ASTM D8070-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay
Standard Test Method for Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow Immunoassay
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide a tool for assessing whether fuel storage and distribution facilities, or end user fuel tanks, are subject to microbial growth, and to alert fuel suppliers or users to the potential for fuel quality or operational problems or the requirement for preventative or remedial measures, or both.
5.2 This test method allows assessment of whether antigens generated by microbial activity in the specimens are present within specific defined ranges.
5.3 This test method measures the presence of microbial and metabolite antigens in a specimen. The antigens are generated from the living cells and metabolites created by fungi and bacteria during growth on fuel. Consequently, the presence of antigens is an indicator of microbial contamination in fuel systems. Antigens are not associated with matter of nonbiological origin.
5.3.1 Some of the antigens detected by this test method can persist after treatment with a biocide. See 11.4.
5.4 This test method is semi-quantitative and can be used to determine whether contamination in samples drawn from fuel tanks and systems is negligible or present at moderate or heavy levels.
5.4.1 Further information on using the test to assess biodeterioration risk is provided in Appendix X1.
5.5 The significance of these levels to the operator will depend on the fuel type, the sampling location, the equipment or facility sampled, and the specific operating circumstances.
5.6 Further guidance on interpretation of test results can be found in Guide D6469, in Energy Institute guidelines for the investigation of the microbial content of petroleum fuels, and in the IATA Guidance Material on Microbial Contamination in Aircraft Fuel Tanks.
5.7 Further guidance on sampling can be found in Practice D7464.
5.8 Testing can be conducted on a routine basis or to investigate incidents.
5.9 Microbiological tests are not intended to be used to determine compliance with fuel specifications or lim...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure that can be used in the field or in a laboratory to detect antigens indicative of microbial contamination in liquid fuels, including those blended with synthesized hydrocarbons or biofuels, with kinematic viscosities (at 40 °C) of ≤24 mm2s–1 (for example, Specifications D396, D975, and D1655) and in fuel-associated water.
1.1.1 This test method has been validated by an ILS for a range of middle distillate fuels meeting Specification D1655, EN590, Specification D975, and ISO 8217:2012.
1.2 This test method semi-quantitatively assesses the concentration of specific antigens generated by commonly recovered, fuel-associated, aerobic microorganisms during active growth in fuel systems.
1.2.1 A proprietary formulation of antibodies and antibody mixtures is used to detect three types of microbial antigen contamination: antigens generally found in aerobic bacteria, antigens generally present in common fungi (yeast and molds), and an antigen that is characteristic of Hormoconis resinae (the fungus most commonly associated with fuel biodeterioration).
1.2.2 Although the antibodies and antibody mixtures are characteristic of diverse types of bacteria and fungi, it is unlikely that they are universal. Recognizing that for every microbe that has been isolated and characterized, it is likely that there are a billion that have not. Consequently, as is the case with all microbiological test methods, this test method does not purport to detect 100 % of the microbes present in a fuel or fuel-associated water sample.
1.3 For each of the three sets of antigen detected (H. resinae, common fungi, and aerobic bacteria), the test detects whether the antigen concentration present is within set ranges representing negligible, moderate, or heavy microbial contamination.
1.3.1 For fuel specimens, the antigen concentration ranges detected are 750 µg/L (heavy).
1.3.2 For specimens of wat...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8070 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous
Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow
1
Immunoassay
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8070; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.3.1 For fuel specimens, the antigen concentration ranges
detected are <150 μg ⁄L (negligible), 150 μg ⁄L to 750 μg ⁄L
1.1 This test method describes a procedure that can be used
(moderate), and >750 μg ⁄L (heavy).
in the field or in a laboratory to detect antigens indicative of
1.3.2 For specimens of water associated with fuel, the
microbial contamination in liquid fuels, including those
antigen concentration ranges detected are <33 μg ⁄mL
blended with synthesized hydrocarbons or biofuels, with kine-
2 –1 (negligible), 33 μg ⁄mL to 166 μg ⁄mL (moderate), and
matic viscosities (at 40 °C) of ≤24 mm s (for example,
>166 μg ⁄mL (heavy).
Specifications D396, D975, and D1655) and in fuel-associated
water. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
1.1.1 This test method has been validated by an ILS for a standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
range of middle distillate fuels meeting Specification D1655, standard.
EN590, Specification D975, and ISO 8217:2012.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 This test method semi-quantitatively assesses the con-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
centration of specific antigens generated by commonly
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
recovered, fuel-associated, aerobic microorganisms during ac-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tive growth in fuel systems.
For a specific hazard statement, see Section 8.
1.2.1 A proprietary formulation of antibodies and antibody
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
mixtures is used to detect three types of microbial antigen
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
contamination: antigens generally found in aerobic bacteria,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
antigens generally present in common fungi (yeast and molds),
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
and an antigen that is characteristic of Hormoconis resinae (the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fungus most commonly associated with fuel biodeterioration).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2.2 Although the antibodies and antibody mixtures are
characteristic of diverse types of bacteria and fungi, it is
2. Referenced Documents
unlikely that they are universal. Recognizing that for every
2
microbe that has been isolated and characterized, it is likely
2.1 ASTM Standards:
that there are a billion that have not. Consequently, as is the
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
case with all microbiological test methods, this test method
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
does not purport to detect 100 % of the microbes present in a
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
fuel or fuel-associated water sample.
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
1.3 For each of the three sets of antigen detected (H.
Fuels, and Lubricants
resinae, common fungi, and aerobic bacteria), the test detects
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contami-
whether the antigen concentration present is within set ranges
nation in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
representing negligible, moderate, or heavy microbial contami-
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel
nation.
Systems
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally published contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D8070 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D8070-23. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8070 − 21 D8070 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Screening of Fuels and Fuel Associated Aqueous
Specimens for Microbial Contamination by Lateral Flow
1
Immunoassay
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8070; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes a procedure that can be used in the field or in a laboratory to detect antigens indicative of microbial
contamination in liquid fuels, including those blended with synthesized hydrocarbons or biofuels, with kinematic viscosities (at
2 –1
40 °C) of ≤24 mm s (for example, Specifications D396, D975, and D1655) and in fuel-associated water.
1.1.1 This test method has been validated by an ILS for a range of middle distillate fuels meeting Specification D1655, EN590,
Specification D975, and ISO 8217:2012.
1.2 This test method semi-quantitatively assesses the concentration of specific antigens generated by commonly recovered,
fuel-associated, aerobic microorganisms during active growth in fuels.fuel systems.
1.2.1 A proprietary formulation of antibodies and antibody mixtures is used to detect three types of microbial antigen
contamination: antigens generally found in aerobic bacteria, antigens generally present in common fungi (yeast and molds), and
an antigen that is characteristic of Hormoconis resinae (the fungus most commonly associated with fuel biodeterioration).
1.2.2 Although the antibodies and antibody mixtures are characteristic of diverse types of bacteria and fungi, it is unlikely that
they are universal. Recognizing that for every microbe that has been isolated and characterized, it is likely that there are a billion
that have not. Consequently, as is the case with all microbiological test methods, this test method does not purport to detect 100 %
of the microbes present in a fuel or fuel-associated water sample.
1.3 For each of the three sets of antigen detected (H. resinae, common fungi, and aerobic bacteria), the test detects whether the
antigen concentration present is within set ranges representing negligible, moderate, or heavy microbial contamination.
1.3.1 For fuel specimens, the antigen concentration ranges detected are <150 μg ⁄L (negligible), 150 μg ⁄L to 750 μg ⁄L (moderate),
and >750 μg ⁄L (heavy).
1.3.2 For specimens of water associated with fuel, the antigen concentration ranges detected are <33 μg ⁄mL (negligible),
33 μg ⁄mL to 166 μg ⁄mL (moderate), and >166 μg ⁄mL (heavy).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021July 1, 2023. Published April 2021July 2023. Originally published in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 20202021 as
D8070 – 20.D8070 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D8070-21.10.1520/D8070-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D8070 − 23
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 8.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Dis
...
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