CLC/SR 68 - Magnetic alloys and steels

IEC 60404-8-1:2023 specifies minimum values for the principal magnetic properties of, and dimensional tolerances for, technically important permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials. For information purposes only, this document provides values for the densities of the materials and the ranges of their chemical compositions. This fourth edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) recently developed anisotropic REFeB hot deformed magnets and anisotropic HDDR REFeB bonded magnets are included; b) high energy Ca-La-Co ferrites stabilized by La and Co substitution are included; c) new and high-performance grades of REFeB and RE2Co17 sintered magnets and isotropic REFeN bonded magnets are added.

IEC 60404-12:2023 is applicable to surface insulation coatings on electrical steel strip and sheet classified in IEC 60404-1-1. This document defines the general principles and technical details of the tests for the assessment of the thermal endurance of surface insulation coatings on electrical steel strip and sheet. The assessment is made by evaluating the change of a specified property of the surface insulation coating due to a heat treatment at a specified temperature up to 850 °C for a specified duration time up to 2 500 h. The specified property is measured at an ambient temperature of (23 ± 5) °C both without heat treatment and after heat treatment. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
the method of test for adhesion has been modified to match to the method of bend test specified in ISO 1519 using a cylindrical mandrel of 32 mm in diameter instead of the 30 mm diameter mandrel specified in the first edition;
the method of test for interlaminar insulation resistance has been modified to match to the method specified in IEC 60404-11 and the modified Franklin test has been removed;
the method of test for compressibility has been modified to match to the method of test for stacking factor specified in IEC 60404-13;
the concept of "resistance grades" has been removed;
the clamping pressure to be used at temperature ratings above 500 °C has been reduced to (0,01 ± 0,001) N/mm2;
the testing for continuous exposure has been made a subject to an agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser and the procedure has been moved to an informative Annex A.

IEC 60404-3:2022 is available as IEC 60404-3:2022 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 60404-3:2022 is applicable to grain-oriented and non-oriented electrical steel strip and sheet for measurement of AC magnetic properties at power frequencies. The object of this document is to define the general principles and the technical details of the measurement of the magnetic properties of electrical steel strip and sheet by means of a single sheet tester (SST). This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - Annex A was revised. The method of determining the yokes’ lamination resistance was added to Annex A; - Annex B of the consolidated version of 2010 referred to calibration of the SST using the Epstein method. It was cancelled; - Annex B (new), Annex C and Annex D were revised, they are for information only; - Annex C was modified taking account of the new situation regarding P and R grades; - Annex D was amended by addition of Clause D.4 on the numerical air flux compensation.

This part of IEC 60404 is applicable to grain-oriented electrical steel strip and sheet specified in IEC 60404-8-7 for the measurement of magnetostriction characteristics under an applied AC magnetic field at 50 Hz or 60Hz. This document defines the general principles and technical details of the measurement of magnetostriction characteristics of grain-oriented electrical steel strip and sheet by means of a single sheet tester and an optical sensor. NOTE 1 The accelerometer method [5] is also an established method for the measurement of magnetostriction. However, it is more suited to the measurement of magnetostriction under an externally applied tensile or compressive stress, not zero stress, because it places a weight on the test specimen to prevent a deformation of the test specimen. Since this document includes the measurement at zero stress, the optical sensor method is provided as the optimum method. This document is applicable to the measurement of: - the butterfly loop; - the peak-to-peak value λp-p; - the zero-to-peak value λ0-p. The magnetostriction characteristics are determined for a sinusoidal induced secondary voltage, for a specified peak value of the magnetic polarization and at a specified magnetizing frequency. NOTE 2 Throughout this document the term “magnetic polarization” is used as described in IEC 60050-121-11-54. In some standards of the 60404 series, the term “magnetic flux density” is used.

No scope available

This part of IEC 60404 is applicable to electrical steel strip and sheet insulated by coating on one or both surfaces. The object of this document is to define the general principles and technical details of the measurement of the surface insulation resistance of electrical steel strip and sheet. NOTE This test is suitable for manufacturing and quality control in the application of insulation coatings.

IEC 60404-13:2018 specifies the methods used for determining the resistivity, density and stacking factor of grain-oriented and non-oriented electrical steel strip and sheet. These quantities are necessary to establish the physical characteristics of the material. Moreover, the density is necessary to allow specified values of the magnetic polarization, resistivity and stacking factor to be determined. Since these properties are functions of temperature, the measurements will be made at an ambient temperature of (23 ±5) °C except when specified in this document. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
the sequence of the density and resistivity sections is changed and the title of the document revised to reflect this;
the van-der-Pauw method (Method R2) is also applicable to Epstein strip specimens;
the gas pyknometer method is introduced, and the liquid immersion method and the calculation method based on the chemical composition are quoted;
the requirements of the stacking factor section, such as the tolerance of the dimensions of the test specimen and the repeatability of measurement, are changed;
an example of the apparatus for determination of the resistivity using a rectangular sheet, which was previously part of the main body of the text, is moved to constitute informative Annex A;
an example of the determination of the density by using the gas pyknometer method is added as an informative Annex B;
an example of the determination of density based on the calculation of silicon and aluminium contents is added as an informative Annex C.

NEW!IEC 60404-6:2018 is available as IEC 60404-6:2018 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 60404-6:2018 specifies methods for the measurement of AC magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, other than electrical steels and soft ferrites, in the frequency range 20 Hz to 100 kHz. The materials covered by this part of IEC 60404 include those speciality alloys listed in IEC 60404-8-6, amorphous and nano-crystalline soft magnetic materials, pressed and sintered and metal injection moulded parts such as are listed in IEC 60404-8-9, cast parts and magnetically soft composite materials. The object of this part is to define the general principles and the technical details of the measurement of the magnetic properties of magnetically soft materials by means of ring methods. For materials supplied in powder form, a ring test specimen is formed by the appropriate pressing method for that material. The measurement of the DC magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials is made in accordance with the ring method of IEC 60404-4. The determinations of the magnetic characteristics of magnetically soft components are made in accordance with IEC 62044-3. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) adaption to modern measurement and evaluation methods, in particular the introduction of the widely spread digital sampling method for the acquisition and evaluation of the measured data; b)limitation of the frequency range up to 100 kHz; c) deletion of Clause 7 of the second edition that specified the measurement of magnetic properties using a digital impedance bridge; d) addition of a new Clause 7 on the measurement of the specific total loss by the wattmeter method, including an example of the application of the digital sampling method; e) addition of an informative annex on the technical details of the digital sampling technique for the determination of magnetic properties.

IEC 60404-8-11:2018 defines the grades of Fe-based amorphous strip delivered in the semi‑processed state, i.e. without final heat treatment, of nominal thickness 0,025 mm. Other nominal thicknesses in the range from 0,020 mm to 0,030 mm can be specified by agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser at the time of enquiry and order. In particular, it gives general requirements, magnetic properties, geometric characteristics, tolerances and technological characteristics, as well as inspection procedures. This document applies to the rapidly-solidified Fe-based amorphous strip supplied in coils with as-cast edges and intended for the construction of magnetic circuits. The grades are grouped into two classes: - conventional grades; - high permeability grades. They correspond to Class I1 of IEC 60404-1.

IEC 60404-16:2018 is applicable to Fe-based amorphous strips specified in IEC 60404-8-11 for the measurement of AC magnetic properties at frequencies up to 400 Hz. The object of this part is to define the general principles and technical details of the measurement of the magnetic properties of Fe-based amorphous strips by means of a single sheet tester.

This part of IEC 60404 specifies a method of measurement of the coercivity of magnetic materials in an open magnetic circuit. This document is applicable to all magnetic materials with coercivities from 0,2 A/m to 160 kA/m. NOTE Examples of magnetic materials covered by this document are amorphous alloys, nanocrystalline alloys, all softmagnetic crystalline materials (e.g. Fe, FeSi-, CoFe- and FeNi-alloys), soft ferrites, hard metals, semi-hard magnetic alloys (e.g. FeCoTiAl-, FeCoV-, FeCrCo- and AlNiCo-alloys) [1]1. Special precautions are to be taken in measuring coercivities below 40 A/m, in materials with high conductivity and in test specimens which have a shape different from ellipsoids (see Annex A).

IEC 60404-8-6:2016 specifies the general requirements, magnetic properties, geometric characteristics and tolerances as well as inspection procedures for pure iron, silicon-iron, nickel-iron and cobalt-iron. The materials are in the form of bar, billet, sheet, strip or wire. The alloys covered correspond to those defined by classes A, C1, C2, E1 to E4 and F1 to F3 in IEC 60404-1. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: Removal of Table 2b).

IEC 60404-1:2016 is available as IEC 60404-1:2016 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition. IEC 60404-1:2016(E) is intended to classify commercially available magnetic materials. The term "magnetic materials" denotes substances where the application requires the existence of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic properties. The classification of magnetic materials is based upon the generally recognized existence of two main groups of products: - soft magnetic materials (coercivity less than or equal to 1 000 A/m); - hard magnetic materials (coercivity greater than 1 000 A/m). This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) Removal of all tables and values describing typical properties of the material to be consistent with the aim of the document to be a classification and not a specification. b) Enlargement of the Ni content for the classes E1 and E3. c) Enlargement of the Co content for the classes F3. d) Addition of a new class: U5 bonded rare earth-iron-nitrogen magnets.

IEC - Corrected version

IEC - Corrected version

IEC - Corrected version

IEC 60404-5:2015 is available as IEC 60404-5:2015 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition. IEC 60404-5:2015 is to define the method of measurement of the magnetic flux density, magnetic polarization and the magnetic field strength and also to determine the demagnetization curve and recoil line of permanent magnet materials. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: - adaption of the measurement methods and test conditions to newly introduced magnetically hard materials with coercivity values HcJ higher than 2 MA/m; - update of the temperature conditions to allow the measurement of new materials with high temperature coefficients.

IEC 60404-8-1:2015 specifies minimum values for the principal magnetic properties of, and dimensional tolerances for, technically important magnetically hard materials (permanent magnets). For information purposes only, this part of IEC 60404 provides values for the densities of the materials and the ranges of their chemical compositions. Some additional physical data and mechanical reference values concerning the magnetic materials are given for information and comparison purposes. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) recently developed anisotropic Sm-Fe-N bonded magnets are included; b) high energy ferrites with La and Co as substituents are included.

IEC 60404-15:2012 specifies a solenoid method, a magnetic moment method, a magnetic balance method and a permeability meter method for the determination of the relative magnetic permeability of feebly magnetic materials (including austenitic stainless steel). The magnetic balance and permeability meter methods are both comparison methods calibrated using reference materials to determine the value of the relative magnetic permeability of the test specimen.

The contents of the corrigendum of March 2018 have been included in this copy.

Applicable to all ferromagnetic materials. It is particularly aimed at the measurement of the magnetic dipole moment of permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials and the measurement of the specific saturation magnetic polarization of cemented carbide materials having a ferromagnetic binder. To describe the general principles of the determination of the magnetic dipole moment of a ferromagnetic material specimen using a detection coil in an open magnetic circuit. By including a means of magnetizing the material to saturation, the saturation magnetic dipole moment can also be determined. In addition, the average magnetic polarization of a test specimen can be derived from the measurement of its magnetic dipole moment and volume. The calibration of magnetic moment coil systems and the measurement of the magnetic dipole moment of feebly magnetic materials can also be determined using this method. Measurements are normally performed at room temperature but measurements at other temperatures can be conducted by heating or cooling the volume occupied by the test specimen within the detection coil. The measurement of remanence, coercivity, maximum energy product and other parameters can be made in a closed magnetic circuit as described in EN 60404-4 and EN 60404-5. Measurement of the coercivity HcJ of soft and semi-hard materials can also be performed in an open circuit as described in EN 60404-7.

Applies to grain oriented and non-oriented electrical sheet and strip for a.c. measurements of magnetic properities at frequencies up to 400 Hz and for d.c. magnetic measurements. Defines the general principles and the technical details of the measurement of the magnetic properties of electrical steel sheet and strip by means of an Epstein frame. The a.c. magnetic characteristics are determined for sinusoidal induced voltages, for specified peak values of magnetic polarization and for a specified frequency.

Describes the terminology and two measuring methods, namely: the ring method and the permeameter method. Both methods use a test specimen in a closed magnetic circuit. Description of the test equipment and the electric circuits is given.

Defines a measurement method for the determination of the characteristics of surface insulation resistance of magnetic sheet and strip. Applicable to magnetic sheet and strip insulated on one or both surfaces and is suitable for manufacturing control in the application of insulation coatings.

This part of IEC 60404 specifies the general requirements, magnetic properties, geometric characteristics and tolerances as well as inspection procedures for pure iron, silicon-iron, nickel-iron and cobalt-iron. The materials are in the form of bar, billet, sheet, strip or wire. The alloys covered correspond to those defined by classes A, C1, C2, E1 to E4 and F1 to F3 in IEC 60404-1. Magnetic materials used primarily for relays, pure iron and steel products, classified only by coercivity, are covered in IEC 60404-8-10. IEC 60404-8-10 is less restrictive in terms of magnetic properties than the pure iron material (class A) and the silicon-iron alloys (classes C21 and C22) specified in this standard, but it gives more comprehensive dimensional tolerances. Non-oriented and oriented silicon steels (C21 and C22) for industrial power frequency applications, classified by specific total loss, are covered in IEC 60404-8-2, IEC 60404-8-4 and IEC 60404-8-7. Non-oriented and oriented thin magnetic materials for use at medium frequencies, classified by specific total loss, are covered in IEC 60404-8-8.

Specifies the methods used for determining the density, resistivity and stacking factor of electrical steel sheet and strip. These quantities are necessary to establish the magnetic characteristics of the material.

Applies to magnetically hard materials only. The described method makes use of a closed loop simulating a ring. Two alternative methods are given for intrinsic coercivity up to and including 600 kA/m and one for materials with higher intrinsic coercivity (e.g. rare earth cobalt alloys).

Specifies methods for the measurement of a.c. magnetic properties of materials in the frequency range 20 Hz to 200 kHz other than electrical steels and soft ferrites. The materials covered by this part of EN 60404 include those speciality alloys listed in EN 60404-8-6, amorphous and nanocrystalline materials, pressed and sintered and metal injection moulded parts such as are listed in EN 60404-8-9, cast parts and magnetically soft composite materials. The object of this part is to define the general principles and the technical details of the measurement of the magnetic properties of magnetically soft materials by means of ring methods. For materials supplied in powder form, a ring test specimen is formed by the appropriate pressing method for that material. DC magnetic measurements on magnetically soft materials shall be made in accordance with the ring method of EN 60404-4. The determinations of the magnetic characteristics of magnetically soft components shall be made in accordance with EN 62044-3. Normally, the measurements shall be made at an ambient temperature of (23 ± 5) °C on ring test specimens which have first been magnetized, then demagnetized. Measurements can be made over other temperature ranges by agreement between supplier and purchaser. The scope of the second edition has been extended to include all magnetically soft materials except ferrites.