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ASTM E1816-18(2022)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods

Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods described provide indirect measurement of the thickness of sections of materials not exceeding temperatures of 1200°F [650°C]. Measurements are made from one side of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.  
5.2 Ultrasonic thickness measurements are used extensively on basic shapes and products of many materials, on precision machined parts, and to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion.  
5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applications can be found in the cited references (1,2).6
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at temperatures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].  
1.2 This practice is applicable to any electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and from which back reflections can be obtained and resolved.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2022
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E587-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020

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ASTM E1816-18(2022) - Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) MethodsASTM E1816-18(2022) - Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods
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ASTM E1816-18(2022) - Standard Practice for Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1816 − 18 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Practice for
Measuring thickness by Pulse-Echo Electromagnetic
1
Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi-
als by Comparative Pulse-Echo Method
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for measuring the
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
thickness of materials using Electromagnetic Acoustic Trans-
Testing
ducers (EMAT), a non-contact pulse-echo method, at tempera-
E587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact Testing
tures not to exceed 1200°F [650°C].
E797 Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultra-
1.2 This practice is applicable to any electrically conductive
sonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
or ferromagnetic material, or both, in which ultrasonic waves
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and
E1774 Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
from which back reflections can be obtained and resolved.
(EMATs)
3
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- 2.2 ASNT Standards:
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; cations and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother. ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon- cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
formance with the standard. 2.3 Aerospace Industries Association Standard:
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4
Test Personnel
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5
2.4 International Standards Organization (ISO):
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ISO 9712 Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1 Definitions: Related terminology is defined inTerminol-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ogy E1316.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.1 bulk wave—an ultrasonic wave, either longitudinal or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
shear horizontal mode, used in nondestructive testing to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
interrogate the volume of a material.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.2 butterfly (double elongated racetrack) coil—an EMAT
2
coil consisting of two coils wound on an elongated racetrack
2.1 ASTM Standards:
shape, placed side by side, and connected so the current on the
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
conductors in the middle section flows in only one direction.
Contact Testing
3.2.3 electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT)—an
electromagnetic device for converting electrical energy into
1
acoustical energy in the presence of a magnetic field.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method.
3
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E1816 – 18. DOI: 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
10.1520/E1816-18R22. Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
5
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
the ASTM website. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.
...

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1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and purchaser.  
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1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
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4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
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4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
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1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer to Practice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications. Guide E709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the Level III or the cognizant engineering organization, as applicable, and the supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1571-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice outlines a procedure to standardize an instrument and to use the instrument to examine ferromagnetic wire rope products in which the magnetic flux and magnetic flux leakage methods are used. If properly applied, the magnetic flux method is capable of detecting the presence, location, and magnitude of metal loss from wear, broken wires, and corrosion, and the magnetic flux leakage method is capable of detecting the presence and location of flaws such as broken wires and corrosion pits.  
5.2 The instrument's response to the rope's fabrication, installation, and in-service-induced flaws can be significantly different from the instrument's response to artificial flaws such as wire gaps or added wires. For this reason, it is preferable to detect and mark (using set-up standards that represent) real in-service-induced flaws whose characteristics will adversely affect the serviceability of the wire rope.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization of instruments that use the electromagnetic, the magnetic flux, and the magnetic flux leakage examination method to detect flaws and changes in metallic cross-sectional areas in ferromagnetic wire rope products.  
1.1.1 This practice includes rope diameters up to 2.5 in. (63.5 mm). Larger diameters may be included, subject to agreement by the users of this practice.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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