ASTM D3937-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Crimp Frequency of Manufactured Staple Fibers
Standard Test Method for Crimp Frequency of Manufactured Staple Fibers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for the determination of crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments but caution is advised since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor. Comparative tests conducted as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
This test method is used for quality control. It is an unsophisticated procedure which is particularly useful in detecting major differences in crimp frequency. This test method is not considered to be useful in research and development where minor differences or more complete crimp characterization, including amplitude and index, may be necessary.
Crimp in fiber affects the carding and subsequent processing of the fiber into either a yarn or a nonwoven fabric.
Staple crimp in fiber will also affect the bulk or openness of a yarn and therefore the hand and visual appearance of the finished textile product.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers. This test method is applicable to all crimped staple fibers provided the crimp can be viewed two-dimensionally as a sine-wave configuration.
1.1.1 It should be recognized that yarn manufacturing processes or treatments to manufactured yarns can influence or modify crimp in fiber. Hence, the value for crimp of fibers taken from spun yarns may be different than that of the same fiber prior to the manufacturing or treatment processes.
1.2 Three options are provided for preparation of the specimens. Option One (preferred) uses single fibers for the specimens with a low magnification available, Option Two (optional for staple or tow samples) uses fiber chips as the specimens, and Option Three uses projected images of single fibers.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3937 − 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Crimp Frequency of Manufactured Staple Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the crimp
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
frequency of manufactured staple fibers. This test method is
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
applicable to all crimped staple fibers provided the crimp can
crimp, crimp frequency, crimp index, fiber chip.
be viewed two-dimensionally as a sine-wave configuration.
1.1.1 It should be recognized that yarn manufacturing pro- 3.2 For all other terms are related to textiles, refer to
cesses or treatments to manufactured yarns can influence or Terminology D123.
modify crimp in fiber. Hence, the value for crimp of fibers
4. Summary of Test Method
taken from spun yarns may be different than that of the same
fiber prior to the manufacturing or treatment processes.
4.1 For Option One, a fiber specimen of manufactured
staple is placed on a short pile or plush surface. The crimps
1.2 Three options are provided for preparation of the speci-
along the entire length of the specimen is counted. After the
mens. Option One (preferred) uses single fibers for the speci-
specimen is counted, the fiber is straightened without defor-
menswithalowmagnificationavailable,OptionTwo(optional
mationanditsuncrimpedlengthmeasured.Crimpfrequencyis
for staple or tow samples) uses fiber chips as the specimens,
reported as the number of crimps per unit of extended length.
and Option Three uses projected images of single fibers.
4.2 For Option Two, the number of crimps is counted in
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
fiber chip specimens. The specimen length is measured on
standard.The inch-pound units in parentheses are for informa-
fibers taken from each of the chips.
tion only.
4.3 For Option Three, the fiber specimen is mounted be-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tween microscope slides. The image of the specimen is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
projected and its crimp is counted. The extended length of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specimen is measured as in Option One.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.4 In each option, the crimp frequency is calculated from
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the numbers of crimp counted and the fiber lengths measured.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Significance and Use
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 This test method for the determination of crimp fre-
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
quency of manufactured staple fibers may be used for the
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
acceptance testing of commercial shipments but caution is
D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
advised since between-laboratory precision is known to be
D3333Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
poor. Comparative tests conducted as directed in 5.1.1 may be
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
advisable.
D4849Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homoge-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published February 2012. Originally
neous as possible, drawn from the material from which the
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3937–07. DOI:
10.1520/D3937-12.
disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
from the two laboratories should be compared using a statis-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3937
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3937–07 Designation:D3937–12
Standard Test Method for
1
Crimp Frequency of mManufactured Staple Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers. This test method is
applicable to all crimped staple fibers provided the crimp can be viewed two-dimensionally as a sine-wave configuration.
1.1.1 It should be recognized that yarn manufacturing processes or treatments to manufactured yarns can influence or modify
crimp in fiber. Hence, the value for crimp of fibers taken from spun yarns may be different than that of the same fiber prior to the
manufacturing or treatment processes.
1.2 Three options are provided for preparation of the specimens. Option One (preferred) uses single fibers for the specimens
with a low magnification available, Option Two (optional for staple or tow samples) uses fiber chips as the specimens, and Option
Three uses projected images of single fibers.
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Theinch-poundunitsinparenthesesareforinformationonly.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers, Sliver, or Tow for Testing
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: crimp. crimp frequency, crimp index, fiber chip.
3.2 For all other terms are related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 For Option One, a fiber specimen of manufactured staple is placed on a short pile or plush surface. The crimps along the
entire length of the specimen is counted. After the specimen is counted, the fiber is straightened without deformation and its
uncrimped length measured. Crimp frequency is reported as the number of crimps per unit of extended length.
4.2 For Option Two, the number of crimps is counted in fiber chip specimens. The specimen length is measured on fibers taken
from each of the chips.
4.3 For Option Three, the fiber specimen is mounted between microscope slides. The image of the specimen is projected and
its crimp is counted. The extended length of the specimen is measured as in Option One.
4.4 In each option, the crimp frequency is calculated from the numbers of crimp counted and the fiber lengths measured.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method for the determination of crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers may be used for the acceptance
testing of commercial shipments but caution is advised since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor. Comparative tests
conducted as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved Jan.Feb. 1, 2007.2012. Published January 2007.February 2012. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 as
D3937 – 017. DOI: 10.1520/D3937-07.10.1520/D3937-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3937–12
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative
tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a
minimum, tes
...
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