iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D2475-01

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Felt

Standard Specification for Felt

ABSTRACT
This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered. Felts shall be classified according to thickness and mass, properties and general descriptions. Felt classifications shall be based on the Society of Automotive Engineers Specification and the US Department of Defense Federal Specification. Special-purpose felts shall be classified under special-purpose classification. The chemical properties of roll and sheet felt shall conform to the specified requirements. The physical properties of roll and sheet felt such as width, thickness, and mass (weight) per unit area, shall conform to the requirements specified. All the properties, except color, of felt shall be determined in accordance to the test method specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers all standard types of felt in the form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use. Certain special-purpose felts are also covered.
1.2 This specification is not applicable to felt-like products that utilize weaving, knitting, stitching, or bonding such as papermaker's felt.
1.3 Trade practice in the felt industry deals in pounds, yards, and inches, therefore the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values in SI units are provided as information only.
1.3.1 The specification referenced in 2.2 uses only inch-pound units.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2001
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.13 - Wool and Felt
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2475-00 - Standard Specification for Felt
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D2475-01(2008) - Standard Specification for Felt
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008
Referred By
ASTM D1676-17 - Standard Test Methods for Film-Insulated Magnet Wire
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001
Referred By
ASTM D4845-10(2018) - Standard Terminology Relating to Wool
Effective Date
10-Apr-2001

Buy Standard

ASTM D2475-01 - Standard Specification for FeltASTM D2475-01 - Standard Specification for Felt
PreviousNext
Technical specification
ASTM D2475-01 - Standard Specification for Felt
English language
7 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 2475 – 01
Standard Specification for
1
Felt
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2475; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.2 This specification is not applicable to felt-like products
that utilize weaving, knitting, stitching, or bonding such as
1.1 This specification covers all standard types of felt in the
papermaker’s felt.
form of rolls and sheets that are suitable for mechanical use.
1.3 Tradepracticeinthefeltindustrydealsinpounds,yards,
Certain special-purpose felts are also covered.
and inches, therefore the values stated in inch-pound units are
to be regarded as standard. The values in SI units are provided
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
as information only.
Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt.
1.3.1 The specification referenced in 2.2 uses only inch-
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published June 2001. Originally
pound units.he percent specific gravity of that class.
published as D 2475 – 65 T, replacing D 114. Last previous edition D 2475 – 00.
TABLE 1 Wool Sheet Felt: Thickness and Mass (Weight)
2 2
Thickness, in. Thickness, mm Mass (Weight) lb/yd Mass (Weight) kg/m
ASTM (NTA)
Color Tolerances Tolerances
Class
Nominal Nominal Nominal Tolerances Nominal Tolerances
Sheets Cut Parts Sheets Cut Parts
26S1 White 0.125 6 0.014 6 0.016 3.17 6 0.35 6 0.41 1.50 6 0.10 0.81 6 0.05
26S4 Gray 0.188 0.016 0.018 4.78 0.41 0.46 2.25 0.15 1.22 0.08
0.250 0.020 0.022 6.35 0.51 0.56 3.00 0.20 1.63 0.11
0.313 0.022 0.024 7.95 0.56 0.61 3.75 0.25 2.04 0.14
0.375 0.024 0.026 9.52 0.61 0.66 4.50 0.30 2.44 0.16
0.500 0.030 0.032 12.70 0.76 0.81 6.00 0.40 3.26 0.22
0.625 0.035 0.037 15.88 0.89 0.94 7.50 0.45 4.07 0.24
0.750 0.040 0.042 19.05 1.02 1.07 9.00 0.50 4.89 0.27
0.875 0.046 0.048 22.23 1.17 1.22 10.50 0.55 5.70 0.30
1.000 0.051 0.053 25.40 1.30 1.35 12.00 0.60 6.52 0.33
1.250 0.062 0.065 31.75 1.57 1.65 15.00 0.70 8.15 0.38
1.500 0.072 0.075 38.10 1.83 1.91 18.00 0.80 9.77 0.43
1.750 0.083 0.085 44.45 2.11 2.16 21.00 0.90 11.40 0.49
2.000 0.094 0.098 50.80 2.39 2.49 24.00 1.00 13.03 0.54
2.500 0.115 0.119 63.50 2.92 3.02 30.00 1.05 16.29 0.57
3.000 0.136 0.141 76.20 3.45 3.58 36.00 1.10 19.55 0.60
34S1 White 0.125 0.012 0.014 3.17 0.30 0.36 2.00 0.10 1.09 0.05
34S2 White 0.188 0.012 0.014 4.78 0.30 0.36 3.00 0.15 1.63 0.08
34S3 White 0.250 0.016 0.018 6.35 0.41 0.46 4.00 0.30 2.17 0.16
34S4 Gray 0.313 0.017 0.019 7.95 0.43 0.48 5.00 0.35 2.71 0.19
0.375 0.019 0.021 9.52 0.48 0.53 6.00 0.40 3.26 0.22
0.500 0.022 0.024 12.70 0.56 0.61 8.00 0.50 4.34 0.27
0.625 0.026 0.028 15.88 0.66 0.71 10.00 0.60 5.43 0.33
0.750 0.029 0.031 19.05 0.74 0.79 12.00 0.70 6.52 0.38
0.875 0.032 0.034 22.23 0.87 0.86 14.00 0.75 7.60 0.41
1.000 0.036 0.038 25.40 0.91 0.97 16.00 0.80 8.69 0.43
1.250 0.042 0.045 31.25 1.07 1.14 20.00 0.90 10.86 0.49
1.500 0.049 0.052 38.10 1.24 1.32 24.00 1.00 13.03 0.54
1.750 0.056 0.059 44.45 1.42 1.50 28.00 1.10 15.20 0.60
2.000 0.063 0.067 50.80 1.60 1.70 32.00 1.20 17.38 0.65
2.500 0.076 0.080 63.50 1.93 2.03 40.00 1.25 21.72 0.68
3.000 0.090 0.095 76.20 2.29 2.41 48.00 1.30 26.06 0.71
43S1 White 0.125 0.012 0.014 3.17 0.30 0.36 2.50 0.30 1.36 0.16
43S2 White 0.188 0.012 0.014 4.78 0.30 0.36 3.75 0.35 2.04 0.19
43S3 White 0.250 0.014 0.016 6.35 0.36 0.41 5.00 0.40 2.71 0.22
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2475–01
TABLE 1 Continued
2 2
Thickness, in. Thickness, mm Mass (Weight) lb/yd Mass (Weight) kg/m
ASTM (NTA)
Color Tolerances Tolerances
Class
Nominal Nominal Nominal Tolerances Nominal Tolerances
Sheets Cut Parts Sheets Cut Parts
43S4 Gray 0.375 0.016 0.019 9.52 0.41 0.48 7.50 0.50 4.07 0.27
0.500 0.019 0.022 12.70 0.48 0.56 10.00 0.60 5.43 0.33
0.625 0.022 0.025 15.88 0.56 0.64 12.50 0.70 6.79 0.38
0.750 0.025 0.028 19.05 0.63 0.71 15.00 0.80 8.15 0.43
0.875 0.027 0.030 22.23 0.69 0.76 17.50 0.90 9.50 0.49
1.000 0.030 0.033 25.40 0.76 0.84 20.00 1.00 10.86 0.54
1.250 0.036 0.040 31.15 0.91 1.02 25.00 1.10 13.56 0.60
1.500 0.041 0.045 38.10 1.04 1.14 30.00 1.20 16.29 0.65
1.750 0.047 0.051 44.45 1.19 1.30 35.00 1.30 19.00 0.71
2.000 0.053 0.058 50.80 1.35 1.47 40.00 1.40 21.72 0.76
2.500 0.064 0.070 63.50 1.63 1.78 50.00 1.45 27.15 0.79
3.000 0.075 0.082 76.20 1.90 2.08 60.00 1.50 32.58 0.81
56S1 White 0.125 0.010 0.014 3.
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D3938-18(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Determining or Confirming Care Instructions for Apparel and Other Textile Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This is a guide to help a manufacturer distributor, or importer establish a reasonable basis for care information.  
4.1.1 The manufacturer, distributor, or importer should possess, prior to sale, reliable evidence that the product was not harmed when refurbished reasonably often according to the instructions. Additionally, they should possess reliable evidence that the product, or a fair sample of the product, would be harmed when refurbished by methods warned against on the label.  
4.2 This guide is intended for general use by those who wish to evaluate whether apparel or other textile products will perform in an acceptable manner when refurbished according to particular care instructions.  
4.3 Refurbished products are evaluated against previously selected product specifications to determine whether the products can be refurbished successfully by following the instructions on the care label or other care instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide may be used to determine and confirm the appropriate care label instructions for apparel, piece goods, and other textile products excluding textile floor coverings and upholstery.  
1.2 This guide encompasses the following care procedures: home laundering, professional textile care, and other alternative cleaning methods.  
1.3 This guide includes provision for evaluating the complete textile product and the product components.  
1.4 This guide covers the performance characteristics as a result of refurbishing that are important in determining the acceptability of a textile product.  
1.5 This guide is appropriate for the evaluation of all garments and household textiles that are sold with care labels.  
1.5.1 This guide may also be used in connection with the evaluation of similar materials that do not have a care label.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1388-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics.  
5.2 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.3 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.  
5.4 No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on the width of the test specimen. The tendency for specimens to curl or twist will affect the result, because of the rigidity provided at the edge of the specimen. Consequently, the wider the strip, the less important is the edge effect. For fabrics having only a slight tendency to curl, a 2.5 cm wide strip has been found to be satisfactory. As the tendency to curl increases, this width may be increased (see Note 10).  
5.5 This method differs from Test Method F3260 which requires tracking of...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided.  
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.  
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.  
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.  
1.2.1 This method may be used to determine the stiffness of nonwoven materials (for example, hydroentangled, dry laid, needlepunch, resin bonded, thermal, and wet laid) or refer to Test Method D5732. To determine the stiffness of medical textiles (for example, surgical mesh, films, and membranes), refer to Test Method F3260.  
Note 1: The formula to calculate flexural rigidity in D5732-95 (2001) is incorrect and should not be used. Utilize the formula presented in 11.5 of Test Method D1388.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers...

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4850-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included. Other terminology standards that have terms related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.1  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D737-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal number to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Air permeability is an important factor in the performance of such textile materials as gas filters, fabrics for air bags, clothing, mosquito netting, parachutes, sails, tentage, and vacuum cleaners. In filtration, for example, efficiency is directly related to air permeability. Air permeability also can be used to provide an indication of the breathability of weather-resistant and rainproof fabrics, or of coated fabrics in general, and to detect changes during the manufacturing process.  
5.3 Performance specifications, both industrial and military, have been prepared on the basis of air permeability and are used in the purchase of fabrics where permeability is of interest.  
5.4 Construction factors and finishing techniques can have an appreciable effect upon air permeability by causing a change in the length of airflow paths through a fabric. Hot calendaring can be used to flatten fabric components, thus reducing...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the air permeability of textile fabrics.  
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, and pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3786/D3786M-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for the determination of diaphragm bursting strength of knitted, nonwoven and woven fabrics is being used by the textile industry for the evaluation of a wide variety of end uses.  
5.2 In cases where test results obtained using the procedures in Test Method D3786 have not been correlated with actual performance, Test Method D3786 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fabrics for bursting strength since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases where disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using Test Method D3786 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
Note 2: The kind of load transfer and stretch that occur when knitted goods and nonwoven fabrics are worn are prevented by clamping them as described in this method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the resistance of textile fabrics to bursting using a hydraulic or pneumatic diaphragm bursting tester. This test method is generally applicable to a wide variety of textile products.  
1.2 This test method may also be applicable for stretch woven and woven industrial fabrics such as inflatable restraints. As new materials that may exceed the range of the instrument are developed, please refer to the reporting section and consider using Test Methods D3787 or D6797 instead.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: For the measurement of the bursting strength by means of a ball burst mechanism, refer to Test Method D3787.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3775-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for End (Warp) and Pick (Filling) Count of Woven Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because it has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 This test method is suitable for use with narrow fabrics when the count across the total width is measured in the narrow direction and extrapolated to the number of yarns per centimeter (inch).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of end (warp) and pick (filling) count and is applicable to all types of woven fabrics.  
Note 1: Historically, the term fabric count has been used to describe the end and pick count of woven fabrics. The terms end count and pick count are replacing the term fabric count, to provide clarity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.2.1 Throughout this document, there will be some instances in which the units do not convert 1:1. This is to acknowledge that this is a global document and that different parts of the world use different units of measurement. Organizations using the metric system wil report the count per 1 cm. Organizations using the English system will report the count per 1 in.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: For a current test method for the wale and course count of weft knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D8007.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7507-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Woven High Stretch Fabrics Used in Apparel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Upon mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification. (A) See Note 3.  
4.2 It is recognized that, for purposes of fashion or aesthetics, the ultimate consumer of articles made from these fabrics may find acceptable products that do not conform to all of the requirements listed in Table 1. Therefore, one or more of the requirements in Table 1 may be modified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
4.2.1 In such cases, any references to the specifications should specify that: “This product meets ASTM specifications XXXX except for the following characteristic(s).”  
4.3 Where no pre-purchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 4.2, ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for a particular product.  
4.4 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel.  
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this performance specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4157-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off