ASTM D5587-15(2019)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing. Randomly assign the samples in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.3 The trapezoid tear produces tension along a reasonably defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. It is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different fabrics or different directions in the same fabric.
5.4 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength of the yarn components, individually or in combination, needed to stop a tear in fabrics of the same construction. The valleys recorded between the peaks have no specific significance. The minimum tearing force, however, is indicated to be above the lowest valleys.
5.5 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given fabric, depending upon its structure. Strong fabrics or fabrics...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the trapezoid procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing machine.
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining trapezoid tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. Consequently, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix X1.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile, and nonwoven fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.
1.3 Tearing strength, as measured in this test method, requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.
1.4 Two calculations for trapezoid tearing strength are provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest peak forces.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International ...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5587 − 15 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5587; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
strength of textile fabrics by the trapezoid procedure using a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
recordingconstant-rate-of-extension-type(CRE)tensiletesting
machine.
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
preferred test apparatus for determining trapezoid tearing
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used.
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
Consequently, these test instruments may be used when agreed
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
X1.
drawn 2008)
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
wovenfabrics,airbagfabrics,blankets,nappedfabrics,knitted
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile, and nonwoven fabrics. The
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated,
Methods
or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing
specimens with or without wetting.
3. Terminology
1.3 Tearing strength, as measured in this test method,
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported
methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
value obtained is not directly related to the force required to
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
initiate or start a tear.
fabric, in textiles; peak force, in tear testing of fabrics; tearing
force, in fabric; tearing strength, in fabrics; yarn distortion (see
1.4 Two calculations for trapezoid tearing strength are
Fig. 1).
provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest
peak forces.
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-
ogy D123.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values stated in inch-pound units may be
4. Summary of Test Method
approximate.
4.1 An outline of an isosceles trapezoid is marked on a
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
rectangular specimen (see Fig. 2). The specimen is slit at the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
center of the smallest base of the trapezoid to start the tear.The
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nonparallel sides of the marked trapezoid are clamped in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
parallel clamps of a tensile testing machine. The separation of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the clamps is increased continuously to apply a force to
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
propagate the tear across the specimen. At the same time, the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Specific. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2019. Published July 2019. Originally approved the ASTM website.
in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5587 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D5587-15R19. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5587 − 15 (2019)
5.5 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method.
Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary
for a given fabric, depending upon its structure. Strong fabrics
or fabrics made from glass fibers require special adaptation to
prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as
a result of being gripped in the clamps. In some cases, due to
fabricconstructions,individualyarnsmaynotrupturebutshow
a high peak and yarn distortion within the test specimen.
Whereverpossible,thisshallbeprevented.Ifyouhavetriedall
of these steps and yarn distortion still occurs, this must be
included in the report.
5.6 The CRE-type is the preferred tensile testing machine.
This test method allows the use of the CRT-type tensile
machine when agreed upon between the purchaser and the
supplier. There may be no overall correlation, however, be-
tween the results obtained with the CRT-type machine and the
FIG. 1 Photograph Showing Yarn Distortion in a Modern Techni-
CRE-type machine. Consequently, these two tensile testers
cal Type Fabric
cannot be used interchangeably unless the degree of quantita-
tivecorrelationhasbeenestablishedbetweenthepurchaserand
the supplier. In any event, the CRE-type machine shall prevail.
force developed is recorded. The force to continue the tear is
6. Apparatus
calculated from autographic chart recorders or microprocessor
data collection systems.
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine , of the CRE-type conforming
to the requirements of Specification D76 with autographic
5. Significance and Use
recorder, or automatic microprocessor data gathering system.
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
6.2 Clamps, having all clamping surfaces parallel, and
tance testing of commercial shipments because current esti-
capable of preventing slipping of the fabric specimen during a
mates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this
test, and measuring at least 50 by 75 mm (at least 2 by 3 in.),
test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance
with the longer dimension perpendicular to the direction of
testing.
application of the force.
6.2.1 Hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems with a
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between
test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test minimumof50by75-mm(atleast2by3-in.)rubber,metal,or
padded/coated clamps faces shall be used.The faces shall have
should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias
between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a an appropriate clamping force at the clamp faces depending on
the type of fabric under test. The pressure should be sufficient
minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are
as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of to prevent slippage of the fabric specimen from the clamps
during the test, while ensuring the specimen is not damaged at
material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during
the clamps edge. For certain industrial type fabrics a gripping
initial testing. Randomly assign the samples in equal numbers
force at the clamps of 13 to 14 kN (2900 to 3111 lbf) is
to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories
recommended. Manual clamping is permitted providing no
involved should be compared using a statistical test for
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing fabric specimen slippage in the clamp is observed.When using
manual clamping, use of torque wrench or other tool is
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and
corrected, or future test results for that material must be recommended to consistently achieve 2900–3111 lbf.
6.2.2 For some fabrics, to prevent fabric slippage or yarn
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
distortion from the clamp when using clamp faces other than
5.3 The trapezoid tear produces tension along a reasonably
serrated, such as rubber faced clamps, the clamps faces may be
defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of
covered with a No. 80 to 120 medium grit emery cloth. Secure
the specimen. It is useful for estimating the relative tear
the emery cloth to the clamps faces with pressure-sensitive
resistanceofdifferentfabricsordifferentdirectionsinthesame
tape. Other techniques may also be used such as resins if
fabric.
necessary. If fabric slippage or yarn distortion continues to
5.4 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data
occur, then serrated or interlocking clamps faces should be
recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a
used.
peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength
6.3 Cutting Die or Template, having essentially the shape
oftheyarncomponents,individuallyorincombination,needed
and dimensions shown in Fig. 2.
to stop a tear in fabrics of the same construction. The valleys
recorded between the peaks have no specific significance. The
minimum tearing force, however, is indicated to be above the
lowest valleys. Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
D5587 − 15 (2019)
FIG. 2 Templates for Cutting and Marking Trapezoid Test Specimens (mm)
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot Sample
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
Number of Rolls or Pieces
Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
in Lot, Inclusive
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
1to3 all
randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
4to24 4
in an applicable material specification or other agreement
25 to 50 5
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or pieces
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
specified in Table 1.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
mens to be used for the measurement of the cross-machine
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
direction with the longer dimension parallel to the cross-
between rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch
fromarollorpieceoffabrictoprovideasamplingplanwithameaningful machine direction. When specimens are to be tested wet, take
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
the specimens from areas adjacent to the dry test specimens.
quality level.
Label to maintain specimen identity.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
7.3.2.1 In cutting the woven fabric specimens, take care to
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
align the yarns running in the short direction parallel with the
m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
die such that when the slit is cut, the subsequent tear will take
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
placebetweentheseyarnsandnotacrossthem.Thisprecaution
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
is most important when testing bowed fabrics.
around the core of the roll of fabric.
7.3.2.2 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution
7.2.1 Stretch Fabrics—For fabrics with stretch yarns, labo-
across the width and length, preferably along the diagonal of
ratory samples shall be allowed to relax lying flat for 24 h in
thelaboratorysample,andnonearertheedgethanonetenthits
the conditioned atmosphere outlined in Section 9. Once
width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles.
relaxed, samples are to be marked and cut as described above.
Avoid getting oil, water, grease, and so forth, on the specimens
when handling.
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
7.3.2.3 Use the cutting die or template described in 6.3 and
take five specimens from the machine direction and five
shown in Fig. 2. Mark each specimen with an isosceles
specimens from the cross-machine direction, for each test
trapezoid template (see Fig. 2). Make a preliminary cut 15 mm
condition described in 9.1 and 9.2, as applicable to a material
(0.625 in.) long at the center of the 25-mm (1-in.) edge, as
specification or contract order.
shown in Fig. 2.
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the long direction as the
NOTE 2—Tests were carried out in 2007 to evaluate whether the
direction of test.
specimensizeandclampsseparationcouldbeincreasedtofacilitateeasier
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Take the specimens to be
loading of the specimen. It was found that this caused a difference in the
used for the measurement of machine direction with the longer
final results depending on the fabric type. Therefore, it is not possible to
dimension parallel to the machine direction. Take the speci- increase the specimen size.
D5587 − 15 (2019)
8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
8.1 Set the distance between the clamps at the start of the
test at 25 61mm(1 6 0.05 in.).
8.2 Select the full-scale force range of the testing machine
such that the maximum force occurs between 15 and 85 % of
full-scale force.
8.3 Set the testing speed to 300 6 10 mm (12 6 0.5
in./min).
8.4 Verify calibration of the tensile testing machine as
specified in the manufacturer’s instructions and Specification
D76.
8.5 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering
systems, set the appropriate parameters as specified in the
manufacturer’s instructions.
9. Conditioning
FIG. 3 Positioning Specimen in Clamps
9.1 Condition 1, for Standard Testing:
9.1.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-
10.2 Carefully position the specimen in the upper clamps of
proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
the machine, aligning the lower edge of the clamps face with
preconditioning textiles as specified in Practice D1776, unless
lineAon the specimen. Carefully position the lower half of the
otherwisespecifiedinamaterialspecificatio
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5587 − 15 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5587; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
strength of textile fabrics by the trapezoid procedure using a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing
machine.
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
preferred test apparatus for determining trapezoid tearing
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used.
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
Consequently, these test instruments may be used when agreed
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
X1.
drawn 2008)
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile, and nonwoven fabrics. The
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated,
Methods
or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing
specimens with or without wetting.
3. Terminology
1.3 Tearing strength, as measured in this test method,
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported
methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
value obtained is not directly related to the force required to
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
initiate or start a tear.
fabric, in textiles; peak force, in tear testing of fabrics; tearing
force, in fabric; tearing strength, in fabrics; yarn distortion (see
1.4 Two calculations for trapezoid tearing strength are
Fig. 1).
provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest
peak forces.
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-
ogy D123.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values stated in inch-pound units may be
4. Summary of Test Method
approximate.
4.1 An outline of an isosceles trapezoid is marked on a
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
rectangular specimen (see Fig. 2). The specimen is slit at the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
center of the smallest base of the trapezoid to start the tear. The
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
nonparallel sides of the marked trapezoid are clamped in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
parallel clamps of a tensile testing machine. The separation of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the clamps is increased continuously to apply a force to
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
propagate the tear across the specimen. At the same time, the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Specific. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2019. Published July 2019. Originally approved the ASTM website.
in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5587 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D5587-15R19. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5587 − 15 (2019)
5.5 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method.
Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary
for a given fabric, depending upon its structure. Strong fabrics
or fabrics made from glass fibers require special adaptation to
prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as
a result of being gripped in the clamps. In some cases, due to
fabric constructions, individual yarns may not rupture but show
a high peak and yarn distortion within the test specimen.
Wherever possible, this shall be prevented. If you have tried all
of these steps and yarn distortion still occurs, this must be
included in the report.
5.6 The CRE-type is the preferred tensile testing machine.
This test method allows the use of the CRT-type tensile
machine when agreed upon between the purchaser and the
supplier. There may be no overall correlation, however, be-
tween the results obtained with the CRT-type machine and the
FIG. 1 Photograph Showing Yarn Distortion in a Modern Techni-
CRE-type machine. Consequently, these two tensile testers
cal Type Fabric
cannot be used interchangeably unless the degree of quantita-
tive correlation has been established between the purchaser and
the supplier. In any event, the CRE-type machine shall prevail.
force developed is recorded. The force to continue the tear is
6. Apparatus
calculated from autographic chart recorders or microprocessor
data collection systems.
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine , of the CRE-type conforming
to the requirements of Specification D76 with autographic
5. Significance and Use
recorder, or automatic microprocessor data gathering system.
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
6.2 Clamps, having all clamping surfaces parallel, and
tance testing of commercial shipments because current esti-
capable of preventing slipping of the fabric specimen during a
mates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this
test, and measuring at least 50 by 75 mm (at least 2 by 3 in.),
test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance
with the longer dimension perpendicular to the direction of
testing.
application of the force.
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between 6.2.1 Hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems with a
minimum of 50 by 75-mm (at least 2 by 3-in.) rubber, metal, or
test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test
should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias padded/coated clamps faces shall be used. The faces shall have
an appropriate clamping force at the clamp faces depending on
between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a
minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are the type of fabric under test. The pressure should be sufficient
to prevent slippage of the fabric specimen from the clamps
as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of
during the test, while ensuring the specimen is not damaged at
material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during
the clamps edge. For certain industrial type fabrics a gripping
initial testing. Randomly assign the samples in equal numbers
force at the clamps of 13 to 14 kN (2900 to 3111 lbf) is
to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories
involved should be compared using a statistical test for recommended. Manual clamping is permitted providing no
fabric specimen slippage in the clamp is observed. When using
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and manual clamping, use of torque wrench or other tool is
recommended to consistently achieve 2900–3111 lbf.
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
adjusted in consideration of the known bias. 6.2.2 For some fabrics, to prevent fabric slippage or yarn
distortion from the clamp when using clamp faces other than
5.3 The trapezoid tear produces tension along a reasonably
serrated, such as rubber faced clamps, the clamps faces may be
defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of
covered with a No. 80 to 120 medium grit emery cloth. Secure
the specimen. It is useful for estimating the relative tear
the emery cloth to the clamps faces with pressure-sensitive
resistance of different fabrics or different directions in the same
tape. Other techniques may also be used such as resins if
fabric.
necessary. If fabric slippage or yarn distortion continues to
5.4 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data
occur, then serrated or interlocking clamps faces should be
recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a
used.
peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength
6.3 Cutting Die or Template, having essentially the shape
of the yarn components, individually or in combination, needed
and dimensions shown in Fig. 2.
to stop a tear in fabrics of the same construction. The valleys
recorded between the peaks have no specific significance. The
minimum tearing force, however, is indicated to be above the
lowest valleys. Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
D5587 − 15 (2019)
FIG. 2 Templates for Cutting and Marking Trapezoid Test Specimens (mm)
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot Sample
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
Number of Rolls or Pieces
Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
in Lot, Inclusive
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
1 to 3 all
randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
4 to 24 4
in an applicable material specification or other agreement
25 to 50 5
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or pieces
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
specified in Table 1.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
mens to be used for the measurement of the cross-machine
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
direction with the longer dimension parallel to the cross-
between rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch
from a roll or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful
machine direction. When specimens are to be tested wet, take
producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting
the specimens from areas adjacent to the dry test specimens.
quality level.
Label to maintain specimen identity.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
7.3.2.1 In cutting the woven fabric specimens, take care to
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
align the yarns running in the short direction parallel with the
m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
die such that when the slit is cut, the subsequent tear will take
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
place between these yarns and not across them. This precaution
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
is most important when testing bowed fabrics.
around the core of the roll of fabric.
7.3.2.2 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution
7.2.1 Stretch Fabrics—For fabrics with stretch yarns, labo-
across the width and length, preferably along the diagonal of
ratory samples shall be allowed to relax lying flat for 24 h in
the laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one tenth its
the conditioned atmosphere outlined in Section 9. Once
width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles.
relaxed, samples are to be marked and cut as described above.
Avoid getting oil, water, grease, and so forth, on the specimens
when handling.
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
7.3.2.3 Use the cutting die or template described in 6.3 and
take five specimens from the machine direction and five
shown in Fig. 2. Mark each specimen with an isosceles
specimens from the cross-machine direction, for each test
trapezoid template (see Fig. 2). Make a preliminary cut 15 mm
condition described in 9.1 and 9.2, as applicable to a material
(0.625 in.) long at the center of the 25-mm (1-in.) edge, as
specification or contract order.
shown in Fig. 2.
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the long direction as the
NOTE 2—Tests were carried out in 2007 to evaluate whether the
direction of test.
specimen size and clamps separation could be increased to facilitate easier
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Take the specimens to be
loading of the specimen. It was found that this caused a difference in the
used for the measurement of machine direction with the longer
final results depending on the fabric type. Therefore, it is not possible to
dimension parallel to the machine direction. Take the speci- increase the specimen size.
D5587 − 15 (2019)
8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
8.1 Set the distance between the clamps at the start of the
test at 25 6 1 mm (1 6 0.05 in.).
8.2 Select the full-scale force range of the testing machine
such that the maximum force occurs between 15 and 85 % of
full-scale force.
8.3 Set the testing speed to 300 6 10 mm (12 6 0.5
in./min).
8.4 Verify calibration of the tensile testing machine as
specified in the manufacturer’s instructions and Specification
D76.
8.5 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering
systems, set the appropriate parameters as specified in the
manufacturer’s instructions.
9. Conditioning
FIG. 3 Positioning Specimen in Clamps
9.1 Condition 1, for Standard Testing:
9.1.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-
10.2 Carefully position the specimen in the upper clamps of
proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
the machine, aligning the lower edge of the clamps face with
preconditioning textiles as specified in Practice D1776, unless
line A on the specimen. Carefully position the lower half of the
otherwise specified in a material specification
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5587 − 15 D5587 − 15 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5587; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the trapezoid procedure using a
recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing machine.
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining trapezoid tearing strength.
It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. Consequently, these
test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type
tensile tester are included in Appendix X1.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics,
layered fabrics, pile, and nonwoven fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.
Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.
1.3 Tearing strength, as measured in this test method, requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value
obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.
1.4 Two calculations for trapezoid tearing strength are provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest peak
forces.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (Withdrawn 2008)
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: fabric, in textiles; peak force, in tear testing of fabrics; tearing force,
in fabric; tearing strength, in fabrics; yarn distortion (see Fig. 1).
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015July 1, 2019. Published September 2015July 2019. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 as
D5587 – 14.D5587 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D5587-15.10.1520/D5587-15R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5587 − 15 (2019)
FIG. 1 Photograph Showing Yarn Distortion in a Modern Technical Type Fabric
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 An outline of an isosceles trapezoid is marked on a rectangular specimen (see Fig. 2). The specimen is slit at the center of
the smallest base of the trapezoid to start the tear. The nonparallel sides of the marked trapezoid are clamped in parallel clamps
of a tensile testing machine. The separation of the clamps is increased continuously to apply a force to propagate the tear across
the specimen. At the same time, the force developed is recorded. The force to continue the tear is calculated from autographic chart
recorders or microprocessor data collection systems.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of
between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should
be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use
the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples
that resulted in disparate results during initial testing. Randomly assign the samples in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test
results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen
prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must
be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.3 The trapezoid tear produces tension along a reasonably defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of the
specimen. It is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different fabrics or different directions in the same fabric.
5.4 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a peak or
peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength of the yarn components, individually or in combination, needed to stop a
tear in fabrics of the same construction. The valleys recorded between the peaks have no specific significance. The minimum
tearing force, however, is indicated to be above the lowest valleys.
5.5 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a
given fabric, depending upon its structure. Strong fabrics or fabrics made from glass fibers require special adaptation to prevent
them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in the clamps. In some cases, due to fabric
constructions, individual yarns may not rupture but show a high peak and yarn distortion within the test specimen. Wherever
possible, this shall be prevented. If you have tried all of these steps and yarn distortion still occurs, this must be included in the
report.
5.6 The CRE-type is the preferred tensile testing machine. This test method allows the use of the CRT-type tensile machine
when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. There may be no overall correlation, however, between the results
obtained with the CRT-type machine and the CRE-type machine. Consequently, these two tensile testers cannot be used
interchangeably unless the degree of quantitative correlation has been established between the purchaser and the supplier. In any
event, the CRE-type machine shall prevail.
D5587 − 15 (2019)
FIG. 2 Templates for Cutting and Marking Trapezoid Test Specimens (mm)
6. Apparatus
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine , of the CRE-type conforming to the requirements of Specification D76 with autographic recorder,
or automatic microprocessor data gathering system.
6.2 Clamps, having all clamping surfaces parallel, and capable of preventing slipping of the fabric specimen during a test, and
measuring at least 50 by 75 mm (at least 2 by 3 in.), with the longer dimension perpendicular to the direction of application of
the force.
6.2.1 Hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems with a minimum of 50 by 75-mm (at least 2 by 3-in.) rubber, metal, or
padded/coated clamps faces shall be used. The faces shall have an appropriate clamping force at the clamp faces depending on the
type of fabric under test. The pressure should be sufficient to prevent slippage of the fabric specimen from the clamps during the
test, while ensuring the specimen is not damaged at the clamps edge. For certain industrial type fabrics a gripping force at the
clamps of 13 to 14 kN (2900 to 3111 lbf) is recommended. Manual clamping is permitted providing no fabric specimen slippage
in the clamp is observed. When using manual clamping, use of torque wrench or other tool is recommended to consistently achieve
2900-31112900–3111 lbf.
6.2.2 For some fabrics, to prevent fabric slippage or yarn distortion from the clamp when using clamp faces other than serrated,
such as rubber faced clamps, the clamps faces may be covered with a No. 80 to 120 medium grit emery cloth. Secure the emery
cloth to the clamps faces with pressure-sensitive tape. Other techniques may also be used such as resins if necessary. If fabric
slippage or yarn distortion continues to occur, then serrated or interlocking clamps faces should be used.
6.3 Cutting Die or Template, having essentially the shape and dimensions shown in Fig. 2.
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed in an
applicable material specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or pieces of fabric
to be the primary sampling units. In the absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls specified in Table 1.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability between rolls
or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk,
consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1 m (1 yd)
along the machine direction from each roll or piece in the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will exclude fabric
from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap around the core of the roll of fabric.
7.2.1 Stretch Fabrics—For fabrics with stretch yarns, laboratory samples shall be allowed to relax lying flat for 24 h in the
conditioned atmosphere outlined in Section 9. Once relaxed, samples are to be marked and cut as described above.
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
D5587 − 15 (2019)
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot Sample
Number of Rolls or Pieces
Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
in Lot, Inclusive
1 to 3 all
4 to 24 4
25 to 50 5
over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or pieces
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit, take five specimens from the machine direction and five specimens
from the cross-machine direction, for each test condition described in 9.1 and 9.2, as applicable to a material specification or
contract order.
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the long direction as the direction of test.
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Take the specimens to be used for the measurement of machine direction with the longer
dimension parallel to the machine direction. Take the specimens to be used for the measurement of the cross-machine direction
with the longer dimension parallel to the cross-machine direction. When specimens are to be tested wet, take the specimens from
areas adjacent to the dry test specimens. Label to maintain specimen identity.
7.3.2.1 In cutting the woven fabric specimens, take care to align the yarns running in the short direction parallel with the die
such that when the slit is cut, the subsequent tear will take place between these yarns and not across them. This precaution is most
important when testing bowed fabrics.
7.3.2.2 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution across the width and length, preferably along the diagonal of the
laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one tenth its width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles. Avoid
getting oil, water, grease, and so forth, on the specimens when handling.
7.3.2.3 Use the cutting die or template described in 6.3 and shown in Fig. 2. Mark each specimen with an isosceles trapezoid
template (see Fig. 2). Make a preliminary cut 15 mm (0.625 in.) long at the center of the 25-mm (1-in.) edge, as shown in Fig.
2.
NOTE 2—Tests were carried out in 2007 to evaluate whether the specimen size and clamps separation could be increased to facilitate easier loading
of the specimen. It was found that this caused a difference in the final results depending on the fabric type. Therefore, it is not possible to increase the
specimen size.
8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
8.1 Set the distance between the clamps at the start of the test at 25 6 1 mm (1 6 0.05 in.).
8.2 Select the full-scale force range of the testing machine such that the maximum force occurs between 15 and 85 % of
full-scale force.
8.3 Set the testing speed to 300 6 10 mm (12 6 0.5 in./min).
8.4 Verify calibration of the tensile testing machine as specified in the manufacturer’s instructions and Specification D76.
8.5 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering systems, set the appropriate parameters as specified in the
manufacturer’s instructions.
9. Conditioning
9.1 Condition 1, for Standard Testing:
9.1.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to approximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
preconditioning textil
...
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