SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
(Main)Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-05)
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-05)
This European Standard specifies fundamental techniques of computed radiography with the aim of enabling satisfactory
and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on the fundamental theory of the subject and
tests measurements. This document specifies the general rules for industrial computed X- and gamma radiography for flaw
detection purposes, using storage phosphor imaging plates (IP). It is based on the general principles for radiographic
examination of metallic materials on the basis of films (ISO 5579). The basic set-up of radiation source, detector and the
corresponding geometry shall be applied in agreement with ISO 5579 and the corresponding product standards as e.g. ISO
17636 for welding and EN 12681 for foundry. It does not lay down acceptance criteria of the imperfections. Digital
detectors provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated on basis of a computer only. This practice
describes the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software,
monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but not in the main focus of this standard.
The procedure specified by this standard, provides the minimum requirements and practice which permits to expose and
acquire digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of imperfections as film radiography and as specified in
ISO 5579.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Phosphor-Speicherfolien - Teil 2: Grundlagen für die Prüfung metallischer Werkstoffe mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen (ISO 16371-2:2017)
In diesem Teil von ISO 16371 werden grundlegende Techniken für die Computer-Radiographie mit dem Ziel festgelegt, auf wirtschaftliche Art und Weise zufrieden stellende und wiederholbare Ergebnisse zu erreichen. Die Techniken basieren sowohl auf den grundlegenden Theorien als auch auf Testmessungen. Für die industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlung zum Nachweis von Werkstofffehlern unter Anwendung von Phosphor-Speicherfolien (en: imaging plate, IP) werden in diesem Teil von ISO 16371 allgemeine Regeln festgelegt. Sie beruht auf den allgemeinen Grundlagen für die radiographische Untersuchung metallischer Werkstoffe mit Hilfe von Filmen, wie in ISO 5579 festgelegt. Die grundlegende Einstellung von Strahlenquelle, Detektor und geeigneten geometrischen Bedingungen soll nach ISO 5579 sowie nach den entsprechenden Produktnormen durchgeführt werden, z. B. ISO 17636 für Schweißverbindungen und EN 12681 für Anwendungen im Gießereiwesen.
In diesem Teil von ISO 16371 werden keine Zulässigkeitsgrenzen für Unregelmäßigkeiten festgelegt. Computer-Radiographiesysteme (CR-Systeme) liefern ein digitales Grauwertbild, das nur mittels Computer betrachtet und ausgewertet werden kann. Diese Anwendungsnorm legt das empfohlene Vorgehen für die Detektorauswahl und die radiographische Anwendung fest. Die Auswahl von Computer, Software, Monitor, Drucker und Betrachtungsbedingungen ist zwar wichtig, aber nicht das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Norm.
In dem hier beschriebenen Verfahren werden die minimalen Anforderungen und die Anwendung festgelegt, um digitale Durchstrahlungsbilder mit einer der Film-Radiographie äquivalenten Empfindlichkeit für die Erkennung von Unregelmäßigkeiten, wie in ISO 5579 spezifiziert, zu belichten und zu erhalten. Einige Anwendungsnormen, z. B. EN 16407, können andere und weniger strenge Vorgehensweisen verlangen
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec plaques-images au phosphore - Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017)
L'ISO 16371-2:2017 spécifie les techniques fondamentales de radiographie numérique permettant d'obtenir des résultats satisfaisants et reproductibles de façon économique. Les techniques sont basées sur la théorie fondamentale en la matière et sur des mesurages d'essai. Le présent document spécifie les règles générales pour la radiographie industrielle numérisée par rayons X et gamma à des fins de détection de défauts, à l'aide d'écrans photostimulables à mémoire (IP). Il est basé sur les principes généraux de l'examen radiographique des matériaux métalliques au moyen de films, comme spécifié dans l'ISO 5579. Il est prévu que la disposition de base de la source de rayonnement, du détecteur et la géométrie correspondante soient appliquées conformément à l'ISO 5579 et aux normes de produits correspondantes telles que l'ISO 17636 pour les assemblages soudés et l'EN 12681 pour la fonderie.
L'ISO 16371-2:2017 ne fixe pas les critères d'acceptation des imperfections. Les systèmes de radiographie numérique (CR) fournissent une image constituée de valeurs de gris qui peut être visualisée et évaluée uniquement à l'aide d'un ordinateur. Cette pratique décrit le mode opératoire recommandé pour la sélection du détecteur et les pratiques radiographiques. Le choix de l'ordinateur, des logiciels, de l'écran, de l'imprimante et des conditions de visualisation est important mais n'est pas le sujet principal du présent document.
Le mode opératoire spécifié par le présent document fournit les exigences et les pratiques minimales permettant l'exposition et l'acquisition des radiographies numériques avec une sensibilité pour la détection des imperfections équivalente à la radiographie avec films et telle que spécifiée dans l'ISO 5579. Certaines normes d'application, telles que l'EN 16407, peuvent requérir des conditions pratiques différentes et moins strictes.
Neporušitveno preskušanje - Industrijska računalniška radiografija s hranjenjem na fosfornih ploščah - 2. del: Splošna načela za preskušanje kovinskih materialov z uporabo rentgenskih žarkov in žarkov gama (ISO 16371-2:2017, popravljena verzija 2018-05)
Ta evropski standard določa temeljne tehnike računalniške radiografije z namenom omogočanja zadovoljivih in ponovljivih rezultatov, ki so stroškovno ugodni. Te tehnike temeljijo na osnovni teoriji subjekta in preskusnih meritev. Ta dokument določa splošna pravila za industrijsko računalniško radiografijo z rentgenskimi in gama žarki za namene zaznavanja napak s hranjenjem na fosfornih slikovnih ploščah (IP). Temelji na splošnih načelih za radiografski pregled kovinskih materialov na podlagi filma (ISO 5579). Osnovna priprava vira sevanja, detektorja in ustrezne geometrije naj se uporabi skladno s standardom ISO 5579 ter ustreznimi standardi za izdelke, na primer standard ISO 17636 za varjenje in standard EN 12681 za livarstvo. Ne določa kriterijev sprejemljivosti za nepopolnosti. Digitalni detektorji zagotavljajo digitalno sivinsko sliko, ki jo je mogoče prikazati in oceniti samo prek računalnika. Ta praksa opisuje priporočen postopek za izbiro detektorja in radiografsko prakso. Izbira računalnika, programske opreme, monitorja, tiskalnika in pogojev prikaza je pomembna, vendar ni ključni del tega standarda. Postopek, določen v tem standardu, podaja minimalne zahteve in prakso, ki omogočajo izpostavljenost in pridobivanje digitalnih rentgenskih slik z občutljivostjo zaznavanja napak, enako kot pri radiografskem filmu in kot to določa standard ISO 5579.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
01-marec-2018
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 14784-2:2005
Neporušitveno preskušanje - Industrijska računalniška radiografija s hranjenjem
na fosfornih ploščah - 2. del: Splošna načela za preskušanje kovinskih materialov
z uporabo rentgenskih žarkov in žarkov gama (ISO 16371-2:2017, popravljena
verzija 2018-05)
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging
plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-05)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Phosphor-
Speicherfolien - Teil 2: Grundlagen für die Prüfung metallischer Werkstoffe mit Röntgen-
und Gammastrahlen (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec plaques-images au
phosphore - Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16371-2:2017
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
EN ISO 16371-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 14784-2:2005
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography
with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General
principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-
05)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-
numérisée avec écrans photostimulables à mémoire - Radiographie mit Phosphor-Speicherfolien - Teil 2:
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique Grundlagen für die Prüfung von metallischen
des matériaux métalliques au moyen de rayons X et Werkstoffen mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen (ISO
gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017) 16371-2:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 September 2017.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16371-2:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
EN ISO 16371-2:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
EN ISO 16371-2:2017 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 16371-2:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-
destructive testing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR, in collaboration with Technical
Committee ISO/TC 135 “Non-destructive testing”.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14784-2:2005.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16371-2:2017, Corrected version 2018-05 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16371-
2:2017 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16371-2
First edition
2017-09
Corrected version
2018-05
Non-destructive testing — Industrial
computed radiography with storage
phosphor imaging plates —
Part 2:
General principles for testing of
metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays
Essais non destructifs — Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec
écrans photostimulables à mémoire —
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma
Reference number
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
5 Personnel qualification . 6
6 Classification of computed radiographic techniques and compensation principles .6
6.1 Classification . 6
6.2 Compensation principles, CP I and CP II . 6
7 General . 7
7.1 Protection against ionizing radiation . 7
7.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 7
7.3 Identification of radiographs . 7
7.4 Marking . 7
7.5 Overlap of phosphor imaging plates . 7
7.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators and IQI values . . 8
8 Recommended techniques for making computed radiographs . 9
8.1 Test arrangements . 9
8.2 Choice of X-ray tube voltage and radiation source . 9
8.2.1 X-ray equipment . 9
8.2.2 Other radiation sources .10
8.3 CR systems and screens .11
8.3.1 Minimum normalized signal-to-noise ratio .11
8.3.2 Metal screens and shielding .11
8.4 Maximum unsharpness and basic spatial resolution for CR system selection .13
8.4.1 System selection .13
8.4.2 Compensation principle II .13
8.5 Alignment of beam .15
8.6 Reduction of scattered radiation .15
8.6.1 Metal filters and collimators .15
8.6.2 Interception of back scattered radiation .15
8.7 Source to object distance .15
8.7.1 General requirements .15
8.7.2 Testing of planar objects and curved objects with flexible IPs .15
8.7.3 Testing of curved objects with IPs in cassettes . .16
8.7.4 Exceptions for panoramic projection exposures with the source in the
centre of the pipe .16
8.8 Maximum area for a single exposure .18
8.9 Erasure of imaging plates .19
8.10 Data processing .19
8.10.1 Image processing .19
8.10.2 Monitor, viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs .19
9 Test report .19
detector
Annex A (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution, SR .
b
21
Annex B (normative) Determination of normalized SNR from SNR .26
N measured
Annex C (normative) Determination of minimum grey value .28
Bibliography .31
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in collaboration
with ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 5, Radiographic
testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
A list of all parts in the ISO 16371 series can be found on the ISO website.
This corrected version of ISO 16371-2:2017 incorporates the following correction:
— Figure A.1 b) has been corrected.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Non-destructive testing — Industrial computed
radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates —
Part 2:
General principles for testing of metallic materials using
X-rays and gamma rays
1 Scope
This document specifies fundamental techniques of computed radiography with the aim of enabling
satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on the
fundamental theory of the subject and tests measurements. This document specifies the general rules
for industrial computed X-rays and gamma radiography for flaw detection purposes, using storage
phosphor imaging plates (IP). It is based on the general principles for radiographic examination of
metallic materials on the basis of films, as specified in ISO 5579. The basic set-up of radiation source,
detector and the corresponding geometry are intended to be applied in accordance with ISO 5579 and
corresponding product standards such as ISO 17636 for welding and EN 12681 for foundry.
This document does not lay down acceptance criteria of the imperfections. Computed radiography (CR)
systems provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated on basis of a computer
only. This practice describes the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic
practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but
not the main focus of this document.
The procedure it specifies provides the minimum requirements and practice to permit the exposure
and acquisition of digital radiographs with a sensitivity of imperfection detection equivalent to film
radiography and as specified in ISO 5579. Some application standards, e.g. EN 16407, can require
different and less stringent practice conditions.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing — Radiographic testing of metallic materials using film and X- or gamma
rays — Basic rules
ISO 5580, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic illuminators — Minimum requirements
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 16371-1:2011, Non-destructive testing — Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor
imaging plates — Part 1: Classification of systems
ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Determination of the
image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators
ISO 19232-2, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 2: Determination of the
image quality value using step/hole-type image quality indicators
ISO 19232-3:2013, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 3: Image quality classes
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
ISO 19232-5, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 5: Determination of image
unsharpness value using duplex wire-type image quality indicators
EN 12543 (all parts), Non-destructive testing — Characteristics of focal spots in industrial X-ray systems
for use in non-destructive testing
EN 12679, Non-destructive testing — Determination of the size of industrial radiographic sources —
Radiographic method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
computed radiography system
CR system
complete system comprising a storage phosphor imaging plate (3.2) and a corresponding read-out unit
(scanner or reader) and system software, which converts the information from the IP into a digital image
3.2
storage phosphor imaging plate
imaging plate
IP
photostimulable luminescent material capable of storing a latent radiographic image of a material
being examined and upon stimulation by a source of red light of appropriate wavelength, generates
luminescence proportional to radiation absorbed
Note 1 to entry: When performing computed radiography (3.1), an IP is used in lieu of a film. When establishing
techniques related to source size or focal geometries, the IP is referred to as a detector, i.e. source-to-detector
distance (SDD).
3.3
structure noise of imaging plate
structure noise of IP
fixed pattern noise measured due to IP structure which is inherent from inhomogeneities in the
sensitive layer (graininess) and surface of a storage phosphor imaging plate (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: After scanning of the exposed imaging plate, the inhomogeneities appear as overlaid fixed
pattern noise in the digital image.
Note 2 to entry: This noise limits the maximum achievable image quality of digital CR images and can be
compared with the graininess in film images.
3.4
grey value
GV
numeric value of a pixel in a digital image
Note 1 to entry: This is equivalent to the term pixel value as defined in ASTM E 2033, E 2445, E 2446 and E 2007.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
3.5
linearized grey value
GV
lin
numeric value of a pixel which is directly proportional to the detector exposure dose, having a value of
zero if the detector was not exposed
Note 1 to entry: This is equivalent to the term linearized pixel value as defined in ASTM E 2033, E 2445, E 2446
and E 2007.
3.6
basic spatial resolution of CR system
detector
SR
b
corresponds to half of the measured detector unsharpness in a digital image and corresponds to the
effective pixel size and indicates the smallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved with a CR
system at magnification equal to one
Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the CR imaging plate.
Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in ISO 19232-5; see also ASTM E 2002.
3.7
basic spatial resolution of a digital image
image
SR
b
corresponds to half of the measured image unsharpness in a digital image and corresponds to the
effective pixel size in the image and indicates the smallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved in
a digital image
Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the object (source side).
Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in ISO 19232-5; see also ASTM E 2002.
Note 3 to entry: The effective pixel size of the image (basic spatial resolution of the digital image) depends on
pixel pitch, geometrical unsharpness, detector unsharpness and magnification.
3.8
signal-to-noise ratio
SNR
quotient of mean value of the linearized grey values (3.5), which is the signal intensity to the standard
deviation of the linearized grey values (noise) in a given region of interest in a digital image
Note 1 to entry: The SNR depends on the radiation dose and the CR system properties.
3.9
normalized signal-to-noise ratio
SNR
N
image
signal-to-noise ratio (3.8), normalized by the basic spatial resolution, SR , which may be SR or
b
b
detector
SR , as measured directly in the digital image and/or calculated from the measured SNR,
b
SNR , by
measured
88,6μm
SNRS=⋅NR
Nmeasured
SR
b
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
3.10
contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR
ratio of the difference of the mean signal levels between two image areas to the averaged standard
deviation of the signal levels
Note 1 to entry: The contrast-to-noise ratio describes a component of image quality and depends approximately
on the product of radiographic attenuation coefficient and SNR. In addition to adequate CNR, it is also necessary
for a digital radiograph to possess adequate unsharpness or basic spatial resolution to resolve desired features
of interest.
3.11
normalized contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR
N
contrast-to-noise ratio (3.10), normalized by the basic spatial resolution, SR , as measured directly in
b
the digital image and/or calculated from the measured CNR, by
88,6μm
CNRC=⋅NR
N
SR
b
3.12
aliasing
artefacts that appear in an image when the spatial frequency of the input is higher than the output is
capable of reproducing
Note 1 to entry: Aliasing often appears as jagged or stepped sections in a line or as moiré patterns.
3.13
nominal thickness
t
thickness of the material in the region under examination
Note 1 to entry: Manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken into account.
3.14
penetrated thickness
w
thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on basis of the nominal thickness
(3.13) of all penetrated walls
Note 1 to entry: For multiple wall techniques, the penetrated thickness is calculated from the nominal thickness
of all penetrated walls.
3.15
source size
d
size of the radiation source or focal spot size
Note 1 to entry: See EN 12543 (X-ray-sources) or EN 12679 (gamma ray sources). Manufacturer's values may be
used if they conform to these standards.
3.16
object-to-detector distance
b
largest (maximum) distance between the radiation side of the radiographed part of the test object and
the sensitive layer of the detector along the central axis of the radiation beam
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
3.17
source-to-detector distance
SDD
distance between the source of radiation and the detector, measured in the direction of the beam
Note 1 to entry: SDD = f + b, where f is the source-to-object distance (3.18) and b is the object-to-detector
distance (3.16).
3.18
source-to-object distance
f
distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object, most distant from the
detector, measured along the central beam
3.19
geometric magnification
v
ratio of source-to-detector distance (3.17) to source-to-object distance (3.18)
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviated terms given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviated terms
Symbol Term
b object-to-detector distance
CNR contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR normalized contrast-to-noise ratio
N
CR computed radiography
d source size, focal spot size
D detector (imaging plate)
f d source-to-object distance
GV grey value
GV linearized grey value
lin
IP storage phosphor imaging plate
IQI image quality indicator
S radiation source
SDD source-to detector-distance
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
SNR normalized signal-to-noise ratio
N
image
detector
SR
b basic spatial resolution, which may be SR or SR depending on the context
b
b
detector
basic spatial resolution as determined with a duplex wire IQI adjacent to the detector
SR
b
basic spatial resolution as determined with a duplex wire IQI on the source side of the object
image
SR
b
t nominal thickness
u t geometric unsharpness
G
u inherent unsharpness of the detector system, excluding any geometric unsharpness, measured
i
from the digital image with a duplex wire IQI adjacent to the detector
u total image unsharpness, including geometric unsharpness, measured in the digital image at the
T
detector plane with a duplex wire IQI at the object plane
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Term
u image unsharpness, including geometric unsharpness, measured i
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
01-marec-2018
1HSRUXãLWYHQRSUHVNXãDQMH,QGXVWULMVNDUDþXQDOQLãNDUDGLRJUDILMDVKUDQMHQMHP
QDIRVIRUQLKSORãþDKGHO 6SORãQDQDþHOD]DSUHVNXãDQMHNRYLQVNLKPDWHULDORY
]XSRUDERUHQWJHQVNLKåDUNRYLQåDUNRYJDPD ,62
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging
plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Phosphor-
Speicherfolien - Teil 2: Grundlagen für die Prüfung metallischer Werkstoffe mit Röntgen-
und Gammastrahlen (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec plaques-images au
phosphore - Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16371-2:2017
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
EN ISO 16371-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 14784-2:2005
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography
with storage phosphor imaging plates - Part 2: General
principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO 16371-2:2017)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-
numérisée avec écrans photostimulables à mémoire - Radiographie mit Phosphor-Speicherfolien - Teil 2:
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique Grundlagen für die Prüfung von metallischen
des matériaux métalliques au moyen de rayons X et Werkstoffen mit Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen (ISO
gamma (ISO 16371-2:2017) 16371-2:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 September 2017.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16371-2:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
EN ISO 16371-2:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
EN ISO 16371-2:2017 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 16371-2:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-
destructive testing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR, in collaboration with Technical
Committee ISO/TC 135 “Non-destructive testing”.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14784-2:2005.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16371-2:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16371-2:2017 without any
modification.
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
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SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16371-2
First edition
2017-09
Non-destructive testing — Industrial
computed radiography with storage
phosphor imaging plates —
Part 2:
General principles for testing of
metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays
Essais non destructifs — Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec
écrans photostimulables à mémoire —
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma
Reference number
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
5 Personnel qualification . 6
6 Classification of computed radiographic techniques and compensation principles .6
6.1 Classification . 6
6.2 Compensation principles, CP I and CP II . 6
7 General . 7
7.1 Protection against ionizing radiation . 7
7.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 7
7.3 Identification of radiographs . 7
7.4 Marking . 7
7.5 Overlap of phosphor imaging plates . 7
7.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators and IQI values . . 8
8 Recommended techniques for making computed radiographs . 9
8.1 Test arrangements . 9
8.2 Choice of X-ray tube voltage and radiation source . 9
8.2.1 X-ray equipment . 9
8.2.2 Other radiation sources .10
8.3 CR systems and screens .11
8.3.1 Minimum normalized signal-to-noise ratio .11
8.3.2 Metal screens and shielding .11
8.4 Maximum unsharpness and basic spatial resolution for CR system selection .13
8.4.1 System selection .13
8.4.2 Compensation principle II .13
8.5 Alignment of beam .15
8.6 Reduction of scattered radiation .15
8.6.1 Metal filters and collimators .15
8.6.2 Interception of back scattered radiation .15
8.7 Source to object distance .15
8.7.1 General requirements .15
8.7.2 Testing of planar objects and curved objects with flexible IPs .15
8.7.3 Testing of curved objects with IPs in cassettes . .16
8.7.4 Exceptions for panoramic projection exposures with the source in the
centre of the pipe .16
8.8 Maximum area for a single exposure .18
8.9 Erasure of imaging plates .19
8.10 Data processing .19
8.10.1 Image processing .19
8.10.2 Monitor, viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs .19
9 Test report .19
detector
Annex A (normative) Determination of basic spatial resolution, SR .
b
21
Annex B (normative) Determination of normalized SNR from SNR .26
N measured
Annex C (normative) Determination of minimum grey value .28
Bibliography .31
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in collaboration
with ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 5, Radiographic
testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
A list of all parts in the ISO 16371 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Non-destructive testing — Industrial computed
radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates —
Part 2:
General principles for testing of metallic materials using
X-rays and gamma rays
1 Scope
This document specifies fundamental techniques of computed radiography with the aim of enabling
satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on the
fundamental theory of the subject and tests measurements. This document specifies the general rules
for industrial computed X-rays and gamma radiography for flaw detection purposes, using storage
phosphor imaging plates (IP). It is based on the general principles for radiographic examination of
metallic materials on the basis of films, as specified in ISO 5579. The basic set-up of radiation source,
detector and the corresponding geometry are intended to be applied in accordance with ISO 5579 and
corresponding product standards such as ISO 17636 for welding and EN 12681 for foundry.
This document does not lay down acceptance criteria of the imperfections. Computed radiography (CR)
systems provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated on basis of a computer
only. This practice describes the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic
practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but
not the main focus of this document.
The procedure it specifies provides the minimum requirements and practice to permit the exposure
and acquisition of digital radiographs with a sensitivity of imperfection detection equivalent to film
radiography and as specified in ISO 5579. Some application standards, e.g. EN 16407, can require
different and less stringent practice conditions.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing — Radiographic testing of metallic materials using film and X- or gamma
rays — Basic rules
ISO 5580, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic illuminators — Minimum requirements
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 16371-1:2011, Non-destructive testing — Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor
imaging plates — Part 1: Classification of systems
ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Determination of the
image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators
ISO 19232-2, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 2: Determination of the
image quality value using step/hole-type image quality indicators
ISO 19232-3:2013, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 3: Image quality classes
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
ISO 19232-5, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 5: Determination of image
unsharpness value using duplex wire-type image quality indicators
EN 12543 (all parts), Non-destructive testing — Characteristics of focal spots in industrial X-ray systems
for use in non-destructive testing
EN 12679, Non-destructive testing — Determination of the size of industrial radiographic sources —
Radiographic method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
computed radiography system
CR system
complete system comprising a storage phosphor imaging plate (3.2) and a corresponding read-out unit
(scanner or reader) and system software, which converts the information from the IP into a digital image
3.2
storage phosphor imaging plate
imaging plate
IP
photostimulable luminescent material capable of storing a latent radiographic image of a material
being examined and upon stimulation by a source of red light of appropriate wavelength, generates
luminescence proportional to radiation absorbed
Note 1 to entry: When performing computed radiography (3.1), an IP is used in lieu of a film. When establishing
techniques related to source size or focal geometries, the IP is referred to as a detector, i.e. source-to-detector
distance (SDD).
3.3
structure noise of imaging plate
structure noise of IP
fixed pattern noise measured due to IP structure which is inherent from inhomogeneities in the
sensitive layer (graininess) and surface of a storage phosphor imaging plate (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: After scanning of the exposed imaging plate, the inhomogeneities appear as overlaid fixed
pattern noise in the digital image.
Note 2 to entry: This noise limits the maximum achievable image quality of digital CR images and can be
compared with the graininess in film images.
3.4
grey value
GV
numeric value of a pixel in a digital image
Note 1 to entry: This is equivalent to the term pixel value as defined in ASTM E 2033, E 2445, E 2446 and E 2007.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
3.5
linearized grey value
GV
lin
numeric value of a pixel which is directly proportional to the detector exposure dose, having a value of
zero if the detector was not exposed
Note 1 to entry: This is equivalent to the term linearized pixel value as defined in ASTM E 2033, E 2445, E 2446
and E 2007.
3.6
basic spatial resolution of CR system
detector
SR
b
corresponds to half of the measured detector unsharpness in a digital image and corresponds to the
effective pixel size and indicates the smallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved with a CR
system at magnification equal to one
Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the CR imaging plate.
Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in ISO 19232-5; see also ASTM E 2002.
3.7
basic spatial resolution of a digital image
image
SR
b
corresponds to half of the measured image unsharpness in a digital image and corresponds to the
effective pixel size in the image and indicates the smallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved in
a digital image
Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the object (source side).
Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in ISO 19232-5; see also ASTM E 2002.
Note 3 to entry: The effective pixel size of the image (basic spatial resolution of the digital image) depends on
pixel pitch, geometrical unsharpness, detector unsharpness and magnification.
3.8
signal-to-noise ratio
SNR
quotient of mean value of the linearized grey values (3.5), which is the signal intensity to the standard
deviation of the linearized grey values (noise) in a given region of interest in a digital image
Note 1 to entry: The SNR depends on the radiation dose and the CR system properties.
3.9
normalized signal-to-noise ratio
SNR
N
image
signal-to-noise ratio (3.8), normalized by the basic spatial resolution, SR , which may be SR or
b
b
detector
SR , as measured directly in the digital image and/or calculated from the measured SNR,
b
SNR , by
measured
88,6μm
SNRS=⋅NR
Nmeasured
SR
b
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
3.10
contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR
ratio of the difference of the mean signal levels between two image areas to the averaged standard
deviation of the signal levels
Note 1 to entry: The contrast-to-noise ratio describes a component of image quality and depends approximately
on the product of radiographic attenuation coefficient and SNR. In addition to adequate CNR, it is also necessary
for a digital radiograph to possess adequate unsharpness or basic spatial resolution to resolve desired features
of interest.
3.11
normalized contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR
N
contrast-to-noise ratio (3.10), normalized by the basic spatial resolution, SR , as measured directly in
b
the digital image and/or calculated from the measured CNR, by
88,6μm
CNRC=⋅NR
N
SR
b
3.12
aliasing
artefacts that appear in an image when the spatial frequency of the input is higher than the output is
capable of reproducing
Note 1 to entry: Aliasing often appears as jagged or stepped sections in a line or as moiré patterns.
3.13
nominal thickness
t
thickness of the material in the region under examination
Note 1 to entry: Manufacturing tolerances do not have to be taken into account.
3.14
penetrated thickness
w
thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on basis of the nominal thickness
(3.13) of all penetrated walls
Note 1 to entry: For multiple wall techniques, the penetrated thickness is calculated from the nominal thickness
of all penetrated walls.
3.15
source size
d
size of the radiation source or focal spot size
Note 1 to entry: See EN 12543 (X-ray-sources) or EN 12679 (gamma ray sources). Manufacturer's values may be
used if they conform to these standards.
3.16
object-to-detector distance
b
largest (maximum) distance between the radiation side of the radiographed part of the test object and
the sensitive layer of the detector along the central axis of the radiation beam
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
3.17
source-to-detector distance
SDD
distance between the source of radiation and the detector, measured in the direction of the beam
Note 1 to entry: SDD = f + b, where f is the source-to-object distance (3.18) and b is the object-to-detector
distance (3.16).
3.18
source-to-object distance
f
distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object, most distant from the
detector, measured along the central beam
3.19
geometric magnification
v
ratio of source-to-detector distance (3.17) to source-to-object distance (3.18)
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviated terms given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviated terms
Symbol Term
b object-to-detector distance
CNR contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR normalized contrast-to-noise ratio
N
CR computed radiography
d source size, focal spot size
D detector (imaging plate)
f d source-to-object distance
GV grey value
GV linearized grey value
lin
IP storage phosphor imaging plate
IQI image quality indicator
S radiation source
SDD source-to detector-distance
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
SNR normalized signal-to-noise ratio
N
image
detector
SR
b basic spatial resolution, which may be SR or SR depending on the context
b
b
detector
basic spatial resolution as determined with a duplex wire IQI adjacent to the detector
SR
b
basic spatial resolution as determined with a duplex wire IQI on the source side of the object
image
SR
b
t nominal thickness
u t geometric unsharpness
G
u inherent unsharpness of the detector system, excluding any geometric unsharpness, measured
i
from the digital image with a duplex wire IQI adjacent to the detector
u total image unsharpness, including geometric unsharpness, measured in the digital image at the
T
detector plane with a duplex wire IQI at the object plane
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 16371-2:2018
ISO 16371-2:2017(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Term
u image unsharpness, including geometric unsharpness, measured in the digital image with a duplex
Im
wire IQI at the object plane normalized to magnification
v geometric magnification
w penetrated thickness
5 Personnel qualification
Personnel performing non-destructive examination in accordance with this document shall be qualified
in accordance with ISO 9712 or equivalent to an appropriate
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 16371-2:2016
01-maj-2016
1HSRUXãLWYHQRSUHVNXãDQMH,QGXVWULMVNDUDþXQDOQLãNDUDGLRJUDILMDVKUDQMHQMHP
QDIRVIRUQLKSORãþDKGHO 6SORãQDQDþHOD]DSUHVNXãDQMHNRYLQVNLKPDWHULDORY
]XSRUDERUHQWJHQVNLKåDUNRYLQåDUNRYJDPD ,62',6
Non-destructive testing - Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor imaging
plates - Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays (ISO/DIS 16371-2:2016)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Industrielle Computer-Radiographie mit Phosphor-
Speicherfolien - Teil 2: Grundlagen für die Prüfung metallischer Werkstoffe mit Röntgen-
und Gammastrahlen (ISO/DIS 16371-2:2016)
Essais non destructifs - Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec plaques-images au
phosphore - Partie 2: Principes généraux de l'essai radiographique des matériaux
métalliques au moyen de rayons X et gamma (ISO/DIS 16371-2:2016)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 16371-2
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
oSIST prEN ISO 16371-2:2016 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 16371-2:2016
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 16371-2:2016
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 16371-2
ISO/TC 135/SC 5 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2016-03-24 2016-06-23
Non-destructive testing — Industrial computed
radiography with storage phosphor imaging plates —
Part 2:
General principles for testing of metallic materials using
X-rays and gamma rays
Essais non destructifs — Radiographie industrielle numérisée avec plaques-images au phosphore —
Partie 2: Principes généraux de l’essai radiographique des matériaux métalliques au moyen de rayons X et
gamma
ICS: 19.100
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the European Committee for Standardization
(CEN), and processed under the CEN lead mode of collaboration as defined in the
Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member
bodies for a parallel three month enquiry.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
committee secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
composition will be undertaken at publication stage.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 16371-2:2016(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2016
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 16371-2:2016
ISO/DIS 16371-2:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 16371-2:2016
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Contents Page
Foreword . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
5 Personnel qualification. 6
6 Classification of computed radiographic techniques and compensation principles . 6
6.1 Classification. 6
6.2 Compensation principles, CP I and CP II. 7
7 General . 8
7.1 Protection against ionising radiation. 8
7.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 8
7.3 Identification of radiographs . 8
7.4 Marking . 8
7.5 Overlap of phosphor imaging plates . 8
7.6 Types and positions of image quality indicators and IQI values. 8
8 Recommended techniques for making computed radiographs . 10
8.1 Test arrangements . 10
8.2 Choice of X-ray tube voltage and radiation source. 10
8.2.1 X-ray equipment. 10
8.2.2 Other radiation sources . 11
8.3 CR systems and screens . 12
8.3.1 Minimum normalized signal-to-noise ratio. 12
8.3.2 Metal screens and shielding. 13
8.4 Maximum unsharpness and basic spatial resolution for CR system selection . 15
8.4.1 System selection . 15
8.4.2 Compensation principle II . 15
8.5 Alignment of beam . 17
8.6 Reduction of scattered radiation. 17
8.6.1 Metal filters and collimators . 17
8.6.2 Interception of back scattered radiation . 18
8.7 Source to object distance. 18
8.7.1 Testing of planar objects . 18
8.7.2 Testing of curved objects with IPs in cassettes . 19
8.8 Maximum area for a single exposure. 21
8.9 Erasure of Imaging Plates . 22
8.10 Data processing . 22
8.10.1 Image processing . 22
8.10.2 Monitor, viewing conditions and storage of digital radiographs. 22
9 Test report . 23
Annex A (informative) Determination of basic spatial resolution 𝐒𝐑𝐛𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 . 24
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Annex B (normative) Determination of normalized SNR from SNR . 29
N measured
Annex C (normative) Determination of minimum grey value . 31
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
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technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
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the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/XXX
This second/third/. edition cancels and replaces the first/second/. edition (), [clause(s) /
subclause(s) / table(s) / figure(s) / annex(es)] of which [has / have] been tech nically revised.
ISO XXXX consists of the following parts. [Add information as necessary.]
Part 1: Classification of systems
Part 2: General principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and gamma rays
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oSIST prEN ISO 16371-2:2016
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 16371-2 :2016(E)
Non-destructive testing — Industrial computed radiography
with storage phosphor imaging plates — Part 2: General
principles for testing of metallic materials using X-rays and
gamma rays
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies fundamental techniques of computed radiography with the aim of
enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on
the fundamental theory of the subject and tests measurements. This docum ent specifies the general
rules for industrial computed X- and gamma radiography for flaw detection purposes, using storage
phosphor imaging plates (IP). It is based on the general principles for radiographic examination of
metallic materials on the basis of films (ISO 5579). The basic set-up of radiation source, detector and
the corresponding geometry shall be applied in agreement with ISO 5579 and the corresponding
product standards as e.g. ISO 17636 for welding and EN 12681 for foundry. It does not lay down
acceptance criteria of the imperfections. CR systems provide a digital grey value image which can be
viewed and evaluated on basis of a computer only. This practice describes the recommended procedure
for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software, monitor, printer and
viewing conditions are important but not in the main focus of this standard.
The procedure specified by this standard, provides the minimum requirements and practice which
permits to expose and acquire digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of
imperfections as film radiography and as specified in ISO 5579. Some application standards, as e.g.
EN 16407 may require different and less stringent practice conditions.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12543 (all parts), Non-destructive testing — Characteristics of focal spots in industrial X-ray systems
for use in non-destructive testing
EN 12679, Non-destructive testing — Determination of the size of industrial radiographic sources —
Radiographic method
EN 12681, Foundry — Radiographic examination
EN 16407(all parts), Non-destructive testing — Radiographic inspection of corrosion and deposits in pipes
by X- and gamma rays
EN 14784-1:2005, Non-destructive testing — Industrial computed radiography with storage phosphor
imaging plates — Part 1: Classification of systems
ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing — Radiographic examination of metallic materials by X- and gamma-
rays — Basic rules
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ISO 5580, Specification for minimum requirements for industrial radiographic illuminators for non-
destructive testing
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 19232–1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Image quality indicators
(wire type) - Determination of image quality value
ISO 19232–2, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 2: Image quality indicators
(step/hole type) - Determination of image quality value
ISO 19232–3, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 3: Image quality classes for
ferrous metals
ISO 19232–4, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 4: Experimental evaluation
of image quality values and image quality tables
ISO 19232–5, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 5: Image quality indicators
(duplex wire type) — Determination of image unsharpness value
ISO 17636-2, Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — Part 2: X- and gamma-ray
techniques with CR systems
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
computed radiography
CR
storage phosphor imaging plate system
complete system comprising a storage phosphor imaging plate (IP) and a corresponding read-out unit
(scanner or reader), which converts the information from the IP into a digital image
3.2
storage phosphor imaging plate
IP
photostimulable luminescent material capable of storing a latent radiographic image of a material be ing
examined and, upon stimulation by a source of red light of appropriate wavelength, generates
luminescence proportional to radiation absorbed
Note 1 to entry: When performing computed radiography, an IP is used in lieu of a film. When establishing
techniques related to source size or focal geometries, the IP is referred to as a detector, i.e. source-to-detector
distance (SDD).
3.3
structure noise of imaging plate
structure noise of IP
fixed pattern noise measured due to IP structure which is inherent from inhomogeneities in the
sensitive layer (graininess) and surface of an imaging plate
Note 1 to entry: After scanning of the exposed imaging plate, the inhomogeneities appear as overlaid fixed
pattern noise in the digital image.
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Note 2 to entry: This noise limits the maximum achievable image quality of digital CR images and can be
compared with the graininess in film images.
3.4
grey value
GV
numeric value of a pixel in a digital image
Note 1 to entry: This is typically interchangeable with the terms pixel value, detector response, analogue-to-
digital unit, and detector signal.
3.5
linearized grey value
GV
numeric value of a pixel which is directly proportional to the detector exposure dose, having a value of
zero if the detector was not exposed
Note 1 to entry: This is typically interchangeable with the terms linearized pixel value, and linearized detector
signal.
3.6
basic spatial resolution of CR system
𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
𝐒𝐑
𝐛
corresponds to half of the measured detector unsharpness in a digital image and corresponds to the
effective pixel size and indicates the smallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved with a CR
system at magnification equal to one
Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the CR system array or imaging
plate.
Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in ISO 19232-5, see also ASTM E2736[13] and
ASTM E1000.[8]
3.7
basic spatial resolution of a digital image
𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐒𝐑
𝐛
corresponds to half of the measured image unsharpness in a digital image and corresponds to the
effective pixel size and indicates the smallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved in a digital
image
Note 1 to entry: For this measurement, the duplex wire IQI is placed directly on the object (source side).
Note 2 to entry: The measurement of unsharpness is described in ISO 19232-5, see also ASTM E2736,[13] and
ASTM E1000.[8]
3.8
signal-to-noise ratio
SNR
ratio of mean value of the linearized grey values to the standard deviation of the linearized grey values
(noise) in a given region of interest in a digital image
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3.9
normalized signal-to-noise ratio
SNR
N
signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, normalized by the basic spatial resolution, SR , as measured directly in the
b
digital image and/or calculated from the measured SNR, SNR , by
measured
88,6 μm
SNR = SNR
N measured
SR
b
3.10
contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR
ratio of the difference of the mean signal levels between two image areas to the averaged standard
deviation of the signal levels
Note 1 to entry: The contrast-to-noise ratio describes a component of image quality and depends approximately
on the product of radiographic attenuation coefficient and SNR. In addition to adequate CNR, it is also necessary
for a digital radiograph to possess adequate unsharpness or basic spatial resolution to resolve desired features of
interest.
3.11
normalized contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR
N
contrast-to-noise ratio, CNR, normalized by the basic spatial resolution, SR , as measured directly in the
b
digital image and/or calculated from the measured CNR, by
88,6 μm
CNR = CNR ×
N
SR
b
3.12
aliasing
artefacts that appear in an image when the spatial frequency of the input is higher than the output is
capable of reproducing
Note 1 to entry: Aliasing often appears as jagged or stepped sections in a line or as moiré patterns.
3.13
nominal thickness
t
thickness of the material in the region under examination. Manufacturing tolerances do not have to be
taken into account.
3.14
penetrated thickness
w
thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on basis of the nominal thickness
of all penetrated walls.
For multiple wall techniques the penetrated thickness is calculated from the nominal thickness of all
penetrated walls.
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3.15
source size
d
size of the radiation source or focal spot size.
Note 1 to entry: See EN 12543 and EN 12679.
3.16
object-to-detector distance
b
largest (maximum) distance between the radiation side of the radiographed part of the test object and
the sensitive layer of the detector along the central axis of the radiation beam
3.17
source-to-detector distance
SDD
distance between the source of radiation and the detector, measured in the direction of the beam
Note 1 to entry: SDD = f + b
where
f source-to-object distance
b object-to-detector distance
3.18 source-to-object distance
f
distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object, most distant from the
detector, measured along the central beam
3.19
geometric magnification
v
ratio of source-to-detector distance SDD to source-to-object distance, f
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this standard, the symbols given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviated terms
Symbol Term
b object-to-detector distance
d source size, focal spot size
f source-to-object distance
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
SNR normalized signal-to-noise ratio
N
t nominal thickness
u geometric unsharpness
G
u inherent unsharpness of the detector system, excluding any geometric unsharpness, measured
i
from the digital image with a duplex wire IQI adjacent to the detector
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Symbol Term
u total image unsharpness, including geometric unsharpness, measured in the digital image at the
T
detector plane with a duplex wire IQI at the object plane
v geometric magnification
w penetrated thickness
CNR contrast-to-noise ratio
CNR normalized contrast-to-noise ratio
N
CR computed radiography
D Detector (imaging plate)
IP storage phosphor imaging plate
IQI image quality indicator
S radiation source
SDD source-to detector-distance
detector
SR basic spatial resolution as determined with a duplex wire IQI adjacent to the detector
b
image
SR basic spatial resolution as determined with a duplex wire IQI on the source side of the object
b
5 Personnel qualification
Personnel performing non-destructive examination in accordance with this standard shall be qualified
in accordance with ISO 9712 or equivalent to an appropriate level in the relevant industrial sector. The
personnel shall prove additional training and qualification in digital industrial radiology.
6 Classification of computed radiographic techniques and compensation
principles
6.1 Classification
Computed radiographic techniques are subdivided into two classes:
— Class A: basic technique;
— Class B: improved technique.
Class B technique is used when class A may be insufficiently sensitive.
Better techniques, compared with class B, are possible and may be agreed between the contracting
parties by specification of all appropriate test parameters.
The choice of radiographic technique shall be agreed between the parties concerned.
Nevertheless, the perception of flaws using film radiography or computed radiography is comparable
by using class A and class B techniques, respectively. The perceptibility shall be proven by the use of
IQIs according to ISO 19232-1, ISO 19232-2 and ISO 19232-5.
If, for technical reasons, it is not possible to meet one of the conditions specified for the class B, such as
the type of radiation source or the source-to-object distance, f, it may be agreed between the
contracting parties that the condition selected may be that specified for class A. The loss of sensitivity
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shall be compensated by an increase of minimum grey value and SNR (recommended increase of SNR
N N
by a factor > 1,4). Because of the better sensitivity compared to class A, the test specimen may be
regarded as being examined to class B, if the correct IQI sensitivity is achieved. Because of the resulting
improved sensitivity compared to class A, the test sections may be regarded as examined within class B
if the correct IQI sensitivity is achieved.
6.2 Compensation principles, CP I and CP II
6.2.1 General. Two rules (see 6.2.2 to 6.2.3) are applied in this standard for radiography with CR to
achieve a sufficient contrast sensitivity.
Application of these rules requires the achievement of a minimum contrast -to-noise ratio, CNR ,
N
normalized to the detector basic spatial resolution per detectable material thickness difference w. If
the required normalized contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR per w) cannot be achieved due to an
N
insufficient value of one of the following parameters, this can be compensated by an increase in the
SNR.
6.2.2 CP I. Compensation for reduced contrast (e.g. by increased tube voltage) by increased SNR (e.g.
by increased tube current or exposure time).
6.2Error! Use the Home tab to apply Überschrift 2 to the text that you want to appear here. .3CP II.
detector
Compensation for insufficient detector sharpness (the value of SR higher than specified) by
b
increased SNR (increase in the single IQI wire or step hole value for each missing duplex wire pair
value).
6.2Error! Use the Home tab to apply Überschrift 2 to the text that you want to appear here. .4
Theoretical background. These compensation principles are based on the following
approximation for small flaw sizes (Δw << w):
𝐶𝑁𝑅 𝜇 ⋅ SNR
N eff
= 𝑐 ⋅
image
Δ𝑤
SR
b
where
c is a constant;
µ is the effective attenuation coefficient, which is equivalent to the specific material contrast;
eff
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7 General
7.1 Protection against ionising radiation
WARNING — Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly
injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate
legal requirements must be applied.
Local or national or international safety precautions when using ionizing radiation shall be strictly
applied.
7.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
In general, surface preparation is not necessary, but where surface imperfections or coatings m ight
cause difficulty in detecting defects, the surface shall be ground smooth or the coatings shall be
removed.
Unless otherwise specified computed radiography shall be carried out after the final stage of
manufacture, e.g. after grinding or heat treatment.
7.3 Identification of radiographs
Symbols shall be affixed to each section of the object being radiographed. The images of these symbols
shall appear in the radiograph outside the region of interest where possible and shall ensure
unambiguous identification of t
...
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