oSIST prEN 15269-11:2013

Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke control for door, shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware - Part 11: Fire resistance of operable fabric curtains

This document covers vertically mounted types of manual or powered, operable fabric curtain assemblies with downward closing operation.  
This document prescribes the methodology for extending the application of test results obtained from test(s) conducted in accordance with EN 1634-1.
Subject to the completion of the appropriate test or tests selected from those identified in Clause 4, the extended application may cover all or some of the following in exhaustive list of examples:
- uninsulated (E), radiation (EW) or insulated (EI1 or EI2) classifications
- coiling mechanisms
- wall/ceiling fixed elements
- items of building hardware
- decorative finishes
- intumescent, , draught or acoustic seals
- alternative supporting construction(s)

Erweiterter Anwendungsbereich von Prüfergebnissen zur Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit und/oder Rauchdichtigkeit von Türen, Toren und Fenstern einschließlich ihrer Baubeschläge - Teil 11: Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit von Feuerschutzvorhängen

Dieses Dokument behandelt vertikal montierte Arten hand- oder kraftbetätigter Feuerschutzvorhänge mit nach unten gerichtetem Schließvorgang.
Dieses Dokument beschreibt die Methodologie zur Erweiterung der Anwendung von Ergebnissen aus Prüfungen nach EN 1634-1.
In Abhängigkeit von der Durchführung der entsprechenden Prüfung oder Prüfungen, die aus den in Abschnitt 4 aufgeführten auszuwählen sind, darf der erweiterte Anwendungsbereich einige oder alle der nachstehend aufgeführten Bereiche abdecken, wobei diese Liste als unvollständig anzusehen ist:
   Klassifizierungen mit Anforderungen an nicht wärmegedämmte Abschlüsse (E), an die Strahlung (EW) oder an wärmegedämmte Abschlüsse (EI1 oder EI2);
   Wickelmechanismen;
   Wand-/Deckenbefestigungselemente;
   Baubeschläge;
   dekorative Oberflächenbeschichtungen;
   dämmschichtbildende, Zugluft- oder Schallschutz-Dichtungen;
   alternative Tragkonstruktion(en).

Application étendue des résultats d'essais en matière de résistance au feu et/ou d'étanchéité à la fumée des blocs-portes, blocs-fermetures et fenêtres, y compris leurs éléments de quincaillerie - Partie 11: Résistance au feu des rideaux en toile manoeuvrables

Le présent document couvre les types de rideaux en toile montés verticalement, manœuvrables manuellement ou motorisés, avec mouvement de fermeture vers le bas.
Le présent document prescrit la méthodologie d'extension de l'application des résultats d'essai obtenus suite aux essais réalisés conformément à l'EN 1634-1.
Sous réserve de la réalisation de l'essai ou des essais appropriés sélectionnés parmi ceux identifiés à l'Article 4, l'application étendue peut couvrir tout ou partie des éléments suivants dans la liste exhaustive d'exemples :
   classement d'étanchéité au feu uniquement (E), de rayonnement (EW) ou d'isolation thermique (EI1 ou EI2) ;
   mécanismes d'enroulement ;
   éléments fixés au mur/plafond ;
   éléments de quincaillerie de bâtiment ;
   finitions décoratives ;
   joints intumescents, joints d'étanchéité à l'air ou joints acoustiques ;
   autre(s) construction(s) support.

Razširjena uporaba rezultatov preskusov požarne odpornosti in/ali dimotesnosti za vrata, zaporne elemente in okna, ki se odpirajo, vključno z njihovim okovjem - 11. del: Požarna odpornost zastekljenih vrat v kovinskih okvirjih in oken, ki se odpirajo

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 30-Jul-2013
• ICS: 13.220.50 - Fire-resistance of building materials and elements
• ICS: 91.060.50 - Doors and windows
• Technical Committee: POZ - Požarna varnost
• Current Stage: 98 - Abandoned project (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 14-Jan-2015
• Due Date: 19-Jan-2015
• Completion Date: 14-Jan-2015
• Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products
• Mandate: M/117 - Horizontal complement to the mandates to CEN/CENELEC concerning the execution of standardization work for the valuation of construction products and elements in respect of their resistance to fire
• Ref Project: prEN 15269-11 - Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke control for door, shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware - Part 11: Fire resistance of operable fabric curtains

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 15269-11:2013
01-julij-2013
5D]ãLUMHQDXSRUDEDUH]XOWDWRYSUHVNXVRYSRåDUQHRGSRUQRVWLLQDOLGLPRWHVQRVWL
]DYUDWD]DSRUQHHOHPHQWHLQRNQDNLVHRGSLUDMRYNOMXþQR]QMLKRYLPRNRYMHP
GHO3RåDUQDRGSRUQRVWSURWLSRåDUQLK]DYHV
Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke control for door,
shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware -
Part 11: Fire resistance of operable fabric curtains
Erweiterter Anwendungsbereich von Prüfergebnissen zur Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit
und/oder Rauchdichtigkeit von Türen, Toren und Fenstern einschließlich ihrer
Baubeschläge - Teil 11: Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit von Feuerschutzvorhängen
Application étendue des résultats d'essais en matière de résistance au feu et/ou
d'étanchéité à la fumée des blocs-portes, blocs-fermetures et fenêtres, y compris leurs
éléments de quincaillerie - Partie 11: Résistance au feu des rideaux en toile
manoeuvrables
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15269-11
ICS:
13.220.50 Požarna odpornost Fire-resistance of building
gradbenih materialov in materials and elements
elementov
91.060.50 Vrata in okna Doors and windows
oSIST prEN 15269-11:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN 15269-11:2013

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oSIST prEN 15269-11:2013


EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 15269-11
NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

May 2013
ICS 13.220.50; 91.060.50
English Version
Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or
smoke control for door, shutter and openable window
assemblies, including their elements of building hardware - Part
11: Fire resistance of operable fabric curtains
Application étendue des résultats d'essais en matière de Erweiterter Anwendungsbereich von Prüfergebnissen zur
résistance au feu et/ou d'étanchéité à la fumée des blocs- Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit und/oder Rauchdichtigkeit von
portes, blocs-fermetures et fenêtres, y compris leurs Türen, Toren und Fenstern einschließlich ihrer
éléments de quincaillerie - Partie 11: Résistance au feu des Baubeschläge - Teil 11: Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit von
rideaux en toile manoeuvrables Feuerschutzvorhängen
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 127.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.


EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15269-11:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Determination of the field of extended application .6
4.1 General .6
4.2 Procedure for maximum field of extended application .6
4.3 Procedure for maximum field of extended application .7
4.4 Interpretation of test results .7
4.5 Additional measurements .7
5 Extended application report .8
6 Classification report .8
Annex A (normative) Construction parameter variations for Fabric Curtain assemblies .9
Annex B . 51
B.1 Calculation principles . 51
B.2 Calculation of limiting stress . 51
B.3 Barrel calculations . 52
B.4 Barrel support bracket calculations . 54
B.5 Axle calculations. 56
B.6 Endplate Calculations . 57
B.7 Shrinking of curtain material . 61
B.8 Bottom bar expansion allowance. 61
B.9 Maximum length of the bottom bar resp. bottom bar sections (see Figure A.49 and
Figure A.50) . 62
B.10 Calculation method increasing curtain width and height . 62
B.11 Maximum stress in the tested curtain (for information – See Figure A.51) . 63
B.12 Maximum Load bearing capacity in horizontal direction (see Figure A.51) . 64
B.13 Maximum load bearing capacity in vertical direction . 65
B.14 Minimum requirements for increasing overlapping systems . 65
B.14.1 General methodology . 65
B.14.2 Input parameters . 65
B.14.3 Example for increasing overlapping systems . 67
B.15 Maximum stress in the scaled curtain . 68
Annex C (informative) Scalability of fire curtain systems . 72
C.1 Single factors . 72
C.1.1 Mechanic loads . 72
C.1.2 Weakening of materials . 76
C.1.3 Heat radiation . 76
C.1.4 Thermal insulation . 76
C.2 Superposition of single factors . 76
C.2.1 Recommendations . 77
C.2.2 Scaling of cross sections . 77

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Foreword
This document (prEN 15269-11:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 127 “Fire safety in
buildings”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
EN 15269, Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke control for door, shutter and
openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware, consists of the following parts:
 Part 1: General requirements;
 Part 2: Fire resistance of hinged and pivoted steel doorsets;
 Part 3: Fire resistance of hinged and pivoted timber doorsets and openable timber framed windows;
1)
 Part 5: Fire resistance of hinged and pivoted, metal framed, glazed doorsets and openable windows ;
1)
 Part 6: Fire resistance of sliding timber doorsets ;
 Part 7: Fire resistance of sliding steel doorsets;
 Part 10: Fire resistance of steel rolling shutter assemblies;
1)
 Part 11: Fire resistance of operable fabric curtains ;
 Part 20: Smoke control for hinged and pivoted steel, timber and metal framed glazed doorsets.


1) In preparation.
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Introduction
This European Standard is one of a series of standards intended to be used for the purpose of producing an
extended application report based on the evaluation of one or more fire resistance and/or smoke control tests.
These standards may also be used to identify the best selection of test specimens required to cover a wide
range of product variations.
Before there can be any consideration for extended application the doorset should have been tested in
accordance with EN 1634-1 to achieve a test result which could generate a classification in accordance with
EN 13501-2 at least equal to the classification subsequently required from extended application
considerations.
A review of the doorset construction parameters can indicate that one or more characteristics may be
improved by a particular parameter variation. All evaluations should be made on the basis of retaining the fire
resistance classifications obtainable from testing to EN 1634-1, including those lower than the test duration.
However, this should never lead to an increased classification for any specific fire or smoke performance
parameter beyond that achieved during any one test unless specifically identified in the relevant Construction
Parameter Variation tables within this series of standards.
The effect on the durability of self closing of the doorsets following an extended application process is not
addressed in this series of standards.
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1 Scope
This document covers vertically mounted types of manual or powered, operable fabric curtain assemblies with
downward closing operation.
This document prescribes the methodology for extending the application of test results obtained from test(s)
conducted in accordance with EN 1634-1.
Subject to the completion of the appropriate test or tests selected from those identified in Clause 4, the
extended application may cover all or some of the following in exhaustive list of examples:
- uninsulated (E), radiation (EW) or insulated (EI or EI ) classifications
1 2
- coiling mechanisms
- wall/ceiling fixed elements
- items of building hardware
- decorative finishes
- intumescent, , draught or acoustic seals
- alternative supporting construction(s)
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1363-1, Fire resistance tests – Part 1: General requirements
EN 1634-1:2008, Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door, shutter and openable window assemblies
and elements of building hardware — Part 1: Fire resistance tests for doors, shutters and openable windows
EN 13501-2, Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 2: Classification using
test data from fire resistance tests excluding ventilation services
EN 15254-4, Extended application of results from fire resistance tests. Non-loadbearing walls. Glazed
constructions
prEN 15269-1:2007, Extended application of test results for fire resistance and/or smoke control for door,
shutter and openable window assemblies, including their elements of building hardware — Part 1: General
requirements
EN ISO 13943:2000, Fire safety — Vocabulary (ISO 13943:2000)
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
For definition of parts, see Annex A.
3.1
full scale test
test of a full size door element in accordance with EN 1634-1
4 Determination of the field of extended application
4.1 General
4.1.1 Before there can be any consideration for extended application the operable fabric curtain shall have
been tested and classified in accordance with EN 1634-1 and EN 13501-2 respectively in order to establish a
classification for the operable fabric curtain.
4.1.2 A review of the construction parameters can indicate that one or more characteristics may be
improved by a particular parameter variation. All evaluations shall be made on the basis of retaining the
classifications obtainable from testing to EN 1634-1, including those lower than the test duration. However,
this shall never lead to an increased classification for any specific parameter beyond that achieved during any
one test unless specifically identified in the relevant Construction Parameter Variation tables.
4.1.3 All evaluations shall be made on the basis of retaining the classification obtained from testing to
EN 1634-1.
4.1.4 If, by following the ensuing procedure, any part of the classification cannot be achieved by extended
application rules that part of classification shall be omitted from the subsequent extended application report
and classification report.
4.2 Procedure for maximum field of extended application
4.2.1 Identify the variations from the original test specimen(s) which are required to be covered by an
extended application report - see Figure A.1 for a typical operable curtain.
4.2.2 Locate the variations in the appropriate parameter variation by reference to columns (1) and (2) of
Table A.1.
4.2.3 Review the type of classification to be retained from column (3) of Table A.1 and establish from the
contents of column (4) of Table A.1 whether any extended application is available without the need for further
testing.
4.2.4 Where this is deemed to be possible this can be recorded in the extended application report together
with any appropriate restrictions and the stated rules from column (4) in Table A.1.
4.2.5 Where the variations required can only be achieved from additional testing according to column (5) in
Table A.1, the additional test can be made on a similar specimen type to the original test against which the
extended application is sought. Alternatively, column (5) in Table A.1 identifies an option for alternative testing
and relevant test parameters.
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4.3 Procedure for maximum field of extended application
4.3.1 It is possible to provide a limited field of extended application from the results of a single test.
However, where a manufacturer intends to produce a range of operable fabric curtains, it is recommended
that careful consideration is given to the complete range of designs and options in order to minimize the
testing required before testing commences.
4.3.2 Establish all the parameter variations which are required to be part of the product range.
4.3.3 Select specimen(s) for the first test(s) in the series to ensure that the most important parameter
variations for the manufactured products are covered.
4.3.4 Complete the first test or a series of tests and prepare a field of direct application and possibly a
classification report from the results of the test(s).
4.3.5 Establish which of the original desired parameter variations have not been covered by the direct
application and classification report.
4.3.6 Identify these parameter variations in Annex A and establish if any extended application is possible
without further testing.
4.3.7 Record this for the extended application report together with any restrictions and rules given in column
(5) in Table A.1.
4.3.8 Evaluate which, if any, of the desired parameter variations have not been covered by the field of direct
application or the initial field of extended application derived from 4.3.7 above.
4.3.9 Select the required outstanding parameter variations from column (1) and column (2) of Table A.1 and
observe from column (5) of Table A.1 which are the most appropriate weakest specimen options for further
testing.
4.3.10 If the complete selection of required parameter variations has not been covered by the tests completed
in accordance with 4.3.9 above, then an appropriate test or tests may be repeated with the additional product
variations incorporated.
4.4 Interpretation of test results
4.4.1 In order to maximize the field of extended application, it is important that the test reports shall record
details of any integrity and/or insulation failures throughout the test duration.
4.4.2 Where a series of tests have been conducted, the field of extended application shall be based on the
lowest performance achieved from the complete series of tests unless premature failure has been attributed to
one or more specific construction parameter variation.
4.4.3 Where it has been possible, to identify specific parameter failures, the extended application for all other
construction parameter variations can be based on the performance achieved after isolating the premature
failure(s).
4.5 Additional measurements
To use extended application the following measurements are to be taken.
Fig A.3 S = Shrinking allowance.
Fig A.54 S = Bottom bar deflection.
t
Fig A.55 U = Maximum curtain deflection.
t
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5 Extended application report
5.1 Prepare an extended application report in accordance with the requirements of Clause 5 of
EN 15269-1, based on the results of evaluations in accordance with the above.
6 Classification report
6.1 The classification report shall be determined from the results of the extended application report and
presented in accordance with EN 13501-2.
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Annex A
(normative)

Construction parameter variations for Fabric Curtain assemblies
Table A.1 is designed to provide rules for the creation of extended application reports by experts in the field of
fire resistance testing of operable fabric curtains.
Table A.1 shall only be used to evaluate a field of extended application when at least one positive fire
resistance test to EN 1634-1 has resulted in a classification according to EN 13501-2.
The first two columns identify possible variations to the construction details of the specimen tested.
The type of classification achieved from the test can be identified from the ‘Performance characteristic’ section
of Table A.1 column 3 as insulation, radiation control or integrity only.
The effect of the change in each parameter is evaluated for each characteristic in column 3 under E for effects
on integrity, I for effects on insulation (whether an I or I ) and W for the effects on radiation control for EW
1 2
curtains.
Where symbols are used these relate to the following definitions:
a) < - forecast is a worse performance;
b) > - forecast is a better performance;
c) = - forecast is no significant difference
d) ≤ - forecast is a worse or equal performance;
e) ≥ - forecast is a better or equal performance;
f) >=< - forecast unknown
These evaluations lead to the judgement of the possibility of the extension of the field of application the results
of which are given in column 4. In certain cases, in Column 4, it is a requirement to achieve Category B, the
details for which are given in EN 1634-1.
Where additional tests are deemed to be necessary the type of specimen approved for incorporation of the
changed parameter is defined in column 5.
Where it is possible to use information from tests performed on one configuration for evidence on a different
configuration, this allowance has been made in order to reduce the overall number of tests required for
extended application evaluation.
The rules given for size increase (width, height, area) of the curtain assembly are applicable for operable
curtains tested in size equal or bigger than the maximum size which can be tested in a standard size furnace
(normally 3m x 3m). All size variations based on the results of more than one test with specimens of different
sizes can be combined.
Where construction parameter variations result in an increase in the weight of the curtain, the requirements
given in Annex B shall be satisfied.
If after consideration of a specific variation, additional changes are required to be made to the specimen;
these may be made providing the implications on other variations are also taken into account.
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Table A.1
Construction Parameter Variation Influence of variation Possibility of extension Additional Evidence Required

on performance
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
 E I W
A     General
A1. Size variations / construction
A1.1 Width between guides
Decrease >=< >=< ≥ Possible providing tightness and expansion
clearances are not reduced
A1.2 Width between guides E, EI, EW
Increase >=< >=< < According to
Possible providing the static requirements for fixings and
load-bearing constructions are fulfilled and the
1) Shrinking of curtain material
requirements of Annex B are satisfied
*see B.7
EW
2) Maximum load bearing capacity in
Possible providing the radiation criteria given in Annex B
horizontal direction. *see B.12
of EN 15254-4:2008 are complied with
3) Maximum load bearing capacity in
vertical direction. *see B.13
4) Deflection of bottom bar and curtain
calculation *see B.8 – B.11 and
Annex C
The smallest scaling factor is limiting
the increasing of the dimension
Possible providing tightness and expansion clearances
A1.3 Opening height
Decrease >=< >=< ≥
are not reduced
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Construction Parameter Variation Influence of variation Possibility of extension Additional Evidence Required

on performance
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
 E I W
A1.4 Opening height If Height > 4.7m P will be >-20Pa check σ in B.10
t
Increase  According to
E, EI, EW
1) Shrinking of curtain material
Possible providing the static requirements for fixings and
load-bearing constructions are fulfilled and the
*see B.7
requirements of Annex B are satisfied.
2) Maximum load bearing capacity in
EW
horizontal direction. *see B.12
Possible providing the radiation criteria given in Annex B
of EN15254-4:2008 are complied with
3) Maximum load bearing capacity in
vertical direction. *see B.13

4) Deflection of bottom bar and curtain
calculation *see B.8 – B.11 and
Annex C
StressStress The smallest scaling
factor is limiting the increasing of the
dimension
A1.5 Mounting situation of lintel to casing - E, EI, EW
Decrease < < =
Not possible
See Figure A.2


A1.6 Mounting situation of lintel to casing -
Increase >=< >=< >=< Possible
See Figure A.2

A1.7 Expansion allowances between side
Decrease ≤ ≤ ≤ Not possible without additional test
guides and bottom bar - see
Figure A.3 (E)
A1.8 Expansion allowances between side
Increase >=< >=< >=< Possible, if the tightness of curtain and guides is
guides and bottom bar - see
not decreased
Figure A.3 (E)
A1.9 Mounting situation casing - see
Alternative installation >=< >=< >=< See Table A.2
Figure A.2
A1.10 Mounting situation side guides - see
Alternative installation >=< >=< >=< See Table A.3
Figure A.4
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Construction Parameter Variation Influence of variation Possibility of extension Additional Evidence Required

on performance
characteristic
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
 E I W
A2. Closing directions
A 2.1 Closing options - see Figure A5 Alternatives >=< >=< >=< Possible in line with Figure A.5
B.    Curtain
B1.  Fabric (Single /Multi layer) N.B. Figure A.6 for explanation
B1.1 Fabric Change material >=< >=< >=< Not possible
B 2 Joint technique- see Figure A. 7
B.2.1 Seam variation
Change >=< >=< >=< Possible in accordance with Table A.4 otherwise Test in accordance with small scale
additional evidence required test according to Figure A.8 for the
vertical seam direction. Figure A.9 for
the horizontal seam direction
B.2.2 Seaming material e.g. stitch material,
Change >=< >=< >=< Possible providing the requirements of Annex B Test in accordance with small scale
staple material etc
are satisfied and providing tensile strength in fire test according to Figure A 8 for the
conditions is equal or better vertical seam direction. Figure A.9 for
the horizontal seam direction
B.2.3 Seam type e.g. stitch to staple etc
Change >=< >=< >=< Possible providing the requirements of Annex B Test in accordance with small scale
are satisfied and providing tensile strength in fire test according to Figure A.8 for the
conditions is equal or better vertical seam direction. Figure A.9 for
the horizontal seam direction
B.2.4 Stitch length/distance between
Change >=< >=< >=< Possible providing tensile strength is equal or Test in accordance with small scale
staples
higher test according to Figure A 8 for the
vertical seam direction. Figure A.9 for
the horizontal seam direction
B.2.5 Distance of seam to effective fabric
Decrease < < < Not Possible
edge – see Figure A.10 (r)
B.2.6 Distance seam to selvedge
Increase = ≥ = Possible
Figure A.10 (r)
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