SIST EN 61161:2008
(Main)Ultrasonics - Power measurement - Radiation force balances and performance requirements
Ultrasonics - Power measurement - Radiation force balances and performance requirements
This International Standard specifies a method of determining the total emitted acoustic power of ultrasonic transducers based on the use of a radiation force balance; establishes general principles for the use of radiation force balances in which an obstacle (target) intercepts the sound field to be measured; establishes limitations of the radiation force method related to cavitation and temperature rise; establishes quantitative limitations of the radiation force method in relation to diverging and focused beams; provides information on assessment of overall measurement uncertainties. This International Standard is applicable to: the measurement of ultrasonic power up to 1 W based on the use of a radiation force balance in the frequency range from 0,5 MHz to 25 MHz; the measurement of ultrasonic power up to 20 W based on the use of a radiation force balance in the frequency range 0,75 MHz to 5 MHz; the measurement of total ultrasonic power of transducers, preferably with well-collimated beams; the use of radiation force balances of the gravimetric type or force feedback type.
Ultraschall - Leistungsmessung - Schallfeldkraft-Waagen und Anforderungen an ihre Funktionseigenschaften
Ultrasons - Mesurage de puissance - Balances de forces de rayonnement et exigences de fonctionnement
La présente Norme internationale - prescrit une méthode pour déterminer la puissance ultrasonore totale émise par des transducteurs ultrasonores, basée sur l'usage d'une balance de forces de rayonnement; - établit les principes généraux pour utiliser les balances de forces de rayonnement dans lesquelles un obstacle dénommé cible intercepte le champ acoustique à mesurer; - établit des limitations de la méthode de forces de rayonnement relatives à la cavitation et à l'élévation de la température; - établit des limitations quantitatives de la méthode de forces de rayonnement par rapport aux faisceaux divergents; - fournit des informations concernant l'évaluation des incertitudes de mesurage globales. Cette Norme internationale est applicable: - au mesurage de la puissance ultrasonore jusqu'à 1 W par utilisation d'une balance de forces de rayonnement dans la plage de fréquence de 0,5 MHz à 25 MHz; - au mesurage de la puissance ultrasonore jusqu'à 20 W par utilisation d'une balance de forces de rayonnement dans la plage de fréquence de 0,75 MHz à 5 MHz; - au mesurage de la puissance ultrasonore totale de transducteurs, avec des faisceaux possédant de préférence une bonne collimation; - à l'utilisation de balances de forces de rayonnement de type gravimétrique ou à retour de force.
Ultrazvok - Močnostne meritve - Ravnotežje sevalnih jakosti in tehnične zahteve (IEC 61161:2006)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 61161:2008
01-februar-2008
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 61161:2002
SIST EN 61161:2002/A1:2002
8OWUD]YRN0RþQRVWQHPHULWYH5DYQRWHåMHVHYDOQLKMDNRVWLLQWHKQLþQH]DKWHYH
,(&
Ultrasonics - Power measurement - Radiation force balances and performance
requirements (IEC 61161:2006)
Ultraschall - Leistungsmessung - Schallfeldkraft-Waagen und Anforderungen an ihre
Funktionseigenschaften (IEC 61161:2006)
Ultrasons - Mesurage de puissance - Balances de forces de rayonnement et exigences
de fonctionnement (IEC 61161:2006)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61161:2007
ICS:
17.140.50
SIST EN 61161:2008 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 61161
NORME EUROPÉENNE
April 2007
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.140.50 Supersedes EN 61161:1994 + A1:1998
English version
Ultrasonics -
Power measurement -
Radiation force balances and performance requirements
(IEC 61161:2006)
Ultrasons - Ultraschall -
Mesurage de puissance - Leistungsmessung -
Balances de forces de rayonnement Schallfeldkraft-Waagen
et exigences de fonctionnement und Anforderungen an ihre
(CEI 61161:2006) Funktionseigenschaften
(IEC 61161:2006)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2007-03-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2007 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 61161:2007 E
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EN 61161:2007 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 87/325/CDV, future edition 2 of IEC 61161, prepared by IEC TC 87, Ultrasonics,
was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel Unique Acceptance Procedure and was approved by
CENELEC as EN 61161 on 2007-03-01.
This European Standard supersedes EN 61161:1994 + A1:1998.
The main significant changes are:
– the main body of the standard has been restricted to normative statements;
– informative statements on corresponding aspects of ultrasonic power measurement and radiation
force balances have been collected in Annex A;
– Annexes A, D, E and F are new;
– more radiation force balance arrangements are dealt with. The new material relates particularly to
power measurement of ultrasonic physiotherapy devices.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2007-12-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2010-03-01
The following print types are used:
– requirements: roman type;
– notes: small roman type;
– words in bold in the text are defined in Clause 3.
The numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography (after the annexes).
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61161:2006 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60601-2-5 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60601-2-5:2000 (not modified).
IEC 61157 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61157:1994 (not modified).
__________
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- 3 - EN 61161:2007
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1)
IEC 60050-801 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - -
(IEV) -
Chapter 801: Acoustics and electroacoustics
IEC 60854 1986 Methods of measuring the performance of - -
ultrasonic pulse-echo diagnostic equipment
IEC 60866 1987 Characteristics and calibration of - -
hydrophones for operation in the frequency
range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz
IEC 61101 1991 The absolute calibration of hydrophones EN 61101 1993
using the planar scanning technique in the
frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz
IEC 61102 1991 Measurement and characterisation of EN 61102 1993
ultrasonic fields using hydrophones in the
frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz
IEC 61689 1996 Ultrasonics - Physiotherapy systems - EN 61689 1996
Performance requirements and methods of
measurement in the frequency range
0,5 MHz to 5 MHz
IEC 61846 1998 Ultrasonics - Pressure pulse lithotripters - EN 61846 1998
Characteristics of fields
1)
Undated reference.
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NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
61161
INTERNATIONAL
Deuxième édition
STANDARD
Second edition
2006-12
Ultrasons – Mesurage de puissance –
Balances de forces de rayonnement
et exigences de fonctionnement
Ultrasonics – Power measurement –
Radiation force balances and
performance requirements
© IEC 2006 Droits de reproduction réservés ⎯ Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. the publisher.
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Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
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Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue
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61161 © IEC:2006 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.7
INTRODUCTION.11
1 Scope.13
2 Normative references .13
3 Terms and definitions .15
4 List of symbols .17
5 Requirements for radiation force balances.17
5.1 General .17
5.2 Target type.19
5.3 Target diameter.19
5.4 Balance / Force measuring system .21
5.5 System tank .21
5.6 Target support structures .21
5.7 Transducer positioning .21
5.8 Anti-streaming foils.21
5.9 Transducer coupling.21
5.10 Calibration.21
6 Requirements for measuring conditions .23
6.1 Lateral target position.23
6.2 Transducer-target separation .23
6.3 Water .23
6.4 Water contact .23
6.5 Environmental conditions .23
6.6 Thermal drifts .23
7 Measurement uncertainty .25
7.1 General .25
7.2 Balance system including target suspension.25
7.3 Linearity and resolution of the balance system .25
7.4 Extrapolation to the moment of switching the ultrasonic transducer .25
7.5 Target imperfections.27
7.6 Reflecting target geometry .27
7.7 Lateral absorbers in the case of reflecting target measurements .27
7.8 Target misalignment.27
7.9 Ultrasonic transducer misalignment .27
7.10 Water temperature .27
7.11 Ultrasonic attenuation and acoustic streaming.27
7.12 Foil properties .27
7.13 Finite target size.27
7.14 Plane-wave assumption.27
7.15 Environmental influences .29
7.16 Excitation voltage measurement .29
7.17 Ultrasonic transducer temperature.29
7.18 Non-linearity.29
7.19 Other sources.29
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61161 © IEC:2006 – 5 –
Annex A (informative) Additional information on various aspects of radiation force
measurements .33
Annex B (normative) Basic formulae .57
Annex C (informative) Other methods of ultrasonic power measurement.63
Annex D (informative) Propagation medium and degassing.65
Annex E (informative) Radiation force measurement with diverging ultrasonic beams .75
Annex F (informative) Limitations associated with the balance arrangements.83
Bibliography.93
Figure 1 – Section through an absorbing target.31
Figure 2 – Linearity check: balance readout as a function of the input quantity .31
Figure D.1 – Example of dissolved oxygen concentration as a function of time for
2
200 ml of vacuum degassed water in a glass with liquid surface area of 34 cm .69
Figure D.2 – Dissolved oxygen concentration as a function of time for 2 g/l, 4 g/l and
6 g/l of sodium sulphite in de-mineralized water and for different surface areas and
volumes of water.71
Figure E.1 – Piston result (oscillating curve) for P/cF as a function of ka, with "peak"
approximation (unbroken line) and the central, half-way curve (broken line)
representing the correction factor corr. .77
Figure E.2 – P/cF as a function of ka for four different pseudo-trapezoidal amplitude
distributions, with ε = 0 (piston) (solid); ε = 0,1 (dash); ε = 0,25 (dot); ε = 0,6
(dash/dot). .77
Figure E.3 – Ratio of the radiation conductance G as obtained using a convex-conical
reflecting target with a cone half-angle of 45° to an absorbing target versus the value
of ka for 11 different transducers to be used in physiotherapy and 3 different
laboratories [26].81
Figure F.1 – Arrangement A, with absorbing (a) or reflecting (b) target .85
Figure F.2 – Arrangement B, with convex-conical reflecting target .85
Figure F.3 – Arrangement B, with absorbing target .85
Figure F.4 – Arrangement C, with absorbing target .87
Figure F.5 – Arrangement E, with absorbing (a) or concave-conical reflecting (b) target .87
Figure F.6 – Arrangement F, with convex-conical reflecting target .87
Figure F.7 – Arrangement F, with absorbing target .87
Table D.1 – Water degassing methods.67
Table D.2 – Conditions for degassing by boiling.69
Table F.1 – Advantages and disadvantages of different arrangements.91
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61161 © IEC:2006 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
–––––––––
ULTRASONICS – POWER MEASUREMENT −
RADIATION FORCE BALANCES AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61161 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 87:
Ultrasonics
This second edition of IEC 61161 cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1992, and
its Amendment 1 (1998). It constitutes a technical revision. The main significant changes are:
– the main body of the Standard has been restricted to normative statements;
– informative statements on corresponding aspects of ultrasonic power measurement and
radiation force balances have been collected in Annex A;
– Annexes A, D, E and F are new;
– more radiation force balance arrangements are dealt with. The new material relates
particularly to power measurement of ultrasonic physiotherapy devices.
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61161 © IEC:2006 – 9 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
87/325/CDV 87/358/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
NOTE The following print types are used:
• Requirements: roman type
• Notes: in small roman type
• Words in bold in the text are defined in Clause 3.
• The numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography (after the annexes).
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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61161 © IEC:2006 – 11 –
INTRODUCTION
A number of measuring methods exist for the determination of the total emitted power of
ultrasonic transducers ([1], [2], [3], see also Annex C). The purpose of this International
Standard is to establish standard methods of measurement of ultrasonic power in liquids in
the lower megahertz frequency range based on the measurement of the radiation force using
a gravimetric balance. The great advantage of radiation force measurements is that a value
for the total radiated power is obtained without the need to integrate field data over the cross-
section of the radiated sound beam. This standard identifies the sources of errors and
describes a systematic step-by-step procedure to assess overall measurement uncertainty as
well as the precautions that should be undertaken, and uncertainties that should be taken into
account, while performing power measurements
Basic safety requirements for ultrasonic physiotherapy devices are identified in IEC 60601-2-5
and make reference to IEC 61689, which specifies the need for acoustic power measurements
with an uncertainty better than ± 15 %. Considering the usual degradation of accuracy in the
practical application of this standard, reference measurement methods need to be established
with uncertainties better than ± 7 %. Ultrasonic diagnostic device declaration requirements,
including acoustic power, are specified in other IEC standards, as for example in IEC 61157.
The measurement of acoustic power accurately, precisely and repeatably using a radiation
force balance as defined in this standard is influenced by a number of practical problems. As
a guide to the user, additional information is provided in Annex A using the same section and
clause numbering as the main body.
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61161 © IEC:2006 – 13 –
ULTRASONICS – POWER MEASUREMENT –
RADIATION FORCE BALANCES AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
1 Scope
This International Standard
• specifies a method of determining the total emitted acoustic power of ultrasonic
transducers based on the use of a radiation force balance;
• establishes general principles for the use of radiation force balances in which an obstacle
(target) intercepts the sound field to be measured;
• establishes limitations of the radiation force method related to cavitation and temperature
rise;
• establishes quantitative limitations of the radiation force method in relation to diverging
and focused beams;
• provides information on assessment of overall measurement uncertainties.
This International Standard is applicable to:
• the measurement of ultrasonic power up to 1 W based on the use of a radiation force
balance in the frequency range from 0,5 MHz to 25 MHz;
• the measurement of ultrasonic power up to 20 W based on the use of a radiation force
balance in the frequency range 0,75 MHz to 5 MHz;
• the measurement of total ultrasonic power of transducers, preferably with well-collimated
beams;
• the use of radiation force balances of the gravimetric type or force feedback type.
NOTE The titles of all publications referred to in this Standard are listed in the Bibliography.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 801: Acoustics and
Electroacoustics, Chapter 802: Ultrasonics
IEC 60854:1986, Methods of measuring the performance of ultrasonic pulse-echo diagnostic
equipment
IEC 60866:1987, Characteristics and calibration of hydrophones for operation in the
frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz
IEC 61101:1991, The absolute calibration of hydrophones using the planar scanning
technique in the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz
IEC 61102:1991, Measurement and characterisation of ultrasonic fields using hydrophones in
the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz
IEC 61689:1996, Ultrasonics – Physiotherapy systems – Performance requirements and
methods of measurement in the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 5 MHz
IEC 61846:1998, Ultrasonics – Pressure pulse lithotripters – Characteristics of fields
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61161 © IEC:2006 – 15 –
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions as well as the
definitions of IEC 60050-801 and IEC 60050-802 apply.
3.1
acoustic streaming
bulk fluid motion initiated by a sound field
3.2
free field
sound field in a homogeneous isotropic medium whose boundaries exert a negligible effect on
the sound waves
[IEV 801-23-28, modified]
3.3
output power
time-average ultrasonic power emitted by an ultrasonic transducer into an approximately
free field under specified conditions in a specified medium, preferably water
Symbol: P
Unit: watt, W
3.4
radiation force
acoustic radiation force
time-average force acting on a body in a sound field and caused by the sound field, excluding
the component due to acoustic streaming; or, more generally: time-average force (excluding
the component due to acoustic streaming) in a sound field, appearing at the boundary surface
between two media of different acoustic properties
Symbol: F
Unit: Newton, N
3.5
radiation pressure
acoustic radiation pressure
radiation force per unit area
NOTE This term is widely used in the literature. However, strictly speaking, the radiation force per unit area is a
tensor quantity [4] and it should be referred to as the acoustic radiation stress tensor when a strict scientific
terminology is to be used. The integral quantity "acoustic radiation force" is generally preferred in this International
Standard. Whenever at some places the term "acoustic radiation pressure" appears, it is to be understood as the
negative value of the normal radiation stress in the direction of the field axis.
Unit: Pascal, Pa
3.6
target
device specially designed to intercept substantially all of the ultrasonic field and to serve as
the object which is acted upon by the radiation force
3.7
ultrasonic transducer
device capable of converting electrical energy to mechanical energy within the ultrasonic
frequency range and/or reciprocally of converting mechanical energy to electrical energy
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61161 © IEC:2006 – 17 –
3.8
radiation conductance
ratio of the acoustic output power and the squared RMS transducer input voltage. It is used
to characterize the electrical to acoustical transfer of ultrasonic transducers
Symbol: G
Unit: siemens, S
4 List of symbols
a radius of a source ultrasonic transducer
c speed of sound (usually in water)
d geometrical focal length of a focused ultrasonic transducer
F radiation force on a target in the direction of the incident ultrasonic wave
g acceleration due to gravity
G radiation conductance
k circular wavenumber (2π/λ)
P output power of an ultrasonic transducer
2
s normalized distance from an ultrasonic transducer (s = z λ / a )
z distance between a target and an ultrasonic transducer
α amplitude attenuation coefficient of plane waves in a medium (usually water)
γ focus (half-)angle of a focused ultrasonic transducer (arc sin a/d)
θ angle between the direction of the incident ultrasonic wave and the normal to a reflecting
surface of a target
λ ultrasonic wavelength
ρ (mass) density of the sound-propagating medium (usually water).
NOTE The direction of the incident wave mentioned above under F and θ is understood to be the direction of the
field axis, i.e., it is understood in a global sense rather than in a local sense.
5 Requirements for radiation force balances
5.1 General
The radiation force balance shall consist of a target which is conne
...
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