SIST EN ISO 14923:2004
(Main)Thermal spraying - Characterization and testing of thermally sprayed coatings (ISO 14923:2003)
Thermal spraying - Characterization and testing of thermally sprayed coatings (ISO 14923:2003)
This standard gives an overview of the characteristics of coatings produced by thermal spraying. It is not possible in this document to go into details regarding the different types of coatings and large numbers of coatings due to the fact that all meltable materials can be processed by thermal spraying and that so many and varied thermal spraying processes exist. Quoted specifications are providing additional information. The tests described are procedures and test criteria in general use for thermally sprayed coatings.
Thermisches Spritzen - Merkmale und Prüfung von thermisch gespritzten Schichten (ISO 14923:2003)
Die vorliegende Norm gibt einen Überblick über die Eigenschaften von Beschichtungen, die durch thermisches Spritzen hergestellt werden. Aufgrund der Tatsache, daß alle schmelzbaren Werkstoffe durch thermisches Spritzen verarbeitet werden können, sowie aufgrund der vielen und unterschiedlichen Verfahren zum thermischen Spritzen ist es unmöglich, in vorliegender Norm im Detail auf die verschiedenen Schichttypen und zahlreichen Schichten einzugehen. Die angegebenen Normen geben zusätzliche Informationen.
Projection thermique - Caractérisation et essais des revetements obtenus par projection thermique (ISO 14923:2003)
La présente norme donne une vue d'ensemble des caractéristiques des revetements obtenus par projection thermique. Ce document ne permet pas de détailler les différents et nombreux types de revetements en raison du fait que tous les matériaux pouvant etre fondus peuvent etre traités par projection thermique et de l'existence d'un grand nombre de projections thermiques différentes. Les spécifications reconnues fournissent un complément d'informations. Les essais décrits sont des procédures et des criteres d'essai d'usage général pour les revetements obtenus par projection thermique.
Thermal spraying - Characterization and testing of thermally sprayed coatings (ISO 14923:2003)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 14923:2004
01-junij-2004
Thermal spraying - Characterization and testing of thermally sprayed coatings
(ISO 14923:2003)
Thermal spraying - Characterization and testing of thermally sprayed coatings (ISO
14923:2003)
Thermisches Spritzen - Merkmale und Prüfung von thermisch gespritzten Schichten (ISO
14923:2003)
Projection thermique - Caractérisation et essais des revetements obtenus par projection
thermique (ISO 14923:2003)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14923:2003
ICS:
25.220.20 Površinska obdelava Surface treatment
SIST EN ISO 14923:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 14923:2004
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SIST EN ISO 14923:2004
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 14923
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2003
ICS 25.220.20
English version
Thermal spraying - Characterization and testing of thermally
sprayed coatings (ISO 14923:2003)
Projection thermique - Caractérisation et essais des Thermisches Spritzen - Merkmale und Prüfung von
revêtements obtenus par projection thermique (ISO thermisch gespritzten Schichten (ISO 14923:2003)
14923:2003)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 March 2003.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14923:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 14923:2004
EN ISO 14923:2003 (E)
Contents
page
Foreword.3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms and definitions.6
4 Manufacturing the coating.7
4.1 General.7
4.2 Coating materials.7
4.3 Coating properties.8
4.4 Technological and physical properties.8
5 Tests.10
5.1 General.10
5.2 Non-destructive test methods .10
5.3 Destructive test methods.12
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SIST EN ISO 14923:2004
EN ISO 14923:2003 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 14923:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 240 "Thermal spraying
and thermally sprayed coatings", the secretariat of which is held by DIN, in collaboration with Technical Committee
ISO/TC 107 "Metallic and other inorganic coatings".
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by January 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest
by January 2004.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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SIST EN ISO 14923:2004
EN ISO 14923:2003 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard gives guidance on tests used for characterizations of coatings produced by thermal spraying.
It is not possible in this document to go into details regarding the different types of coatings and large numbers of
coatings due to the fact that all meltable materials can be processed by thermal spraying and that so many and varied
thermal spraying processes exist.
The tests listed are procedures and test criteria in general use for thermally sprayed coatings. Test methods not
mentioned here are only used in special cases or under laboratory conditions.
NOTE Continuous further development and technical improvements mean that this standard cannot make any claim to
completeness.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 571-1, Non destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles (identical with ISO/DIS 3452-
1:1996).
EN 582, Thermal spraying — Determination of tensile adhesive strength.
EN 623-2, Advanced technical ceramics — Monolithic ceramics — General and textural properties — Part 2:
Determination of density and porosity.
EN 657, Thermal spraying — Terminology, classification.
EN 821-2, Advanced technical ceramics — Monolithic ceramics — Thermo-physical properties — Part 2:
Determination of thermal diffusivity by the laser flash (or heat pulse) method.
EN 993-14, Methods of testing dense shaped refractory products — Part 14: Determination of thermal conductivity
by the hot-wire (cross-array) method.
ENV 1071-1, Advanced technical ceramics — Methods of test for ceramic coatings — Part 1: Determination of
coating thickness by contact probe profilometer.
EN 1071-2, Advanced technical ceramics — Methods of test for ceramic coatings — Part 2: Determination of
coating thickness by the crater grinding method.
ENV 1071-3, Advanced technical ceramics — Methods of test for ceramic coatings — Part 3: Determination of
adhesion by a scratch test.
ENV 1159-2, Advanced technical ceramics — Ceramic composites — Thermophysical properties — Part 2:
Determination of thermal diffusivity.
EN 1274, Thermal spraying — Powders — Composition — Technical supply conditions.
EN 24624, Paints and varnishes — Pull-off test (ISO 4624:1978).
EN ISO 1463, Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Microscopical method
(ISO 1463:1982).
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EN ISO 2064, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Definitions and conventions concerning the measurement of
thickness (ISO 2064:1996).
EN ISO 2178, Non-magnetic coatings on magnetic substrates — Measurement of coating thickness — Magnetic
method (ISO 2178:1982).
EN ISO 2360, Non-conductive coatings on non-magnetic basis metals — Measurement of coating thickness —
Eddy current method (ISO 2360:1982).
EN ISO 3543, Metallic and non-metallic coatings — Measurement of thickness — Beta backscatter method
(ISO 3543:2000).
EN ISO 3868, Metallic and other non-organic coatings — Measurement of coating thicknesses — Fizeau multiple-
beam interferometry method (ISO 3868:1976).
EN ISO 3882, Metallic and other non-organic coatings — Review of methods of measurement of thickness
(ISO 3882:1986).
EN ISO 4518, Metallic coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Profilometric method (ISO 4518:1980).
EN ISO 4541, Metallic and other non-organic coatings — Corrodkote corrosion test (CORR test) (ISO 4541:1978).
EN ISO 6507-1, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 6507-1:1997).
EN ISO 6507-2, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 2: Verification of testing machines
(ISO 6507-2:1997).
EN ISO 6507-3, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks
(ISO 6507-3:1997).
EN ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K,
N, T)(ISO 6508-1:1999).
EN ISO 6988, Metallic and other non-organic coatings — Sulfur dioxide test with general condensation of moisture
(ISO 6988:1985).
EN ISO 9220, Metallic coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Scanning electron microscope method
(ISO 9220:1988).
EN ISO 14919, Thermal spraying — Wires, rods and cords for flame and arc spraying — Classification —
Technical supply conditions (ISO 14919:2001).
EN ISO 14922-1, Thermal spraying — Quality requirements of thermally sprayed structures — Part 1: Guidance for
selection and use (ISO 14922-1:1999).
EN ISO 14922-2, Thermal spraying — Quality requirements of thermally sprayed structures — Part 2:
Comprehensive quality requirements (ISO 14922-2:1999).
EN ISO 14922-3, Thermal spraying — Quality requirements of thermally sprayed structures — Part 3: Standard
quality requirements (ISO 14922-3:1999).
EN ISO 14922-4, Thermal spraying — Quality requirements of thermally sprayed structures — Part 4: Elementary
quality requirements (ISO 14922-4:1999).
IEC 60093, Methods of test for volume resistivity and surface resistivity of solid electrical insulating materials.
IEC 60167, Methods of test for the determination of the insulation resistance of solid insulating materials.
IEC 60345, Method of test for electrical resistance and resistivity of insulating materials at elevated temperatures.
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SIST EN ISO 14923:2004
EN ISO 14923:2003 (E)
IEC 60468, Method of measurement of resistivity of metallic materials.
ISO 2063, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Thermal spraying — Zinc, aluminium and their alloys.
ISO 3274, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Nominal characteristics
of contact (stylus) instruments.
ISO 4287, Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms, definitions and
surface texture parameters.
ISO 4516, Metallic and related coatings — Vickers and Knoop microhardness tests.
ISO 8301, Thermal insulation — Determination of steady-state thermal resistance and related properties — Heat
flow meter apparatus.
ISO 8894-1, Refractory materials — Determination of thermal conductivity — Part 1: Hot-wire method (cross-array).
ISO 9227, Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres — Salt spray tests.
ISO 13565-1, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Surface having
stratified functional properties — Part 1: Filtering and general measurement conditions.
ISO 13565-2, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Surface having
stratified functional properties — Part 2: Height characterization using the linear material ratio curve.
ISO 14577-1, Metallic materials — Instrumentation indentation test for hardness and material parameters — Part 1:
Test method.
ISO 14577-2, Metallic materials — Instrumentation indentation test for hardness and material parameters — Part 2:
Verification and calibration of testing machines.
ISO 14577-3, Metallic materials — Instrumentation indentation test for hardness and material parameters — Part 3:
Calibration of reference block.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 657 and the following apply.
3.1
coating structure
sprayed coating is built up of lamellae. Process dependent factors such as materials (auxiliary materials), type of
material and spray parameters affect the coating structure. The lamella type and size, structure, cracks, segmentation
and similar features have to be differentiated
3.2
crack
parting of the coating structure or separation of the sprayed particles from one another, or within a particle
NOTE They occur vertical and/or parallel to the substrate surface as macro- or microcracks, or mixed.
3.3
flaking
area detached from the coating due to insufficient cohesion resulting from external loads (thermal and/or mechanical)
or internal loads (internal stresses from the spraying process)
3.4
inclusion of the same or different material
particle which did not melt, or which solidified before contacting the coating surface
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NOTE This can also be inclusions of blasting materials, nozzle/electrode burn-off, foreign powder particles or dust
inclusions.
3.5
microstructure
crystal structure of single-component and/or material type two-component sprayed coatings in cross section, made
visible by grinding, polishing, etching when viewing under the microscope
3.6
nodule
blister
local increase in height of the coating
NOTE They can be caused by covering over a cavity, unmelted or agglomerated spray particles, possibly mixed with
debris removed from the nozzle by the spray action. The nodules or blisters are generally badly joined to the adjacent coating.
3.7
oxide
non-oxide spray particle, which in flight, whether desired or not, has reacted with oxygen due to contact with the
atmosphere forming oxides
NOTE Such oxides frequently appear in the form of striations and/or segregates.
3.8
peeling
coating detached from the base material due to insufficient adhesion, resulting from external loads (thermal and/or
mechanical) or internal loads (internal stresses from the spraying process)
3.9
pore
cavities of varying shapes and sizes within the sprayed coating, caused by the process used
4 Manufacturing the coating
4.1 General
The processes and categories for manufacturing thermally sprayed coatings are specified in EN 657.
4.2 Coating materials
4.2.1 Materials
The coating is produced by the spraying of spray materials, which can be in powder, wire, rod, or cord form. The
technical delivery conditions of the spray additives are specified below:
powder in EN 1274;
wire in EN ISO 14919;
rod in EN ISO 14919;
cord in EN ISO 14919.
4.2.2 Chemical composition
Typical compositions are set out in EN 1274 for spray powders, and in EN ISO 14919 for wires, rods and cords. The
compositions are given in mass fraction percent. Other compositions can be agreed on between the users, material
manufacturers and suppliers.
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4.3 Coating properties
4.3.1 General
Thermally sprayed coatings are more or less heterogeneous, anisotropic, microporous and contain microcracks,
regardless of the spraying method employed and the materials used. Complete diffusion bonding of the sprayed
material to the base material is not obtained. Adhesion of the sprayed particles generally takes place by mechanical
adherence and anchoring of sprayed particles as they cool and contract, and by physical adhesion processes. Fusion
or diffusion bonding of the sprayed coating with the base material can be achieved, for example with a self-fluxing
alloy or vacuum sprayed coating, as soon as a fusing process or a diffusion heat treatment of the coating is carried
out during or after the spraying process.
4.3.2 Description of features
The quality of sprayed coatings is mostly characterised by the structure of the coating, and the distribution and size of
e.g. phases, pores, oxides, inclusions of the same or of different materials, segregations and cracks. These are
assessed in etched or unetched cross-section micrographs. As these variables are difficult to quantify, assessment is
made by comparison with a reference series for the coating.
4.3.3 External features
External features are surface unevenness, roughness or surface texture, with an even coloration and appearance
in normal cases. The properties of the coating are significantly influenced by cracks, nodules, flaking, peeling and
the coating thickness.
4.3.4 Internal features
Internal features are e.g. coating formation and structure (mechanical adherence or metallurgical bonding) and,
depending on the manufacturing method, oxide inclusions, pores, and inclusions of the same or different materials.
Spray materials depending on the process and spray parameters affect the coating structures. These are normally
detected by metallographic methods.
4.4 Technological and physical properties
4.4.1 Technological properties
4.4.1.1 Wear resistance
The wear resistance of a material is understood as the property of resisting progressive mechanical removal of
material caused by relative movement at the boundary between a solid body and another solid, liquid or gaseous
body.
Wear, terms and system analysis of wear processes are described in national standards.
4.4.1.2 Corrosion resistance
The corrosion resistance of a material is understood as the property of resisting a chemical and/or physical reaction
with the surrounding medium. Corrosion resistance depends on the material, the attacking corrosive medium and the
physical and chemical conditions pertaining. It is described e.g. in EN ISO 4541 or in national standards.
Oxidation resistance is a specific form of corrosion resistance.
4.4.1.3 Machinability
Machinability of a sprayed coating is understood as its behaviour during shaping to the contour of the finished
component by means of mechanical machining. The coating structure determined by the process employed shall be
taken into account when machining, which gives rise to production engineering differences compared to solid
material. Depending on the coating material used, the machining process can be turning, grinding or honing, for
example.
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4.4.1.4 Thermal shock resistance
Thermal shock resistance is understood as the resistance of a coating to a rapid change in temperature acting on all
or part of a component. Thermal shock resistance exists when the coating can withstand an agreed number of
thermal cycles without any significant damage. There is no common international standards for thermal shock testing
for thermally sprayed coat
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