SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
(Main)Best practices for the creation/evaluation of fingerprint analysis in accordance with the ISO 28199 series (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Best practices for the creation/evaluation of fingerprint analysis in accordance with the ISO 28199 series (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
This document gives technical descriptions of X-Y measuring tables together with sample applications, sample evaluations and practical recommendations for visual and metrological evaluation as a supplement to the ISO 28199 series. This document intends to provide further information on this subject to interested parties.
Bewährte Verfahren für die Erstellung/Auswertung von Fingerabdruckanalysen nach der Normenreihe ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Dieses Dokument enthält als Ergänzung zur Normenreihe ISO 28199 Beschreibungen für die X Y-Messtische sowie Anwendungsbeispiele, Auswertungsbeispiele und praktische Empfehlungen für die visuelle und metrologische Auswertung. Dieses Dokument soll interessierten Parteien weitere Informationen zum Thema bieten.
Bonnes pratiques pour la création/l'évaluation de l'analyse des empreintes digitales conformément à la série ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Le présent document donne des descriptions techniques des tables de mesure X-Y ainsi que des exemples d’applications, des exemples d’évaluations et des recommandations pratiques pour l’évaluation visuelle et métrologique, en complément de la série ISO 28199. Le présent document vise à fournir des informations supplémentaires sur ce sujet aux parties intéressées.
Dobra praksa za izdelavo/vrednotenje analize prstnih odtisov v skladu s skupino standardov ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Ta dokument podaja tehnične opise merilnih tabel X-Y skupaj z vzorčnimi aplikacijami, vrednotenji vzorcev ter praktičnimi priporočili za vizualno in meroslovno vrednotenje kot dodatek k skupini standardov ISO 28199. Namen tega dokumenta je zainteresiranim stranem zagotoviti dodatne informacije o tej temi.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
01-februar-2023
Dobra praksa za izdelavo/vrednotenje analize prstnih odtisov v skladu s skupino
standardov ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Best practices for the creation/evaluation of fingerprint analysis in accordance with the
ISO 28199 series (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Bewährte Verfahren für die Erstellung/Auswertung von Fingerabdruckanalysen nach der
Normenreihe ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Bonnes pratiques pour la création/l'évaluation de l'analyse des empreintes digitales
conformément à la série ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TR 11594:2022
ICS:
87.040 Barve in laki Paints and varnishes
SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
CEN ISO/TR 11594
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
November 2022
TECHNISCHER REPORT
ICS 87.040
English Version
Best practices for the creation/evaluation of fingerprint
analysis in accordance with the ISO 28199 series (ISO/TR
11594:2022)
Bonnes pratiques pour la création/l'évaluation de Bewährte Verfahren für die Erstellung/Auswertung
l'analyse des empreintes digitales conformément à la von Fingerabdruckanalysen nach der Normenreihe ISO
série ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022) 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 21 November 2022. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
139.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TR 11594:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN ISO/TR 11594:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
CEN ISO/TR 11594:2022 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO/TR 11594:2022 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35 "Paints and
varnishes” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
CEN ISO/TR 11594:2022 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 139 “Paints and varnishes” the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/TR 11594:2022 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/TR 11594:2022 without any
modification.
3
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 11594
First edition
2022-05
Best practices for the creation/
evaluation of fingerprint analysis in
accordance with the ISO 28199 series
Bonnes pratiques pour la création/l'évaluation de l'analyse des
empreintes digitales conformément à la série ISO 28199
Reference number
ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Review of previous developments . .1
5 General quality requirements for the creation of a standard test panel .2
6 Current evaluation methods . 3
7 Selected examples for the graphical presentation of measured quantities from
various measuring tables . 3
8 Test panels .5
9 Materials for FAS panels . 5
10 Wedge layers . 6
11 Possible methods for creating wedge layers . 7
11.1 Through dynamic path distance. 7
11.2 Through dynamic changing of the quantity of paint (paint flow quantity) . 8
11.3 Through dynamic changing of the tip velocity . 9
12 Further information on wedge-shaped coating .11
13 Measuring tables.12
14 Current state-of-the-art technology for measuring devices .14
14.1 Film thickness measuring devices . 14
14.2 Colour-measurement devices . 15
14.3 Measuring devices for determining surface structure . 15
14.4 Measuring devices for determining mottling . 15
15 Monitoring of test equipment.15
16 Software .16
17 Visual evaluation of test panels .17
17.1 General . 17
17.2 Illumination chamber for the visual assessment of standard X-Y measuring table
panels, taking into account the specifications in ISO 3668 . 17
17.2.1 Aim . 17
17.2.2 Dimensions (example) . 18
17.3 Possible items of equipment (illumination in accordance with ISO 3668) . 18
17.3.1 Fluorescent tubes . 18
17.3.2 Yellow halogen lamp and daylight lamps. 19
17.4 Process steps . 21
18 Result from interlaboratory testing to demonstrate precision .22
Bibliography .25
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ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee
SC 9, General test methods for paints and varnishes.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 11594:2023
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
Best practices for the creation/evaluation of fingerprint
analysis in accordance with the ISO 28199 series
1 Scope
This document gives technical descriptions of X-Y measuring tables together with sample applications,
sample evaluations and practical recommendations for visual and metrological evaluation as a
supplement to the ISO 28199 series. This document intends to provide further information on this
subject to interested parties.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 R eview of previous developments
After the successful introduction of this prediction method for the process behaviour of automobile
series paints and an application for a patent in 1994, the ISO 28199 series up to 2009 was developed and
published in the years 1999 to 2009, initially in the form of a EUCAR pre-standard within the framework
of a EUCAR project (from 2006 onwards, originally initiation of a DIN standard – the DIN 55993 series–
which in the meantime has been replaced by the ISO 28199 series).
X-Y measuring tables (scanners) that were innovative at the time were developed to the point of being
ready for series production from the mid-1990s onwards. The first fully automated X-Y measuring table
was put into service in 1996.
After pre-development in the early 1990s, the first measuring tables were subsequently made ready
for series production. Standardization of the evaluation of measurements was very soon demanded by
the automotive industry. The aim was that paint suppliers provide process-reliable and suitable coating
systems to paint users as early as possible in the approval process for new base coats. In particular,
the needs of the automotive industry increasingly demanded the ability to demonstrate process
compatibility already in the design phase for new base coats. Further components of and results from
X-Y measuring tables included not just the demonstration of process compatibility for coating systems
awaiting approval, but also the ability to carry out process compatibility studies for new coating lines,
for example.
A new method was developed to ensure the process compatibility of new paints in base coats already
in advance of the actual paint approval. This method essentially consists of the application of a
film thickness wedge of the base coat (BC, now also a two-layer structure with BC 1 and BC 2) onto
standardized steel sheets that have been coated with a particular coil-coating-PUR paint and that have
a particular defined substrate structure (visual appearance of a very smooth coil-coating painting).
This is followed by coating with clear coat (series clear coat or with a new clear coat that is to be
investigated) with a constant film thickness. The film thickness wedge of a paint system that is to be
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ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
investigated (e.g. new base coat/paint) covers the range of film thicknesses of the series coating process
that the new paint is to be used in. A sufficiently high number of measurements are carried out with
various optical measuring devices so as to satisfy the requirements of statistical evaluation methods.
The film thickness measurement in comparison with the measurements from the optical measuring
devices is an important control parameter for an X-Y measuring table.
In the next step, suitable laboratory application systems (initially with pneumatic/pneumatic
application, later with special high-rotation bell electrostatic paint sprayguns/pneumatic) were
acquired. Today, modern high-rotation bell processes are simulated. Such is the progress that has
been made, the various existing high-rotation bell and their coating processes can be simulated
with “replacement bells” in laboratory systems in the case of central worldwide approval for various
factories, for example. It was of course initially difficult to transfer the correlation of series coating to
laboratory applications. Ultimately, success was achieved with the aid of so-called “practical fingerprint
panels” also coated onto the bodywork at a suitable location in a frame in series production.
The demands from automotive manufacturers for standardization of evaluation, as mentioned above,
resulted in a European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR) project with precisely this aim.
EUCAR is an umbrella body of automotive manufacturers that aims to jointly promote research and
development in the areas of mobility, technology and processes. Suppliers and/or parties from other
sectors also participate alongside automotive manufacturers on projects for these purposes.
The result of this joint project is the former DIN 55993 series, which was published as a draft version in
2006 and which in the meantime has been replaced by the ISO 28199 series.
5 General quality requirements for the creation of a standard test panel
It is important in terms of the predictability of process compatibility that the coating systems to be
investigated are coated/produced in a manner as close as possible to the real process onto the standard
panels of dimensions 300 mm × 570 mm (see ISO 28199-1) in laboratory systems, for example. Suitable
methods for this are described in Clause 9.
The evaluation of the measurement values of various optical measuring devices (e.g. colour, coating
structure, gloss, mottling, haze, sparkling) and the classification of the relevant film thicknesses
provides information about important process characteristics such as colour stability, gloss and
mottling behaviour, and coating structure (e.g. microstructure and ‘orange peel’ texture, depending on
the selected measurement method) of the coating systems to be investigated.
This supplies results that allow conclusions to be drawn regarding:
— the properties of base metallic coats, for example, such as those of the effect pigments that are used;
— the hiding power of paints on coloured fillers, for example;
— the colour tone stability in the process film thickness range;
— the wetting behaviour;
— the sagging behaviour;
— the bubble behaviour;
— re-dissolving by a particular clear coat (series standard clear coat or test clear coat);
— the overspray absorption;
— the pinhole behaviour;
— many other base coat or clear coat properties.
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ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
6 Current evaluation methods
The system described in the ISO 28199 series and in this document allows conclusions to be drawn
about process suitability for a particular coating process (prediction of process suitability) depending
on various coating systems and/or various substrates and vice versa.
One example in this regard would be the investigation of clear coats:
The clear coat wedge essentially allows conclusions to be drawn about wetting on the relevant substrate
itself and about which clear coat structure is present in a previously defined process window.
The method can also be used in the prediction of process suitability of new base coat paints (BC as a
one-layer coat or BC 1 and BC 2 as a two-layer coat with BC 1 with constant film thickness and BC 2 as a
base coat wedge) with a standard clear coat or with the use of a standard base coat in comparison with
various clear coat systems.
7 Selected examples for the graphical presentation of measured quantities from
various measuring tables
An early initial example from late 1999/early 2000 of a metallic BC paint wedge as a film thickness
profile is presented in Figure 1. The application of the base coat wedge using the old method with
pneumatic/pneumatic application had not yet been fully optimized.
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SOURCE Reproduced with permission from BMW AG.
Figure 1 — Example from late 1999/early 2000 of a metallic BC paint wedge as a film thickness
profile
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ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
8 Test panels
Testing the surface quality is a possible method of checking test panels (incoming goods inspection).
This can be carried out using a measuring table with suitable measuring devices.
— Film thickness measurement, to determine the film thickness distribution on test panels.
— Colour tone measurement, to determine a homogeneous colour tone. Important for subsequent
determination of the colour consistency and the process hiding power of base coats or topcoats.
— Structure measurement, to ensure a homogeneous structure.
— Gloss measurement, as a homogeneous reproducible gloss value is important in order to ensure
reproducible wetting.
All these measurements have the aim of keeping the influence of the substrate on the measurement
results of the coated panel as reproducible and minimal as possible.
As an alternative to pure coil coating sheets, plastic panels can also be used.
It is possible that these already have different surface properties or else different surface properties will
be induced, depending on their application purpose. In this regard, both defined cleaning and activation
can be necessary, which can be tested by measurement of the surface energy (ISO 19403 series), for
example. After coating with specified standard materials, the profile values can be measured in order
to monitor and approve the profile properties of the plastics between batches. Analogously to the coil
coating sheets, additional measurement of the colour tone and gloss can also be carried out here.
The film thickness measurement can be carried out using a microscope or else, after prior calibration,
with the corresponding coating material in comparison with the magneto-inductive measurement on
the coil coating sheet.
9 Materials for FAS panels
A so-called wedge panel is created in order to determine the process window of a certain base coat in
a paintshop. The so-called Fingerprint Analysis System (FAS) test panels are available in the materials
of steel (e.g. bright grey coil coating sheet – steel), aluminium or plastic. The FAS panels are moved onto
the X-Y measuring system/table (scanner) for individual measurements either automatically using a
magazine or else manually.
In the case of two-layer base coats, the FAS panels are presented with a base coat (BC 1) applied as a
constant layer and a base coat (BC 2) applied as a film thickness wedge. In the case of “one-layer base
coats”, the single base coat is applied as a wedge, while the clear coat is applied with a constant clear
coat thickness both in the case of the two-layer base coat and of a one-layer base coat. Subsequently, an
evaluation is carried out based on the determined colour and structure values and, depending on the
specifications, on additional measured quantities related to the paints (see Clause 5).
Before this step, attention is to be paid to the transfer/simulation of coating parameters and conditions
in the spray booth/surroundings in series production to a laboratory application system (see also
Clause 5).
Applications of FAS panel include the following:
— Colour tone styling, paint development, product optimization, quality control, optimization of
application processes in the automotive industry. Paint manufacturing industry, strip-coating
industry and industries that employ coating application as automated processes.
— Simulation of the series coating process. The simulation of the series coating process can be
supported by the methods in ISO 28199.
— The test procedure is based on experience that shows that the film thickness, colour/effects and
structure of a coating are important control parameters in the application process, which the main
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ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
coating properties depend upon directly or indirectly. Additional coating properties such as those
listed under measured quantities (see Clause 5) can identify other optimizations of the coating
process.
— A wedge panel is created in order to determine the process window of the base coat in a paintshop.
Base coat (BC 1), base coat (BC 2) and clear coat are applied to this, for example, and the layer to be
examined is coated in wedge form. Subsequently, an evaluation is carried out in accordance with
specifications based on the determined colour and structure values or other coating properties.
— See the second example of a scanner available on the marketplace for an example and functional
description of FAS software.
10 Wedge layers
The coating of wedge-shaped layers of the coating material to be characterized is important for
fingerprint analysis.
When fingerprint analysis was first introduced, wedge-shaped layers were created using two
pneumatically applied coats, whereby the fingerprint sheet was completely coated in the first hit of
application and only half of it was coated in the second hit of application (see Figure 2). A wedge layer
of satisfactory quality was achieved in combination with the down draft that applied during coating
during and with gravity.
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ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
Key
1 wedge layer first hit of application
a
Second hit of application. second hit of application
b
First hit of application.
c
Coil coat substrate.
Figure 2 — Creation of a wedge-shaped layer
However, this type of coating (2 × pneumatic) is not usual in e.g. series automotive painting, and as
a result, more process-like application methods were required. There was a focus on the use of
electrostatically supported high-speed atomization, in particular. To meet this requirement, there
was increased use of painting robots in the laboratory area and of highly flexible automatic painting
equipment with high-speed atomizers. As a result, wedge layers in the form of single layers with good
accuracy became feasible.
11 Possible methods for creating wedge layers
11.1 Through dynamic path distance
Figure 3 illustrates a wedge-shaped coating applied by means of dynamic enlarging of the path distance
during the coating step. This is achieved by small path distance at the bottom of the panel and large
path distance at the top. All other coating parameters, such as rotational speed, shaping air and paint
flow, remain constant.
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ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
Key
1 wedge layer
Figure 3 — Wedge-shaped coating by means of dynamic enlarging of the path distance during
the coating step
Advantage: The brush parameters can be set to typical series values.
Disadvantage: Wedges of satisfactory quality can only be achieved with great difficulty with this
application type as a result of the inhomogeneity of the ESTA-HR spray cone. The membrane overlap is
not constant across the entire coating area.
11.2 Through dynamic changing of the quantity of paint (paint flow quantity)
Figure 4 illustrates a wedge-shaped coating by means of dynamic reduction of the paint flow during the
coating step. T
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 11594:2022
01-september-2022
Dobra praksa za izdelavo/vrednotenje analize prstnih odtisov v skladu s skupino
standardov ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Best practices for the creation/evaluation of fingerprint analysis in accordance with the
ISO 28199 series (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Bewährte Verfahren für die Erstellung/Auswertung von Fingerabdruckanalysen nach der
Normenreihe ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Bonnes pratiques pour la création/l'évaluation de l'analyse des empreintes digitales
conformément à la série ISO 28199 (ISO/TR 11594:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN ISO/TR 11594
ICS:
87.040 Barve in laki Paints and varnishes
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 11594:2022 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 11594:2022
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kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 11594:2022
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 11594
First edition
2022-05
Best practices for the creation/
evaluation of fingerprint analysis in
accordance with the ISO 28199 series
Bonnes pratiques pour la création/l'évaluation de l'analyse des
empreintes digitales conformément à la série ISO 28199
Reference number
ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 11594:2022
ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
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kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 11594:2022
ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Review of previous developments . .1
5 General quality requirements for the creation of a standard test panel .2
6 Current evaluation methods . 3
7 Selected examples for the graphical presentation of measured quantities from
various measuring tables . 3
8 Test panels .5
9 Materials for FAS panels . 5
10 Wedge layers . 6
11 Possible methods for creating wedge layers . 7
11.1 Through dynamic path distance. 7
11.2 Through dynamic changing of the quantity of paint (paint flow quantity) . 8
11.3 Through dynamic changing of the tip velocity . 9
12 Further information on wedge-shaped coating .11
13 Measuring tables.12
14 Current state-of-the-art technology for measuring devices .14
14.1 Film thickness measuring devices . 14
14.2 Colour-measurement devices . 15
14.3 Measuring devices for determining surface structure . 15
14.4 Measuring devices for determining mottling . 15
15 Monitoring of test equipment.15
16 Software .16
17 Visual evaluation of test panels .17
17.1 General . 17
17.2 Illumination chamber for the visual assessment of standard X-Y measuring table
panels, taking into account the specifications in ISO 3668 . 17
17.2.1 Aim . 17
17.2.2 Dimensions (example) . 18
17.3 Possible items of equipment (illumination in accordance with ISO 3668) . 18
17.3.1 Fluorescent tubes . 18
17.3.2 Yellow halogen lamp and daylight lamps. 19
17.4 Process steps . 21
18 Result from interlaboratory testing to demonstrate precision .22
Bibliography .25
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kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 11594:2022
ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
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kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 11594:2022
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11594:2022(E)
Best practices for the creation/evaluation of fingerprint
analysis in accordance with the ISO 28199 series
1 Scope
This document gives technical descriptions of X-Y measuring tables together with sample applications,
sample evaluations and practical recommendations for visual and metrological evaluation as a
supplement to the ISO 28199 series. This document intends to provide further information on this
subject to interested parties.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 R eview of previous developments
After the successful introduction of this prediction method for the process behaviour of automobile
series paints and an application for a patent in 1994, the ISO 28199 series up to 2009 was developed and
published in the years 1999 to 2009, initially in the form of a EUCAR pre-standard within the framework
of a EUCAR project (from 2006 onwards, originally initiation of a DIN standard – the DIN 55993 series–
which in the meantime has been replaced by the ISO 28199 series).
X-Y measuring tables (scanners) that were innovative at the time were developed to the point of being
ready for series production from the mid-1990s onwards. The first fully automated X-Y measuring table
was put into service in 1996.
After pre-development in the early 1990s, the first measuring tables were subsequently made ready
for series production. Standardization of the evaluation of measurements was very soon demanded by
the automotive industry. The aim was that paint suppliers provide process-reliable and suitable coating
systems to paint users as early as possible in the approval process for new base coats. In particular,
the needs of the automotive industry increasingly demanded the ability to demonstrate process
compatibility already in the design phase for new base coats. Further components of and results from
X-Y measuring tables included not just the demonstration of process compatibility for coating systems
awaiting approval, but also the ability to carry out process compatibility studies for new coating lines,
for example.
A new method was developed to ensure the process compatibility of new paints in base coats already
in advance of the actual paint approval. This method essentially consists of the application of a
film thickness wedge of the base coat (BC, now also a two-layer structure with BC 1 and BC 2) onto
standardized steel sheets that have been coated with a particular coil-coating-PUR paint and that have
a particular defined substrate structure (visual appearance of a very smooth coil-coating painting).
This is followed by coating with clear coat (series clear coat or with a new clear coat that is to be
investigated) with a constant film thickness. The film thickness wedge of a paint system that is to be
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investigated (e.g. new base coat/paint) covers the range of film thicknesses of the series coating process
that the new paint is to be used in. A sufficiently high number of measurements are carried out with
various optical measuring devices so as to satisfy the requirements of statistical evaluation methods.
The film thickness measurement in comparison with the measurements from the optical measuring
devices is an important control parameter for an X-Y measuring table.
In the next step, suitable laboratory application systems (initially with pneumatic/pneumatic
application, later with special high-rotation bell electrostatic paint sprayguns/pneumatic) were
acquired. Today, modern high-rotation bell processes are simulated. Such is the progress that has
been made, the various existing high-rotation bell and their coating processes can be simulated
with “replacement bells” in laboratory systems in the case of central worldwide approval for various
factories, for example. It was of course initially difficult to transfer the correlation of series coating to
laboratory applications. Ultimately, success was achieved with the aid of so-called “practical fingerprint
panels” also coated onto the bodywork at a suitable location in a frame in series production.
The demands from automotive manufacturers for standardization of evaluation, as mentioned above,
resulted in a European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR) project with precisely this aim.
EUCAR is an umbrella body of automotive manufacturers that aims to jointly promote research and
development in the areas of mobility, technology and processes. Suppliers and/or parties from other
sectors also participate alongside automotive manufacturers on projects for these purposes.
The result of this joint project is the former DIN 55993 series, which was published as a draft version in
2006 and which in the meantime has been replaced by the ISO 28199 series.
5 General quality requirements for the creation of a standard test panel
It is important in terms of the predictability of process compatibility that the coating systems to be
investigated are coated/produced in a manner as close as possible to the real process onto the standard
panels of dimensions 300 mm × 570 mm (see ISO 28199-1) in laboratory systems, for example. Suitable
methods for this are described in Clause 9.
The evaluation of the measurement values of various optical measuring devices (e.g. colour, coating
structure, gloss, mottling, haze, sparkling) and the classification of the relevant film thicknesses
provides information about important process characteristics such as colour stability, gloss and
mottling behaviour, and coating structure (e.g. microstructure and ‘orange peel’ texture, depending on
the selected measurement method) of the coating systems to be investigated.
This supplies results that allow conclusions to be drawn regarding:
— the properties of base metallic coats, for example, such as those of the effect pigments that are used;
— the hiding power of paints on coloured fillers, for example;
— the colour tone stability in the process film thickness range;
— the wetting behaviour;
— the sagging behaviour;
— the bubble behaviour;
— re-dissolving by a particular clear coat (series standard clear coat or test clear coat);
— the overspray absorption;
— the pinhole behaviour;
— many other base coat or clear coat properties.
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6 Current evaluation methods
The system described in the ISO 28199 series and in this document allows conclusions to be drawn
about process suitability for a particular coating process (prediction of process suitability) depending
on various coating systems and/or various substrates and vice versa.
One example in this regard would be the investigation of clear coats:
The clear coat wedge essentially allows conclusions to be drawn about wetting on the relevant substrate
itself and about which clear coat structure is present in a previously defined process window.
The method can also be used in the prediction of process suitability of new base coat paints (BC as a
one-layer coat or BC 1 and BC 2 as a two-layer coat with BC 1 with constant film thickness and BC 2 as a
base coat wedge) with a standard clear coat or with the use of a standard base coat in comparison with
various clear coat systems.
7 Selected examples for the graphical presentation of measured quantities from
various measuring tables
An early initial example from late 1999/early 2000 of a metallic BC paint wedge as a film thickness
profile is presented in Figure 1. The application of the base coat wedge using the old method with
pneumatic/pneumatic application had not yet been fully optimized.
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SOURCE Reproduced with permission from BMW AG.
Figure 1 — Example from late 1999/early 2000 of a metallic BC paint wedge as a film thickness
profile
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8 Test panels
Testing the surface quality is a possible method of checking test panels (incoming goods inspection).
This can be carried out using a measuring table with suitable measuring devices.
— Film thickness measurement, to determine the film thickness distribution on test panels.
— Colour tone measurement, to determine a homogeneous colour tone. Important for subsequent
determination of the colour consistency and the process hiding power of base coats or topcoats.
— Structure measurement, to ensure a homogeneous structure.
— Gloss measurement, as a homogeneous reproducible gloss value is important in order to ensure
reproducible wetting.
All these measurements have the aim of keeping the influence of the substrate on the measurement
results of the coated panel as reproducible and minimal as possible.
As an alternative to pure coil coating sheets, plastic panels can also be used.
It is possible that these already have different surface properties or else different surface properties will
be induced, depending on their application purpose. In this regard, both defined cleaning and activation
can be necessary, which can be tested by measurement of the surface energy (ISO 19403 series), for
example. After coating with specified standard materials, the profile values can be measured in order
to monitor and approve the profile properties of the plastics between batches. Analogously to the coil
coating sheets, additional measurement of the colour tone and gloss can also be carried out here.
The film thickness measurement can be carried out using a microscope or else, after prior calibration,
with the corresponding coating material in comparison with the magneto-inductive measurement on
the coil coating sheet.
9 Materials for FAS panels
A so-called wedge panel is created in order to determine the process window of a certain base coat in
a paintshop. The so-called Fingerprint Analysis System (FAS) test panels are available in the materials
of steel (e.g. bright grey coil coating sheet – steel), aluminium or plastic. The FAS panels are moved onto
the X-Y measuring system/table (scanner) for individual measurements either automatically using a
magazine or else manually.
In the case of two-layer base coats, the FAS panels are presented with a base coat (BC 1) applied as a
constant layer and a base coat (BC 2) applied as a film thickness wedge. In the case of “one-layer base
coats”, the single base coat is applied as a wedge, while the clear coat is applied with a constant clear
coat thickness both in the case of the two-layer base coat and of a one-layer base coat. Subsequently, an
evaluation is carried out based on the determined colour and structure values and, depending on the
specifications, on additional measured quantities related to the paints (see Clause 5).
Before this step, attention is to be paid to the transfer/simulation of coating parameters and conditions
in the spray booth/surroundings in series production to a laboratory application system (see also
Clause 5).
Applications of FAS panel include the following:
— Colour tone styling, paint development, product optimization, quality control, optimization of
application processes in the automotive industry. Paint manufacturing industry, strip-coating
industry and industries that employ coating application as automated processes.
— Simulation of the series coating process. The simulation of the series coating process can be
supported by the methods in ISO 28199.
— The test procedure is based on experience that shows that the film thickness, colour/effects and
structure of a coating are important control parameters in the application process, which the main
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coating properties depend upon directly or indirectly. Additional coating properties such as those
listed under measured quantities (see Clause 5) can identify other optimizations of the coating
process.
— A wedge panel is created in order to determine the process window of the base coat in a paintshop.
Base coat (BC 1), base coat (BC 2) and clear coat are applied to this, for example, and the layer to be
examined is coated in wedge form. Subsequently, an evaluation is carried out in accordance with
specifications based on the determined colour and structure values or other coating properties.
— See the second example of a scanner available on the marketplace for an example and functional
description of FAS software.
10 Wedge layers
The coating of wedge-shaped layers of the coating material to be characterized is important for
fingerprint analysis.
When fingerprint analysis was first introduced, wedge-shaped layers were created using two
pneumatically applied coats, whereby the fingerprint sheet was completely coated in the first hit of
application and only half of it was coated in the second hit of application (see Figure 2). A wedge layer
of satisfactory quality was achieved in combination with the down draft that applied during coating
during and with gravity.
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Key
1 wedge layer first hit of application
a
Second hit of application. second hit of application
b
First hit of application.
c
Coil coat substrate.
Figure 2 — Creation of a wedge-shaped layer
However, this type of coating (2 × pneumatic) is not usual in e.g. series automotive painting, and as
a result, more process-like application methods were required. There was a focus on the use of
electrostatically supported high-speed atomization, in particular. To meet this requirement, there
was increased use of painting robots in the laboratory area and of highly flexible automatic painting
equipment with high-speed atomizers. As a result, wedge layers in the form of single layers with good
accuracy became feasible.
11 Possible methods for creating wedge layers
11.1 Through dynamic path distance
Figure 3 illustrates a wedge-shaped coating applied by means of dynamic enlarging of the path distance
during the coating step. This is achieved by small path distance at the bottom of the panel and large
path distance at the top. All other coating parameters, such as rotational speed, shaping air and paint
flow, remain constant.
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Key
1 wedge layer
Figure 3 — Wedge-shaped coating by means of dynamic enlarging of the path distance during
the coating step
Advantage: The brush parameters can be set to typical series values.
Disadvantage: Wedges of satisfactory quality can only be achieved with great difficulty with this
application type as a result of the inhomogeneity of the ESTA-HR spray cone. The membrane overlap is
not constant across the entire coating area.
11.2 Through dynamic changing of the quantity of paint (paint flow quantity)
Figure 4 illustrates a wedge-shaped coating by means of dynamic reduction of the paint flow during the
coating step. This is achieved by high paint flow at the bottom and low paint flow at the top. All other
coating parameters, such as rotational speed, shaping air, paint flow and tip velocity, remain constant.
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Key
1 wedge layer
Figure 4 — Wedge-shaped coating by means of dynamic reduction of the paint flow during the
coating step
Disadvantage: Wedge quality is only mediocre because the SB50 % value (spray pattern 50 % value)
changes with the change in the paint flow. This disadvantage can be addressed by adapting the air
quantities assigned to the relevant paint quantities (shaping air and/or horn/atomizing air). However,
complete correlation with series parameters is then no longer possible.
The different paint flow quantities for each coating path also result in different atomization behaviour
of the coating material. This can lead to overlapping and/or a change in coating properties that depend
on film thickness.
11.3 Through dynamic changing of the tip velocity
Figure 5 illustrates a wedge-shaped coating by means of dynamic increasing of the tip velocity during
the coating step. This is achieved by low speed at the bottom and high speed at the top. All other coating
parameters, such as rotational speed, shaping air, paint flow and tip velocity, remain constant.
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Key
1 wedge layer
Figure 5 — Wedge-shaped coating by means of dynamic increasing of the tip velocity during the
coating step
Advantage: Very good wedge quality because the spray pattern does not change as a result of the
constant brush parameters (preferably analogous to series production) and the path distance can be
set to achieve ideal overlapping.
Disadvantage: In certain cases, the tip velocity can be outside of the typical range for series production.
The increasing use of integrated coating processes led to consideration being given to the combination
of two wedge layers on a test sheet (either in the same orientation or else rotated through 180° with
respect to one another). However, it became evident that the reliability of this type of assembly as a basis
for drawing conclusions is very questionable as only a limited number of film thickness combinations
can be evaluated here. It is generally more useful to apply layer 1 with a constant film thickness and
to coat layer 2 onto this as a wedge (or vice versa). This possibly means that the constant layer needs
to be represented by different values on a number of test sheets, but the conclusions drawn relating to
process co
...
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