds; the risk of splintering. 4.4.2 Surface materials The materials in contact with the water shall have no detrimental effect on its quality and shall be fit for purpose. 4.5 Protrusions NOTE Protrusions are a hazard of impact or entrapment especially where water movement can cause involuntary movement of users. Protrusions with a height h ≤ 3 mm, not shielded by adjacent areas as shown in Figure 5 a), shall be rounded with a radius R > h/2 or chamfered in accordance with Figure 5 b). Protrusions with a height h > 3 mm to ≤ 15 mm, not shielded by adjacent areas, as shown in Figure 5 a), shall be rounded with a radius R ≥ 3 mm. See Figure 5 c). Protrusions with a height h > 15 mm, not shielded by adjacent areas or additional measures (e.g. handles for counter-flow plants), for the first 15 mm of projection shall be radiused as stated in the previous paragraph, and for the remaining projection shall have an inclination of < 45°, tangentially connected. See Figure 5 d). SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 12 Dimensions in millimetres
a) Example of a countersunk part shielded by adjacent areas
b) Example of a protrusion height ≤ 3 mm
c) Example of a protrusion height >>>> 3 mm ≤ 15 mm d) Example of a protrusion height >>>> 15 mm Key 1 free space, see entrapment requirements B max. width of the protrusion for height > 15 mm L min. width of the flat top part of the protrusion H height of a protrusion between > 15 mm and < 75 mm h height of a protrusion between > 3 mm and ≤ 15 mm R radius Figure 5 — Safety requirements for protrusions 4.6 Edges and corners Edges and corners within the minimum zone shall be radiused depending on the result of design risk assessment. NOTE A minimum radius of 3 mm proved to be suitable in all conditions. SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 13 4.7 Entrapment, crushing and shearing points 4.7.1 General Entrapment, crushing and shearing hazards shall be identified and considered in the risk assessment. Equipment shall be constructed so that any openings do not create an entrapment hazard or, in the case of moving equipment, a crushing or shearing hazard. 4.7.2 Permissible openings 4.7.2.1 Principle Any user accessible openings shall be restricted to the following range of opening or gap size dimensions; 0 mm to 8 mm, 25 mm to 110 mm and 230 mm or more, unless specifically permitted in other clauses/annexes of this European Standard and/or parts of this standard series. The permissible opening or gap size dimensions apply where the length of the opening exceeds the width. 4.7.2.2 Finger and toe entrapment Where there is a risk of finger or toe entrapment, the permissible opening shall be ≤ 8mm and the test in D.2 and D.3 shall be applied. If probe C does not pass through the opening compliance is achieved. If probe C passes through the opening, probe D shall also pass. 4.7.2.3 Foot and hand entrapment Where there is a risk of foot or hand entrapment the permissible opening shall be ≥ 25 mm and ≤ 110 mm and the test in D.1 and D.3 shall be applied. If probe D passes through the opening, probe A shall not pass. 4.7.2.4 Head or neck entrapment Where there is a risk of head or neck entrapment the permissible opening shall be ≤ 110 mm or ≥ 230 mm and the test in D.1 shall be applied. If probe A passes through the opening with a clearance ≤ 1 mm compliance is achieved. If probe A passes through the opening with a clearance ≥ 1 mm, probe B shall also pass. Where an opening is ≥ 230 mm it should not permit passage to further entrapment hazards or danger. Where there is a combination of risks, the lesser of the permitted opening sizes shall be used. 4.7.3 Protections and grids Where openings are protected or dimensionally restricted (e.g. by cover plates or grids) such devices shall not be removable without the use of tools or tamper proof techniques. 4.7.4 Moving parts Equipment shall be constructed so that there are no crushing or shearing hazards between moving parts and/or fixed parts. Where opening sizes change during use due to movement, the permissible opening sizes stated in 4.7.2 shall apply. SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 14 4.7.5 Slits Slits creating an entrapment hazard (e.g. nails, hair) shall be: avoided by design; eliminated by technical means (e.g. elastic gaskets) when generated by the installation of the equipment. 4.7.6 Entrapment of hair Hair entrapment shall be avoided. Particular attention shall be paid to the elimination of slits, especially around suction outlets, where the effect of suction may increase the risk, wherever a complete elimination is technically not possible, the remaining entrapment points shall be protected. NOTE 1 Slits proved to be especially a hair entrapment hazard. NOTE 2 The test method for the hair entrapment test is specified in EN 13451-3. 4.8 Slip resistance
Surfaces of the equipment, where the user can stand or walk on with bare feet and which may be tested in accordance with Annex E, shall comply with Table 1. Table 1 — Minimum angles to be obtained for specific surfaces
Surfaces of equipment Rating group — installed in horizontal pool areas from 800 mm to 1 350 mm water depth 12° — installed in horizontal pool areas from 0 mm to 800 mm water depth — installed in up to 8° inclined pool areas from 0 mm to 1 350 mm water depth — installed in pool surrounding areas occasionally wetted 18° — installed in more than 8° inclined pool areas from 0 mm to 1 350 mm water depth — steps, starting platforms, treads of ladders and stepladders 24°
Surfaces of the equipment where the user can stand or walk with bare feet, which may not be tested in accordance with Annex E, shall be tested complying with Annex F. 4.9 Fittings Fittings, either fixed or removable, shall be: a) considered as integral part of the equipment; b) subjected to the same safety requirements; c) tested with the equipment in its working position. Fittings for removable equipment/items not in use (e.g. for starting blocks) shall be protected by suitable tamper proof devices when the equipment/item is removed. Where new equipment utilises existing installed fittings the contractor (supplier/manufacturer/installer of the new equipment) shall assess their suitability.
SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 15 4.10 Removable protection devices Where removable protection devices are used to prevent risks (e.g. cover plates for fixings not in use, grids for suction outlets) they shall not be removable without the use of tools or of tamper proof techniques. 4.11 Alteration of existing equipment If existing equipment becomes altered or partially reused, the person who alters the equipment (manufacturer, supplier, installer, operator, etc.) is responsible for the compliance of the complete modified equipment to this European Standard. 5 Test methods 5.1 General Unless otherwise specified, the requirements of Clause 4 shall be verified by the most appropriate method: measurement, visual examination or practical tests. For production line items, a minimum of three representative samples shall be tested. For testing, the sample shall be installed according to manufacturer's instructions in conditions appropriate to its use. 5.2 Test report The test report shall include at least the following information: a) name and address of testing body and location where the test was carried out when different from the address of the test body; b) unique identification of report (such as serial number) and of each page, and total number of pages of the
report; c) a reference to this European Standard; d) name and address of client; e) description and identification of the test item; f) date of receipt of test item, if applicable, and date(s) of performance of test; g) identification of the test specification or description of the method or procedure; h) description of sampling procedure, where relevant; i) any deviations, additions or exclusions from the test specification, and any other information relevant to a specific test; j) measurements, examinations and derived results, supported by tables, graphs, sketches and photographs as appropriate, and any failures identified; k) a statement on measurement uncertainty (where relevant); l) a signature and title or an equivalent marking of person(s) accepting technical responsibility for the test report and date of issue. SIST EN 13451-1:2011
EN 13451-1:2011 (E) 16 6 Instruction and information 6.1 Installation An equipment delivery part list shall be supplied with the equipment. The information shall state if a level of competence for installation is required, and shall include at least the following, wherever applicable: a) the equipment and parts identification; b) the erection sequence; c) matching aids where necessary, e.g. signs on parts accompanied by appropriate instructions; d) the need of any special tools or other assembly aids to be used; e) any precautionary measures to be taken; f) the values and dimensions to be complied with; g) technical details needed for the design of foundation and of fixings, if not supplied. 6.2 Technical operation Operating instruction shall be supplied and shall include at least: a) any measure required prior to first use of the equipment; b) any measure required during the run-in period; c) operational instructions; d) a statement if an incomplete equipment is a hazard. 6.3 Inspection and maintenance Instructions for scheduled inspection shall be provided if needed and/or applicable. To define them it shall be considered that the frequency of inspection will vary with the type of equipment or materials used and other factors. The instructions for maintenance shall specify the following: a) drawings and diagrams, necessary for inspection, maintenance, checking of correct operation and appropriate repair of the equipment; b) the servicing points and methods of servicing, e.g. lubrication, tightening of
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