SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002
(Main)Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 9934-1:2001)
Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 9934-1:2001)
This European standard specifies general principles for the magnetic particle testing of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing is primarily applicable to the detection of surface-breaking discontinuities, particularly cracks. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but its sensitivity diminishes rapidly with depth.
The standard specifies the surface preparation of the part to be tested, magnetization techniques, requirements and application of the detection media and the recording and interpretation of results. Acceptance criteria are not defined. Additional requirements for the magnetic particle testing of particular items are defined in product standards (see the relevant EN Standard).
This standard does not apply to the residual magnetization method.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Magnetpulverprüfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 9934-1:2001)
Diese EN beschreibt allgemeine Grundlagen für die Magnetpulverprüfung von ferromagnetischen Werkstoffen. Die Magnetpulverprüfung ist in erster Linie ein Verfahren zum Nachweis von Oberflächeninhomogenitäten, speziell von Rissen. Es können auch Inhomogenitäten dicht unter der Oberfläche nachgewiesen werden. Die Empfindlichkeit nimmt mit zunehmender Tiefenlage schnell ab.
Essais non destructifs - Magnétoscopie - Partie 1: Principes généraux du contrôle (ISO 9934-1:2001)
La présente Norme européenne définit les principes généraux pour l'examen par magnétoscopie des matériaux ferromagnétiques. Le contrôle par magnétoscopie s'applique principalement a la détection des discontinuités superficielles débouchantes, en particulier les fissures. Il peut aussi concerner les discontinuités sous-jacentes mais sa sensibilité diminue rapidement avec la profondeur.
La norme définit la préparation de surface de la piece soumise a essai, les exigences concernant les techniques d'aimantation, les produits indicateurs et leur mode d'application ainsi que l'enregistrement et l'interprétation des résultats. Les criteres d'acceptation ne sont pas définis. Dans certains cas, des prescriptions supplémentaires pour le contrôle par magnétoscopie de pieces particulieres sont définies dans les normes de produits (voir la norme EN pertinente).
La présente norme ne s'applique pas a la méthode par aimantation permanente.
Neporušitveno preskušanje - Preskušanje z magnetnimi delci - 1. del: Splošna načela (ISO 9934-1:2001)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Magnetpulverprüfung - Teil 1:Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 9934-1:2001)Essais non destructifs - Magnétoscopie - Partie 1: Principes généraux du contrôle (ISO 9934-1:2001)Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 9934-1:2001)19.100Neporušitveno preskušanjeNon-destructive testingICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 9934-1:2001SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002en01-junij-2002SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN ISO 9934-1December 2001ICS 19.100English versionNon-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing - Part 1:General principles (ISO 9934-1:2001)Essais non destructifs - Magnétoscopie - Partie 1:Principes généraux du contrôle (ISO 9934-1:2001)Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Magnetpulverprüfung - Teil 1:Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 9934-1:2001)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 December 2000.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2001 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 9934-1:2001 ESIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002
EN ISO 9934-1:2001 (E)2ContentspageForeword.31Scope.42Normative references.43Terms and definitions.44Qualification and certification of personnel.45Safety and environmental requirements.46Testing procedure.57Surface preparation.58Magnetization.58.1General requirements.58.2Verification of magnetization.68.3Magnetizing techniques.78.3.1Current flow techniques.78.3.2Magnetic flow techniques.79Detection media.89.1Properties and selection of media.89.2Testing of detection media.99.3Application of detection media.910Viewing conditions.910.1Coloured media.910.2Fluorescent media.1011Overall performance test.1012Interpretation and recording of indications.1013Demagnetization.1014Cleaning.1115Test report.11Annex A
(informative)
Example for determination of currents required to achieve specified tangentialfield strengths for various magnetization techniques.15Annex ZA
(informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements orother provisions of EU Directives.18SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002
EN ISO 9934-1:2001 (E)3ForewordThe text of EN ISO 9934-1:2001 has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 "Non-destructivetesting", the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 135 "Non-destructive testing".This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text orby endorsement, at the latest by June 2002, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest byJune 2002.This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and theEuropean Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this standard.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland and the United Kingdom.SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002
EN ISO 9934-1:2001 (E)41 ScopeThis European standard specifies general principles for the magnetic particle testing of ferromagnetic materials.Magnetic particle testing is primarily applicable to the detection of surface-breaking discontinuities, particularlycracks. It can also detect discontinuities just below the surface but its sensitivity diminishes rapidly with depth.The standard specifies the surface preparation of the part to be tested, magnetization techniques, requirementsand application of the detection media and the recording and interpretation of results. Acceptance criteria are notdefined. Additional requirements for the magnetic particle testing of particular items are defined in productstandards (see the relevant EN Standard).This standard does not apply to the residual magnetization method.2 Normative referencesThis European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. Thesenormative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. Fordated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this EuropeanStandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of thepublication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 473, Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel - General principles.EN 1330-1, Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Part 1 : General terms.EN 1330-2, Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Part 2 : Terms common to non-destructive testing methods.EN ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing - Viewing conditions(ISO 3059:2001).prEN ISO 9934-2, Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing - Part 2 : Characterisation of products(ISO/DIS 9934-2:1999).prEN ISO 9934-3, Non-destructive testing - Magnetic particle testing - Part 3 : Equipment (ISO/DIS 9934-3:1998).prEN ISO 12707, Non-destructive testing - Terminology - Terms used in magnetic particle testing.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-1, EN 1330-2 and prEN ISO 12707apply.4 Qualification and certification of personnelIt is assumed that magnetic particle testing is performed by qualified and capable personnel. In order to provide thisqualification, it is recommended to certify the personnel in accordance with EN 473 or equivalent.5 Safety and environmental requirementsMagnetic particle testing may require the use of toxic, flammable and/or volatile materials. In such cases, workingareas shall therefore be adequately ventilated and far from sources of heat or flames. Extended or repeatedcontact of detecting media and contrast paints with the skin or mucous membranes shall be avoided.SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002
EN ISO 9934-1:2001 (E)5Testing materials shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. National accident prevention,electrical safety, handling of dangerous substances and personal and environmental protection regulations shall beobserved at all times.When using UV-A sources, care shall be taken to ensure that unfiltered radiation from the UV-A source does notdirectly reach the eyes of the operator. UV-A filters, whether forming an integral part of the lamp or a separatecomponent, shall always be maintained in a safe condition.NOTEMagnetic particle testing often creates high magnetic fields close to the object under test and the magnetizingequipment. Items sensitive to these fields should be excluded from such areas.6 Testing procedureWhen required at the time of enquiry and order, magnetic particle testing shall be performed in accordance with awritten procedure.NOTEThe procedure may take the form of a brief technique sheet, containing a reference to this and other appropriatestandards. The procedure should specify testing parameters in sufficient detail for the test to be repeatable.7 Surface preparationAreas to be tested shall be free from dirt, scale, loose rust, weld spatter, grease, oil and any other foreign matterthat may affect the test sensitivity.The surface quality requirements are dependent upon the size and orientation of the discontinuity to be detected.The surface shall be prepared so that relevant indications can be clearly distinguished from false indications.Non-ferromagnetic coatings up to approximately 50 µm thick, such as unbroken tightly adherent paint layers, do notnormally impair detection sensitivity. Thicker coatings reduce sensitivity. Under these conditions, the sensitivityshall be verified.There shall be a sufficient visual contrast between the indications and the test surface. For the non-fluorescenttechnique, it may be necessary to apply a uniform, thin, adherent layer of an approved contrast aid paint.8 Magnetization8.1 General requirementsThe minimum flux density in the component surface shall be 1 T. This flux density is achieved in low alloy and lowcarbon steels with high relative permeability with a tangential field strength of 2 kA/m.NOTE 1For other steels, with lower permeability, a higher tangential field strength may be necessary. If magnetization is toohigh, spurious background indications may appear, which could mask relevant indications.When magnetization is generated from time-varying currents, the rms. value is the required quantity. If the currentmeter on the magnetizing equipment records the mean current, the corresponding rms. value is given in Table 1,for various common waveforms. The use of pulsed or phase-cut currents requires specific measurements.If cracks or other linear discontinuities are likely to be aligned in a particular direction, the magnetic flux shall bealigned perpendicular to this direction where possible.NOTE 2The flux may be regarded as effective in detecting discontinuities aligned up to 60º from the optimum direction. Fullcoverage may then be achieved by magnetizing the surface in two perpendicular directions.When there is need to find sub-surface discontinuities, d.c. or rectified waveforms shall be used.SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002
EN ISO 9934-1:2001 (E)6Table 1 - Relationship between peak mean and rms values for various sinusoidal waveformsWave formPeakMeanrmsrms/meansAlternatingcurrentI00.707 I-)2(IAlternatingcurrent half-waverectifiedI0.318 I0.5 I1.57)(IAlternating full-wave rectifiedI0.637 I0.707 I1.11)2(I)2(IThree phasehalf-waverectifiedI0.826 I0.840 I1.02Three phasesinusoidal fullwave rectifiedI0.955 I)3(I8.2 Verification of magnetizationThe adequacy of the surface flux density shall be established by one or more of the following methods :a) by testing a component containing fine natural or artificial discontinuities in the least favourable locations ;b) by measuring the tangential field strength as close as possible to the surface Information on this is given inprEN ISO 9934-3 ;c) by calculating the tangential field strength for current flow methods. Simple calculations are possible in manycases, and they form the basis for current values specified in the informative annex ;d) by the use of other methods based on established principles.NOTEFlux indicators (e.g. shim-type), placed in contact with the surface under test, provide a guide to the magnitude anddirection of the tangential field strength, but should not be used to verify that the tangential field strength is acceptable.SIST EN ISO 9934-1:2002
EN ISO 9934-1:2001 (E)78.3 Magnetizing techniquesThis section describes a range of magnetization techniques. Multi-directional magnetization can be used to finddiscontinuities in any direction. In the case of simple-shaped objects, formulae are given in the annex for achievingapproximate tangential field strengths. Magnetizing equipment shall meet the requirements of and be used inaccordance with prEN 9934-3.Magnetizing techniques are described in the following Clauses.NOTEMore than one technique may be necessary to find discontinuities on all test surfaces and in all orientations.Demagnetization may be required where the residual field from the first magnetization cannot be overcome. Techniques otherthan those listed may be used provided they give adequate magnetization, in accordance with 8.1.8.3.1 Current flow techniques8.3.1.1 Axial current flowCurrent flow offers high sensitivity for detection of discontinuities parallel to the direction of the current.Current passes through the component, which shall be in good electrical contact with the pads. A typicalarrangement is shown in Figure 1. The current is assumed to be distributed evenly over the surface and shall bederived from the peripheral dimensions. An example of approximate formula for the current required to achieve aspecified tangential field strength is given in annex A.Care shall be taken to avoid damage to the component at the point of electrical contacts. Possible hazards includeexcessive heat, burning and arcing.NOTECertain contact materials such as copper or zinc may cause metallurgical damage to the component if arcingoccurs. Lead contact pads may be used, but only in well ventilated conditions, because they may generate harmful vapours.Contact areas should be as clean and as large as practicable and of a material compatible with the component under test.8.3.1.2 Prods; Current flowCurrent is passed between hand-held or clamped contact prods as shown in Figure 2, providing an inspection of asmall area of a larger surface. The prods are then moved in a prescribed pattern to cover the required total area.Examples of testing patterns are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Approximate formulae for the current required toachieve a specified tangential field strength are given in annex A.This technique offers the highest sensitivity for discontinuities elongated parallel to the direction of the current.Particular care shall be taken to avoid surface damage due to burning or contamination of the component by theprods, as for 8.3.1.1. The warning in this subclause concerning the use of lead prods should also be noted. Zincplated or galvanised prods shall not be used. Arcing or excessive heating shall be regarded as a defect requiring averdict on acceptability. If further testing is required on such affected areas, it shall be carried out using a differenttechnique.8.3.1.3 Induced current flowCurrent is induced in a ring shaped component by making it, in effect, the secondary of a transformer, as shown inFigure 4. An example of an approximate fo
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.