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71.060.20 - Oxides

ICS 71.060.20 Details

Oxides

Oxide

Oxydes

Oksidi

General Information

Parent
71.060 - Inorganic chemicals

Frequently Asked Questions

ICS 71.060.20 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Oxides". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.

There are 71 standards classified under ICS 71.060.20 (Oxides). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.

The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.

Standardization Organization
Technical Committee
Directive
Mandate
50
ASTM
ASTM D4517-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Low-Level Total Silica in High-Purity Water by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Control of silica in boiler feedwater and boiler water is necessary to minimize the formation of scale-forming silicates that decrease heat transfer in the boiler. Volatilization and carryover of silica with the steam may cause hard, glassy siliceous deposits to form on turbine blades that reduce turbine efficiency.  
5.2 Colloidal silica that is not removed by boiler water pretreatment processes may be solubilized in the boiler and thus contribute to the dissolved silica concentration in the boiler. Both dissolved and total silica are of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total silica in water.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in the range from 25 μg/L to 250 μg/L of silica as SiO2. Higher concentrations may be determined by decreasing the aliquot volume (see Note 6). Concentration range should not be extended by dilution.  
1.3 This test method determines total silica, and does not distinguish between soluble and insoluble forms.  
1.4 This test method was tested on reagent water only. It is the user's responsibility to assure the validity of the test method for waters of other matrices.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1066-09(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear Grade Zirconium Oxide Pellets

ABSTRACT
This specification applies to pellets of stabilized zirconium oxide used in nuclear reactors. The chemical composition requirements such as the stabilizing additive (calcium oxide or yttrium oxide), analytical chemistry methods, impurity concentration (including hafnium, boron, gadolinium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, cobalt, silicon, iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, thorium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and hydrogen), and moisture concentration are prescribed. The nuclear grade pellets shall conform to the specified physical requirements which includes the following: physical dimensions, density, mechanical properties and test methods such as compressive test and thermal cycling test, and visual appearance such as end chips, circumferential chips, cracks, and fissures. The requirements for cleanliness before and after sampling and packaging are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of stabilized zirconium oxide used in nuclear reactors.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1065-08(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Zirconium Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the physical and chemical requirements for zirconium oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes, either entirely or partially of zirconia, for use in a nuclear reactor core.  
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1098-08(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Hafnium Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the physical and chemical requirements for hafnium oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for use in a nuclear reactor core.  
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C785-08(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Pellets

SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of aluminum oxide that may be ultimately used in a reactor core, for example, as filler or spacers within fuel, burnable poison, or control rods. In order to distinguish between the subject pellets and “burnable poison” pellets, it is established that the subject pellets are not intended to be used as neutron-absorbing material.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1076-09(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear Grade Hafnium Oxide Pellets

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the properties and requirements for pellets of stabilized cubic hafnium oxide used in nuclear reactors. Hafnium oxide should consist of a stabilizing agent, the recommended of which is yttrium oxide, though others such as calcium oxide and magnesium oxide may also be used as agreed upon by the buyer and seller. The material shall meet specified values of the following requirements: physical dimensions; density; mechanical properties; phase stabilization; impurity concentration limits; moisture concentration limit; visual appearance; end and circumferential chips; cracks; and fissures and other defects.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of stabilized cubic hafnium oxide used in nuclear reactors.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1031-11(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification provides the chemical and physical properties and requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. The materials shall conform to physical requirements as to particle size distribution, and specific surface area, and chemical requirements as to loss-on-ignition, and total and elemental concentrations of all impurities. Impurities may include silicaon, iron-chromium-nickel, magnesium, sodium, calcium, hafnium, fluorine, fluorine-chlorine-iodine-bromine, gadolinium, samarium, europium, and dysprosium.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. Two specific uses for which this powder is intended are Al2O3  pellets and Al2O3 − B4C composite pellets for use as thermal insulator or burnable neutron absorbers, respectively.  
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1524-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Use of Advanced Oxidation Process for the Mitigation of Chemical Spills

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—This guide contains information regarding the use of AOPs to oxidize and eventually mineralize hazardous materials that have entered surface and groundwater as the result of a spill. These guidelines will only refer to those units that are currently applied at a field scale level. The user should review applicable state regulations and guidance on the applicability of AOP (see California DTSC 2010, New Jersey DEP 2017, Oklahoma DEQ 2017).  
Note 1: Commercialization of AOP for the treatment of wastewater and process water is fairly mature. Several transnational companies offer mobile and large-scale processing units for the treatment of persistent chemicals of concern. Standard Guides D5745, E2081, and E2616 may be useful. Fig. 1 illustrates the general AOP process.
FIG. 1 Schematic Illustration of Hydroxyl Radical's Generation for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants
Source: Amor, Carlos, et al. Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Recalcitrant Agro-Industrial Wastewater: A Review. Water 2019, 11(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020205 (open access publication)
Fig. 2 illustrates the range of AOP technologies.
FIG. 2 Examples of Advanced Oxidation Processes
Source: Amor, Carlos, et al. Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Recalcitrant Agro-Industrial Wastewater: A Review. Water 2019, 11(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020205 (open access publication)  
4.2 Oxidizing Agents:  
4.2.1 Hydroxyl Radical (OH)—The OH radical is the most common oxidizing agent employed by this technology due to its powerful oxidizing ability. When compared to other oxidants such as molecular ozone , hydrogen peroxide, or hypochlorite, its rate of attack is commonly much faster. In fact, it is typically one million (106) to one billion (109) times faster than the corresponding attack with molecular ozone (Keller and Reed, 1991 (1)).9 The three most common methods for generating the hydroxyl radical ar...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters.  
1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM B1019-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Surface Oxides on Copper Rod(for Electrical Purposes)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The copper oxides layer present on the surface of the copper rod has a detrimental effect on both final surface quality of the copper wire produced by cold drawing of the rod, and on the drawing process itself leading to wire breaks and excessive wear of the drawing dies. Thus, it is critical to use adequate cleaning techniques during the copper rod manufacturing process in order to limit the depth of the residual copper oxide layer on the finished rod, and it is necessary to have a method to accurately measure the copper oxide depth.  
5.2 This test method is the most common test method used by continuous casting and rolling mills to measure the depth of residual surface oxides after the copper rod has been cleaned.  
5.3 Applicability of the test method for any other purpose or product has not been evaluated. Suitability beyond the stated scope shall be evaluated before use.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification established a quantitative, laboratory conducted, electrolytic reduction method to determine the thickness of surface copper oxide films on copper rod produced to Specification B49 for further fabrication into electrical conductors.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D3872-05(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Ferrous Iron in Iron Oxides

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method may be used for production quality control or specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of ferrous oxide (FeO) by oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe++) in an acid solution to the ferric state (Fe+++) and titration with potassium dichromate using diphenylamine as the indicator.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to synthetic black iron oxide, natural black iron oxide, magnetite or brown iron oxide where part of the iron content is present in the ferrous state (Note 1). It is applicable to iron oxides where the ferrous iron content ranges from 50 to 0.20 %.  
Note 1: Natural iron oxides and magnetite may contain traces of metallic iron that will be combined with and analyzed as FeO.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns if any, problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C888-18(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification provides chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications. Chemical requirements of the specification include loss-on-ignition, gadolinium oxide concentration, and impurity content limits. The buyer shall specify the particle size, density, shape factor, and crystal structure. Gadolinium oxide powder shall be packaged in sealed containers.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications, for example, as an addition to uranium dioxide.  
1.2 This specification does not include requirements for health and safety. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and comply with all federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using this material.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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CEN
EN 14156:2003(Main)
Derivatives from coal pyrolysis - Coal tar based oils: Coal tar fuel - Specifications and test methods
SIST EN 14156:2003

This European Standard gives the specifications of and the test methods for liquid fuels derived from coal tar. The specifications also apply to shale oil, aromatic mineral oils, and lignite tar.
Preheating of liquid fuel oils according to this standard can be necessary for transport, storage, and combustion.
The mixing with fuel oils from other raw materials should be avoided.
This standard does not cover marine fuel applications.

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SIST
SIST EN 13086:2002(Main)
Lead and lead alloys - Lead oxides
EN 13086:2000

This European Standard specifies the requirements, acceptance tolerances and chemical and physical test procedures for lead oxides, considering litharges (powder or granulated), battery oxides (Barton or Mill) and crystal red lead. WARNING: Lead and lead compounds are toxic by inhalation and/or ingestion.

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ASTM
ASTM F7-95(2016)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aluminum Oxide Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification covers aluminum oxide (alumina) powder in two classes of particle size, two chemical grades, and two levels of acidity. Aluminum oxide powder shall conform to the chemical composition requirements indicated in this specification. The alumina powder shall be tested for water-soluble content, particle size, and hydrogen-ion concentration according to the procedures in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers aluminum oxide (alumina) powder in two classes of particle size, two chemical grades, and two levels of acidity, for use as an insulating coating or as an ingredient of ceramic mixtures for components of electronic devices as follows:  
1.1.1 Particle Sizes:
1.1.1.1 Class A—Particle size No. 500 nominal mesh (nominal average particle size = 24.3 μm).
1.1.1.2 Class B—Particle size No. 900 nominal mesh (nominal average particle size = 1.7 μm).  
1.1.2 Chemical Grades—Grades 1 and 2 as specified under chemical requirements in Section 3.  
1.1.3 Acidity Levels: pH (acid) 4.5 to 6.5 and pH (neutral) 6.5 to 7.5.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods in this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM C1031-11(2016)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification provides the chemical and physical properties and requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. The materials shall conform to physical requirements as to particle size distribution, and specific surface area, and chemical requirements as to loss-on-ignition, and total and elemental concentrations of all impurities. Impurities may include silicaon, iron-chromium-nickel, magnesium, sodium, calcium, hafnium, fluorine, fluorine-chlorine-iodine-bromine, gadolinium, samarium, europium, and dysprosium.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. Two specific uses for which this powder is intended are Al2O3  pellets and Al2O3 − B4C composite pellets for use as thermal insulator or burnable neutron absorbers, respectively.  
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.

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ASTM
ASTM D4517-15(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Low-Level Total Silica in High-Purity Water by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Control of silica in boiler feedwater and boiler water is necessary to minimize the formation of scale-forming silicates that decrease heat transfer in the boiler. Volatilization and carryover of silica with the steam may cause hard, glassy siliceous deposits to form on turbine blades that reduce turbine efficiency.  
5.2 Colloidal silica that is not removed by boiler water pretreatment processes may be solubilized in the boiler and thus contribute to the dissolved silica concentration in the boiler. Both dissolved and total silica are of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total silica in water.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in the range from 25 to 250 μg/L of silica as SiO2. Higher concentrations may be determined by decreasing the aliquot volume (see Note 6). Concentration range should not be extended by dilution.  
1.3 This test method determines total silica, and does not distinguish between soluble and insoluble forms.  
1.4 This test method was tested on reagent water only. It is the user's responsibility to assure the validity of the test method for waters of other matrices.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM C1066-09(2015)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear Grade Zirconium Oxide Pellets

ABSTRACT
This specification applies to pellets of stabilized zirconium oxide used in nuclear reactors. The chemical composition requirements such as the stabilizing additive (calcium oxide or yttrium oxide), analytical chemistry methods, impurity concentration (including hafnium, boron, gadolinium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, cobalt, silicon, iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, thorium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and hydrogen), and moisture concentration are prescribed. The nuclear grade pellets shall conform to the specified physical requirements which includes the following: physical dimensions, density, mechanical properties and test methods such as compressive test and thermal cycling test, and visual appearance such as end chips, circumferential chips, cracks, and fissures. The requirements for cleanliness before and after sampling and packaging are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of stabilized zirconium oxide used in nuclear reactors.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

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ASTM
ASTM C1076-09(2015)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear Grade Hafnium Oxide Pellets

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the properties and requirements for pellets of stabilized cubic hafnium oxide used in nuclear reactors. Hafnium oxide should consist of a stabilizing agent, the recommended of which is yttrium oxide, though others such as calcium oxide and magnesium oxide may also be used as agreed upon by the buyer and seller. The material shall meet specified values of the following requirements: physical dimensions; density; mechanical properties; phase stabilization; impurity concentration limits; moisture concentration limit; visual appearance; end and circumferential chips; cracks; and fissures and other defects.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of stabilized cubic hafnium oxide used in nuclear reactors.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

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ASTM
ASTM C1065-08(2015)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Zirconium Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the physical and chemical requirements for zirconium oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes, either entirely or partially of zirconia, for use in a nuclear reactor core.  
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

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ASTM
ASTM C785-08(2015)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Pellets

SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of aluminum oxide that may be ultimately used in a reactor core, for example, as filler or spacers within fuel, burnable poison, or control rods. In order to distinguish between the subject pellets and “burnable poison” pellets, it is established that the subject pellets are not intended to be used as neutron-absorbing material.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

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ASTM
ASTM C1098-08(2015)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Hafnium Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the physical and chemical requirements for hafnium oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for use in a nuclear reactor core.  
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

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ASTM
ASTM C888-03(2014)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification provides chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications. Chemical requirements of the specification include loss-on-ignition, gadolinium oxide concentration, and impurity content limits. The buyer shall specify the particle size, density, shape factor, and crystal structure. Gadolinium oxide powder shall be packaged in sealed containers.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications, for example, as an addition to uranium dioxide.  
1.2 This specification does not include requirements for health and safety. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and comply with all federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using this material.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

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ASTM
ASTM F1524-95(2013)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Use of Advanced Oxidation Process for the Mitigation of Chemical Spills

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 General—This guide contains information regarding the use of AOPs to oxidize and eventually mineralize hazardous materials that have entered surface and groundwater as the result of a spill. Since much of this technology development is still at the benchscale level, these guidelines will only refer to those units that are currently applied at a field scale level.  
3.2 Oxidizing Agents:  
3.2.1 Hydroxyl Radical (OH)—The OH radical is the most common oxidizing agent employed by this technology due to its powerful oxidizing ability. When compared to other oxidants such as molecular ozone, hydrogen peroxide, or hypochlorite, its rate of attack is commonly much faster. In fact, it is typically one million (106) to one billion (109) times faster than the corresponding attack with molecular ozone (1).2 The three most common methods for generating the hydroxyl radical are described in the following equations:
3.2.1.1 Hydrogen peroxide is the preferred oxidant for photolytic oxidation systems since ozone will encourage the air stripping of solutions containing volatile organics (2) . Capital and operating costs are also taken into account when a decision on the choice of oxidant is made.
3.2.1.2 Advanced oxidation technology has also been developed based on the anatase form of titanium dioxide. This method by which the photocatalytic process generates hydroxyl radicals is described in the following equations:
3.2.2 Photolysis—Destruction pathways, besides the hydroxyl radical attack, are very important for the more refractory compounds such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, and other chlorinated methane or ethane compounds. A photoreactor's ability to destroy these compounds photochemically will depend on its output level at specific wavelengths. Since most of these lamps are proprietary, preliminary benchscale testing becomes crucial when dealing with these compounds.  
3.3 AOP Treatment Techn...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters.  
1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.

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ASTM D3872-05(2011)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Ferrous Iron in Iron Oxides

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for production quality control or specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of ferrous oxide (FeO) by oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe++) in an acid solution to the ferric state (Fe+++) and titration with potassium dichromate using diphenylamine as the indicator.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to synthetic black iron oxide, natural black iron oxide, magnetite or brown iron oxide where part of the iron content is present in the ferrous state (Note 1). It is applicable to iron oxides where the ferrous iron content ranges from 50 to 0.20 %.
Note 1—Natural iron oxides and magnetite may contain traces of metallic iron that will be combined with and analyzed as FeO.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns if any, problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM F7-95(2011)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aluminum Oxide Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification covers aluminum oxide (alumina) powder in two classes of particle size, two chemical grades, and two levels of acidity. Aluminum oxide powder shall conform to the chemical composition requirements indicated in this specification. The alumina powder shall be tested for water-soluble content, particle size, and hydrogen-ion concentration according to the procedures in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers aluminum oxide (alumina) powder in two classes of particle size, two chemical grades, and two levels of acidity, for use as an insulating coating or as an ingredient of ceramic mixtures for components of electronic devices as follows:
1.1.1 Particle Sizes:  
1.1.1.1 Class AParticle size No. 500 nominal mesh (nominal average particle size = 24.3 μm).  
1.1.1.2 Class BParticle size No. 900 nominal mesh (nominal average particle size = 1.7 μm).  
1.1.2 Chemical GradesGrades 1 and 2 as specified under chemical requirements in Section 3.  
1.1.3 Acidity Levels: pH (acid) 4.5 to 6.5 and pH (neutral) 6.5 to 7.5.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods in this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM C1031-11(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification provides the chemical and physical properties and requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. The materials shall conform to physical requirements as to particle size distribution, and specific surface area, and chemical requirements as to loss-on-ignition, and total and elemental concentrations of all impurities. Impurities may include silicaon, iron-chromium-nickel, magnesium, sodium, calcium, hafnium, fluorine, fluorine-chlorine-iodine-bromine, gadolinium, samarium, europium, and dysprosium.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. Two specific uses for which this powder is intended are Al2O3 pellets and Al2O 3 − B4C composite pellets for use as thermal insulator or burnable neutron absorbers, respectively.
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.

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ASTM
ASTM D4517-04(2009)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Low-Level Total Silica in High-Purity Water by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Control of silica in boiler feedwater and boiler water is necessary to minimize the formation of scale-forming silicates that decrease heat transfer in the boiler. Volatilization and carryover of silica with the steam may cause hard, glassy siliceous deposits to form on turbine blades that reduce turbine efficiency.
Colloidal silica that is not removed by boiler water pretreatment processes may be solubilized in the boiler and thus contribute to the dissolved silica concentration in the boiler. Both dissolved and total silica are of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total silica in water.
1.2 This test method is applicable in the range from 25 to 250 μg/L of silica as SiO2. Higher concentrations may be determined by decreasing the aliquot volume (see Note 6). Concentration range should not be extended by dilution.
1.3 This test method determines total silica, and does not distinguish between soluble and insoluble forms.
1.4 This test method was tested on reagent water only. It is the user's responsibility to assure the validity of the test method for waters of other matrices.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM C1065-08(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Zirconium Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the physical and chemical requirements for zirconium oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes, either entirely or partially of zirconia, for use in a nuclear reactor core.
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

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ASTM
ASTM C1098-08(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Hafnium Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the physical and chemical requirements for hafnium oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for use in a nuclear reactor core.
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

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ASTM
ASTM C888-03(2008)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification provides chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications. Chemical requirements of the specification include loss-on-ignition, gadolinium oxide concentration, and impurity content limits. The buyer shall specify the particle size, density, shape factor, and crystal structure. Gadolinium oxide powder shall be packaged in sealed containers.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications, for example, as an addition to uranium dioxide.
1.2 This specification does not include requirements for health and safety. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and comply with all federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using this material.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

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ASTM
ASTM C785-08(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Pellets

SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of aluminum oxide that may be ultimately used in a reactor core, for example, as filler or spacers within fuel, burnable poison, or control rods. In order to distinguish between the subject pellets and “burnable poison” pellets, it is established that the subject pellets are not intended to be used as neutron-absorbing material.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

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ASTM
ASTM D4993-08(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Silica (SiO2) Scaling for Reverse Osmosis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installations, it is important to predict the SiO2 scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in the concentration of SiO2 and the change in pH, the scaling property of the concentrate stream will be quite different from that of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the scaling potential for the concentrate stream from the feedwater analysis and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.  
Scaling by SiO2 will adversely affect the reverse osmosis performance. This practice gives various procedures for the prevention of scaling.
The presence of certain metals, for example, Al+3, may significantly alter the solubility of SiO2 via formation of insoluble metal silicates. This practice does not address this phenomena.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of silica (SiO2) for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis system. The calculations are used to determine the need for scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This practice is applicable for all types of reverse osmosis devices (tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber).
1.2 This practice is applicable to both brackish waters and seawaters.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM F1524-95(2007)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Use of Advanced Oxidation Process for the Mitigation of Chemical Spills

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the considerations for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the mitigation of spilled chemicals and hydrocarbons dissolved into ground and surface waters.
1.2 This guide addresses the application of advanced oxidation alone or in conjunction with other technologies.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In addition, it is the responsibility of the user to ensure that such activity takes place under the control and direction of a qualified person with full knowledge of any potential safety and health protocols.

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ASTM
ASTM F7-95(2006)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aluminum Oxide Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification covers aluminum oxide (alumina) powder in two classes of particle size, two chemical grades, and two levels of acidity. Aluminum oxide powder shall conform to the chemical composition requirements indicated in this specification. The alumina powder shall be tested for water-soluble content, particle size, and hydrogen-ion concentration according to the procedures in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers aluminum oxide (alumina) powder in two classes of particle size, two chemical grades, and two levels of acidity, for use as an insulating coating or as an ingredient of ceramic mixtures for components of electronic devices as follows:
1.1.1 Particle Sizes:Class A--Particle size No. 500 nominal mesh (nominal average particle size = 24.3 µm).
Class B--Particle size No. 900 nominal mesh (nominal average particle size = 1.7 µm).
1.1.2 Chemical Grades--Grades 1 and 2 as specified under chemical requirements in Section 3.
1.1.3 Acidity Levels: pH (acid) 4.5 to 6.5 and pH (neutral) 6.5 to 7.5.
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM C1638-06(Guide)
Standard Guide for the Determination of Iodine-129 In Uranium Oxide

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The determination of 129I is not typically requested in nuclear fuel specifications however it is commonly requested for disposal of the spent fuel, or for disposal of excess uranium from national weapon complexes. This practice can provide results of sufficient quality for waste disposal repositories.
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the determination of iodine-129 (129I) in uranium oxide by gamma-ray spectrometry. The method could also be applicable to the determination of 129I in aqueous matrices.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM C1031-05(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification provides the chemical and physical properties and requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. The materials shall conform to physical requirements as to particle size distribution, and specific surface area, and chemical requirements as to loss-on-ignition, and total and elemental concentrations of all impurities. Impurities may include silicaon, iron-chromium-nickel, magnesium, sodium, calcium, hafnium, fluorine, fluorine-chlorine-iodine-bromine, gadolinium, samarium, europium, and dysprosium.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. Two specific uses for which this powder is intended are Al2O3 pellets and Al2O 3 B4C composite pellets for use as thermal insulator or burnable neutron absorbers, respectively.
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.

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ASTM
ASTM D4517-04(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Low-Level Total Silica in High-Purity Water by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Control of silica in boiler feedwater and boiler water is necessary to minimize the formation of scale-forming silicates that decrease heat transfer in the boiler. Volatilization and carryover of silica with the steam may cause hard, glassy siliceous deposits to form on turbine blades that reduce turbine efficiency.
Colloidal silica that is not removed by boiler water pretreatment processes may be solubilized in the boiler and thus contribute to the dissolved silica concentration in the boiler. Both dissolved and total silica are of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total silica in water.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in the range from 25 to 250 [mu]g/L of silica as SiO . Higher concentrations may be determined by decreasing the aliquot volume (see Note 6). Concentration range should not be extended by dilution.  
1.3 This test method determines total silica, and does not distinguish between soluble and insoluble forms.  
1.4 This test method was tested on reagent water only. It is the user's responsibility to assure the validity of the test method for waters of other matrices.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM D4993-89(2003)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Silica (SiO2) Scaling for Reverse Osmosis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In the design and operation of reverse osmosis installations, it is important to predict the SiO2 scaling properties of the concentrate stream. Because of the increase in the concentration of SiO2 and the change in pH, the scaling property of the concentrate stream will be quite different from that of the feed solution. This practice permits the calculation of the scaling potential for the concentrate stream from the feedwater analysis and the reverse osmosis operating parameters.  
Scaling by SiO2 will adversely affect the reverse osmosis performance. This practice gives various procedures for the prevention of scaling.
The presence of certain metals, for example, Al+3, may significantly alter the solubility of SiO2 via formation of insoluble metal silicates. This practice does not address this phenomena.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of silica (SiO2) for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis system. The calculations are used to determine the need for scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This practice is applicable for all types of reverse osmosis devices (tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber).
1.2 This practice is applicable to both brackish waters and seawaters.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM C888-03(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) Powder

ABSTRACT
This specification provides chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications. Chemical requirements of the specification include loss-on-ignition, gadolinium oxide concentration, and impurity content limits. The buyer shall specify the particle size, density, shape factor, and crystal structure. Gadolinium oxide powder shall be packaged in sealed containers.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications, for example, as an addition to uranium dioxide.
1.2 This specification does not include requirements for health and safety. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and comply with all federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using this material.

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ASTM
ASTM C785-93e1(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Pellets (Withdrawn 2002)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of aluminum oxide that may be ultimately used in a reactor core design, for example, as filler or spacers within fuel, burnable poison, or control rods. In order to distinguish between the subject pellets and "burnable poison" pellets, it is established that the subject pellets are not intended to be used as neutron-absorbing material.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

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ASTM
ASTM F7-95(2000)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aluminum Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers aluminum oxide (alumina) powder in two classes of particle size, two chemical grades, and two levels of acidity, for use as an insulating coating or as an ingredient of ceramic mixtures for components of electronic devices as follows:
1.1.1 Particle Sizes:Class A--Particle size No. 500 nominal mesh (nominal average particle size = 24.3 µm).
Class B--Particle size No. 900 nominal mesh (nominal average particle size = 1.7 µm).
1.1.2 Chemical Grades--Grades 1 and 2 as specified under chemical requirements in Section 3.
1.1.3 Acidity Levels: pH (acid) 4.5 to 6.5 and pH (neutral) 6.5 to 7.5.
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM D4517-85(1999)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Low-Level Total Silica in High-Purity Water by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total silica in water.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in the range from 25 to 250 [mu]g/L of silica as SiO . Higher concentrations may be determined by decreasing the aliquot volume (see Note 6). Concentration range should not be extended by dilution.  
1.3 This test method determines total silica, and does not distinguish between soluble and insoluble forms.  
1.4 This test method was tested on reagent water only. It is the user's responsibility to assure the validity of the test method for waters of other matrices.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM D3872-86(1999)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Ferrous Iron in Iron Oxides

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of ferrous oxide (FeO) by oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe  ) in an acid solution to the ferric state (Fe   ) and titration with potassium dichromate using diphenylamine as the indicator.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to synthetic black iron oxide, natural black iron oxide, magnetite or brown iron oxide where part of the iron content is present in the ferrous state (Note 1). It is applicable to iron oxides where the ferrous iron content ranges from 50 to 0.20%.  Note 1-Natural iron oxides and magnetite may contain traces of metallic iron that will be combined with and analyzed as FeO.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM D4993-89(1998)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Silica (SiO2) Scaling for Reverse Osmosis

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation and adjustment of silica (SiO2) for the concentrate stream of a reverse osmosis system. The calculations are used to determine the need for scale control in the operation and design of reverse osmosis installations. This practice is applicable for all types of reverse osmosis devices (tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber).
1.2 This practice is applicable to both brackish waters and seawaters.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM C1076-97(2004)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear Grade Hafnium Oxide Pellets

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the properties and requirements for pellets of stabilized cubic hafnium oxide used in nuclear reactors. Hafnium oxide should consist of a stabilizing agent, the recommended of which is yttrium oxide, though others such as calcium oxide and magnesium oxide may also be used as agreed upon by the buyer and seller. The material shall meet specified values of the following requirements: physical dimensions; density; mechanical properties; phase stabilization; impurity concentration limits; moisture concentration limit; visual appearance; end and circumferential chips; cracks; and fissures and other defects.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of stabilized cubic hafnium oxide used in nuclear reactors.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

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ASTM
ASTM C888-97(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd2O3) Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade gadolinium oxide powder intended for subsequent processing and use in nuclear fuel applications, for example, as an addition to uranium dioxide.  
1.2 This specification does not include requirements for health and safety. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using this material.

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ASTM
ASTM C1076-97(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear Grade Hafnium Oxide Pellets

SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of stabilized cubic hafnium oxide used in nuclear reactors.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

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ASTM
ASTM C1066-97(2004)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear Grade Zirconium Oxide Pellets

ABSTRACT
This specification applies to pellets of stabilized zirconium oxide used in nuclear reactors. The chemical composition requirements such as the stabilizing additive (calcium oxide or yttrium oxide), analytical chemistry methods, impurity concentration (including hafnium, boron, gadolinium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, cobalt, silicon, iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium, thorium, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and hydrogen), and moisture concentration are prescribed. The nuclear grade pellets shall conform to the specified physical requirements which includes the following: physical dimensions, density, mechanical properties and test methods such as compressive test and thermal cycling test, and visual appearance such as end chips, circumferential chips, cracks, and fissures. The requirements for cleanliness before and after sampling and packaging are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification applies to pellets of stabilized zirconium oxide used in nuclear reactors.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.

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ASTM
ASTM C1031-97(2004)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. Two specific uses for which this powder is intended are Al2O3 pellets and Al2O3 - B4C composite pellets for use as thermal insulator or burnable neutron absorbers.  
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.

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ASTM
ASTM C1031-97(Specification)
Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Aluminum Oxide Powder

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the chemical and physical requirements for nuclear-grade aluminum oxide powder intended for fabrication into shapes for nuclear applications. Two specific uses for which this powder is intended are Al2O3 pellets and Al2O3 - B4C composite pellets for use as thermal insulator or burnable neutron absorbers.  
1.2 The material described herein shall be particulate in nature.

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