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ASTM D1405/D1405M-08(2013)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels (Withdrawn 2019)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels (Withdrawn 2019)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion.Note 3—The procedure for the experimental determination of the net heat of combustion is described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in SI units (megajoules per kilogram) or inch-pound units [Btu per pound].  
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil, which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines, or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.Note 1—The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from aniline-gravity product is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aniline-gravity product has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following specifications:    
Fuel  
Specification  
Aviation gasoline fuels:  
Specification D910  
Grades 80, 82, 100/130, and 115/145  
Specification D6227  
DEF STAN 91–90  
NATO Code F-18  
Aviation turbine fuels:  
MIL-DTL-5624  
JP-4,Avtag/FSII  
DEF STAN 91–88  
NATO Code F-40  
JP-5,Avcat/FSII  
MIL-DTL-5624  
DEF STAN 91–86  
NATO Code F-44  
Jet A, Jet A-1, Avtur  
Specification D1655  
DEF STAN 91–91  
NATO Code F-35
1.3 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion.  
1.4 The heat of combustion may also be determined in SI units by Test Method D4529. Test Method D4529 requires calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels with a precision equivalent to that of this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in SI units (megajoules per kilogram) or inch-pound units [Btu per pound].
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, this test method was withdrawn in November 2019 because it is no longer relevant as it is not used by the industry.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
30-Apr-2013
Withdrawal Date
03-Nov-2019
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D1405/D1405M-08(2013) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels (Withdrawn 2019)ASTM D1405/D1405M-08(2013) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels (Withdrawn 2019)
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ASTM D1405/D1405M-08(2013) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels (Withdrawn 2019)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1405/D1405M − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
1
Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1405/D1405M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.4 The heat of combustion may also be determined in SI
units by Test Method D4529. Test Method D4529 requires
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheestimationofthenetheatof
calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels with a
combustion at constant pressure in SI units (megajoules per
precision equivalent to that of this test method.
kilogram) or inch-pound units [Btu per pound].
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
processes from conventional crude oil, which conform to the
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
requirementsofspecificationsforaviationgasolines,oraircraft
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and
with the standard.
compositions as described in Note 1.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE1—Theestimationofthenetheatofcombustionofahydrocarbon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
fuel from aniline-gravity product is justifiable only when the fuel belongs
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion
and aniline-gravity product has been derived from accurate experimental priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for
individual fuels should be recognized. The classes of fuels used to
2. Referenced Documents
establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by
2
the following specifications:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Fuel Specification
D129Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
Grades 80, 82, 100/130, and 115/145 Specification D6227
D240Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-
DEF STAN 91–90
NATO Code F-18
drocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
D287Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Aviation turbine fuels: MIL-DTL-5624
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
JP-4,Avtag/FSII DEF STAN 91–88
NATO Code F-40
D611Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
JP-5,Avcat/FSII MIL-DTL-5624
D910Specification for Aviation Gasolines
DEF STAN 91–86
NATO Code F-44
D941Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom-
Jet A, Jet A-1, Avtur Specification D1655
3
eter (Withdrawn 1993)
DEF STAN 91–91
NATO Code F-35
D1217Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
1.3 Thistestmethodisnotapplicabletopurehydrocarbons.
Itisnotintendedasasubstituteforexperimentalmeasurements D1250Guide for Use of the Petroleum MeasurementTables
D1266TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProducts(Lamp
of heat of combustion.
Method)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1405/D1405M–08. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D1405_D1405M-08R13. the ASTM website.
3
This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committee and accepted The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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SCOPE
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1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.2  
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Note 2: The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD.  
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SCOPE
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5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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ASTM
ASTM D5452-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory Filtration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a gravimetric measurement of the particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbine fuel delivered to a laboratory for evaluation. The objective is to minimize these contaminants to avoid filter plugging and other operational problems. Although tolerable levels of particulate contaminants have not yet been established for all points in fuel distribution systems, the total contaminant measurement is normally of most interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination by filtration of particulate contaminant in a sample of aviation turbine fuel delivered to a laboratory.  
1.1.1 The sample is filtered through a test membrane and a control membrane using vacuum. The mass change difference identifies the contaminant level per unit volume.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 4.2, 7.3, 7.5, 11.2, and X1.7.2. Before using this standard, refer to supplier's safety labels, material safety data sheets, and technical literature.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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ASTM
ASTM D1318-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sodium in Residual Fuel Oil (Flame Photometric Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Excessive amounts of sodium can indicate the presence of materials that cause high wear of burner pumps and valves, and contribute to deposits of boiler heating surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sodium in residual fuel oil by means of a flame photometer. Its precision in low ranges limits its application to samples containing more than 15 mg/kg sodium. Other elements commonly found in residual fuel oil do not interfere.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see 7.3, 7.5, 7.7, 9.2, 7.8, 7.9, and Note 3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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