ASTM D4850-13(2017)

Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included. Other terminology standards that have terms related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.1  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Jul-2017
• ICS: 01.040.59 - Textile and leather technology (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4850-13e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C1793-15 - Standard Guide for Development of Specifications for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide Composite Structures for Nuclear Applications
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D3775-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for End (Warp) and Pick (Filling) Count of Woven Fabrics
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D4851-07(2019)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D4964-96(2020) - Standard Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D3787-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textiles—Constant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst Test
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D8007-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Wale and Course Count of Weft Knitted Fabrics
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D3886-22 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D2261-13(2017)e1 - Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D1336-07(2019) - Standard Test Method for Distortion of Yarn in Woven Fabrics
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D4158-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D3883-04(2020) - Standard Test Method for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up in Woven Fabrics
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D3884-22 - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform Abrader Method)
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D4970/D4970M-22 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017
• Referred By: ASTM C1835-16(2023) - Standard Classification for Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide-Silicon Carbide (SiC-SiC) Composite Structures
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2017

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4850 − 13 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2724Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated
Apparel Fabrics
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms
D2906Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
used in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that are
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
generally understood or adequately defined in other readily
D3107Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Wo-
available sources are not included. Other terminology stan-
ven from Stretch Yarns
dardsthathavetermsrelatedtotextilefabricsareshownin2.1
D3511TestMethodforPillingResistanceandOtherRelated
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D3512TestMethodforPillingResistanceandOtherRelated
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Pilling Tester
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D3514TestMethodforPillingResistanceandOtherRelated
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
D3773Test Methods for Length of Woven Fabric
2. Referenced Documents
D3774Test Method for Width of Textile Fabric
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3775TestMethodforWarp(End)andFilling(Pick)Count
D737Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics
of Woven Fabrics
D1230Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Textiles
D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
D1336TestMethodforDistortionofYarninWovenFabrics
Fabric
D1388Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
D3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile
D1424Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method
Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
D3787Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textiles—
D1775Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Wide
3 Constant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst Test
Elastic Fabrics (Withdrawn 2000)
D3789Practice for Labeling Cans of Consumer Spray Paint
D1777Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
(Withdrawn 1997)
D2261Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the
D3882Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and
Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-
Knitted Fabrics
Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
D3883Test Method for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up in
D2594TestMethodforStretchPropertiesofKnittedFabrics
Woven Fabrics
Having Low Power
D3884Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
D3885Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
General. Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originally
D3886Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4850–13. DOI:
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
10.1520/D4850-13R17.
D3887 Specification for Tolerance for Knitted Fabrics
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
(Withdrawn 2017)
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D3939Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics
the ASTM website.
(Mace)
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. D3990Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4850 − 13 (2017)
D4032Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular D6207Test Method for Dimensional Stability of Fabrics to
Bend Procedure Changes in Humidity and Temperature
D6614Test Method for Stretch Properties ofTextile Fabrics
D4033Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the
– CRE Method
Sewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic Fatigue
D6674Guide for Proficiency Test Program for Fabrics
Method) (Withdrawn 2001)
D6770Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
D4034Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the
Webbing (Hex Bar Method)
Sewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics (Withdrawn
D6797 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Fabrics
2001)
Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Ball Burst Test
D4157Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
3. Terminology
D4158Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
3.1 Definitions:
(Uniform Abrasion)
abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a material by
D4390Practice for Evaluation of the Performance of Terry
rubbing against another surface. D3884, D3885, D3886,
Bathroom Products for Household Use (Withdrawn
D4157, D4158, D4685, D4966
1994)
abrasion cycle, n—onecompletemovementacrossthesurface
D4772Test Method for Surface Water Absorption of Terry
of a material.
Fabrics (Water Flow)
DISCUSSION—The complete movement for an abrasion cycle is
D4350Test Method for Corrosivity Index of Plastics and
dependent on the action of the abrasion machine and the test method
Fillers
used. It may consist of one back-and-forth unidirectional movement or
D4685Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion
one circular movement, or a combination of both. D3885
D4848Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
abrasion cycle, n—for the MartindaleAbrasion Tester,16rubs
Related Properties of Textiles
required to complete a geometric shape, known as a
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
Lissajous. D4966
Methods
D4851Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for abrasion cycle, n—in abrasion testing, one or more move-
Architectural Use ments of the abradant across a material surface, or the
material surface across the abradant, that permits a return to
D4964Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic
its starting position.
Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-ExtensionTypeTensileTesting
DISCUSSION—The abrasion cycle is dependent on the programmed
Machine)
motions of the abrasion machine and the test standard used. It may
D4966Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
consist of one back-and-forth unidirectional movement such as for the
Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
flexing and abrasion test method; a circular movement such as for the
D4970TestMethodforPillingResistanceandOtherRelated
rotary platform test method, or a combination of both such as for the
Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester inflated diaphragm test method. For the oscillatory cylinder abrasion
method,anabrasioncycleconsistsofonedouble-rub. See double-rub.
D5034TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
[D13.60] D4157, D6770
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
D5035Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
absorption, n—aprocessinwhichonematerial(theabsorbent)
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
takesinorabsorbsanother(theabsorbate);astheabsorption
D5103Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
of moisture by fibers. [D13.59] D4772
Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
accuracy, n—of a test method, the degree of agreement
D5278Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fab-
between the true value of the property being tested (or
rics (Static-Load Testing)
accepted standard value) and the average of many observa-
D5362Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics
tionsmadeaccordingtothetestmethod,preferablybymany
(Bean Bag)
observers. [D13.60] D2906, D6674
D5378Performance Specification for Woven and Knitted
air permeability, n—therateofairflowpassingperpendicular
Shower Curtains for Institutional and Household Use
through a known area under a prescribed air pressure
D5426Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fab-
differential between the two surfaces of a material.
rics Used for Inflatable Restraints
DISCUSSION—Air permeability of fabric at a stated pressure differen-
D5430Test Methods for Visually Inspecting and Grading
tialbetweentwosurfacesofthefabricisgenerallyexpressedinSIunits
Fabrics
3 2 3 2
as cm /s/cm and in inch-pound units as ft /min/ft calculated in
D5446Practice for Determining Physical Properties of
operating conditions. (See permeability, porosity.) D737
Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable
air-supported roof, n—a fabric roof-system that is properly
Restraints
secured and primarily supported and held in place by air
D5587Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
pressure. D4851
Trapezoid Procedure
D5684Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings architectural-use, n—in the building trade, a descriptive term
D5793Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length or
for fabrics used in fabric roof-systems or similar industrial
Width of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings applications. (See also fabric roof-system.) D4851
D4850 − 13 (2017)
bagging, n—any material, such as fabric or other suitable broken end, n—in woven fabrics, a void in the warp direction
materialusedtoprotectcommoditiesduringshipmentand/or due to yarn breakage. D3990
storage.
bubble—See preferred term blister. [D13.59] D2724
DISCUSSION—Fabrics may be of the woven, knitted, or non-woven
type, and are typically produced with cotton, jute, polyethylene, or
burlap, n—a coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of yarns, such
polypropylene fibers. D4850
as bast or cotton fiber yarn. D4850
batch sample, n—the material(s) used for the proficiency test
bursting strength, n—theforceorpressurerequiredtorupture
study taken from a common roll or garment lot and distrib-
a textile by distending it with a force, applied at right angles
uted to the participants. [D13.60] D6674
to the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions.
DISCUSSION—The angle of application of force, and the area of the
bending length, n—(1) general—a measure of the interaction
fabric upon which the force is applied varies continuously as the fabric
between fabric weight and fabric stiffness as shown by the
stretches when it is tested as directed in this method. D6797
wayinwhichafabricbendsunderitsownweight.Itreflects
bursting strength, n—theforceorpressurerequiredtorupture
the stiffness of a fabric when bent in one plane under the
a fabric by distending it with a force, applied at right angles
force of gravity, and is one component of drape; (2)
totheplaneofthefabric,underspecifiedconditions. D3786,
specific—the cube root of the ratio of the flexural rigidity to
D3787, D3887
the weight per unit area. D1388
calibrate, n—todetermineandrecordtherelationshipbetween
bias, n—in statistics, a constant or systematic error in test
a set of standard units of measure and the output of an
results. [D13.60] D6674
instrument or test procedure. [D13.60] D6674
blister, n—in bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, a bulge,
circular bend, n—simultaneous, multidirectional deformation
swelling, or similar surface condition on either the face
of a fabric in which one face of a flat specimen becomes
fabricorthebackingfabriccharacterizedbythefabricbeing
concave and the other becomes convex. D4032
raised from the plane of the underlying component over a
limited area to give a puffy appearance. D2724
coated fabric, n—a flexible material composed of a fabric and
any adherent polymeric material applied to one or both
bond strength, n—of bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, the
surfaces. (See also laminated fabric.) D4850, D4851,
tensileforceexpressedinouncesper25mm(1in.)ofwidth,
D5446
required to separate the component layers under specified
conditions. D2724
color contrast, n—in textiles,ageneraltermforavisiblecolor
difference between two adjacent areas.
bonded fabric, n—a layered fabric structure wherein a face or
DISCUSSION—For the purpose of Test Methods D3939 and D5362,a
shell fabric is joined to a backing fabric, such as tricot, with
color contrast is a visible color difference between a snag and the
anadhesivethatdoesnotsignificantlyaddtothethicknessof
immediate surrounding area of the fabric that has no defects. Color
the combined fabrics. (See also laminated fabric, coated
contrasts often occur when printed fabrics are snagged. D3939,
fabric.) D2724
D5362
book fold, n—a fabric doubled selvage to selvage, then folded constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine (CRE),
back and forth upon itself in predetermined lengths. (See n—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of the
also shoe fold.) specimen length is uniform with time. D6797
DISCUSSION—When the piece is completed, the fold-edges on each
constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing
side are folded once more upon themselves so that the fold-edges are
machine—atestingmachineinwhichtherateofincreaseof
inside, forming a compact package as long as one half the width of the
specimen length is uniform with time. [D13.60] D5035
fabric. D4850
constant-rate-of-extension type tensile testing machine
bow, n—a fabric condition resulting when filling yarns or
(CRE), n—in tensile testing, an apparatus in which the
knittedcoursesaredisplacedfromalineperpendiculartothe
pulling clamp moves at a uniform rate, and the force-
selvages and form one or more arcs across the width of the
measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance with
fabric. (See also double bow.) D3882, D3990
increasing force, less than 0.13 mm (0.005 in.). D3787
braided fabric, n—astructureproducedbyinterlacingthreeor
constant-rate-of-load (CRL) tensile testing machine—atest-
more ends of yarns in a manner such that the paths of the
ing machine in which the rate of increase of the load being
yarns are diagonal to the vertical axis of the fabric. D4850
applied to the specimen is uniform with time after the first 3
s. [D13.60] D4964, D5035, D5034
breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a material
carried to rupture (compare breaking point, breaking
constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing machine—a
strength). [D13.60] D3884, D3885, D4157, D4848, D5034,
testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves at a
D5035, D6770
uniform rate and the load is applied through the other clamp
breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use breaking force. which moves appreciably to actuate a weighing mechanism,
[D13.60] D4848, D5034 sothattherateofincreaseofloadorelongationisdependent
--
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4850 − 13 D4850 − 13 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Terms were added editorially in September 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that are generally
understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included. Other terminology standards that have terms
related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.1
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics
D1230 Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Textiles
D1336 Test Method for Distortion of Yarn in Woven Fabrics
D1388 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
D1424 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
D1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Wide Elastic Fabrics (Withdrawn 2000)
D1777 Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Tensile
Testing Machine)
D2594 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low Power
D2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Woven from Stretch Yarns
D3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
D3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
D3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
D3773 Test Methods for Length of Woven Fabric
D3774 Test Method for Width of Textile Fabric
D3775 Test Method for Warp (End) and Filling (Pick) Count of Woven Fabrics
D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric
D3786 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method
D3787 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textiles—Constant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst Test
D3789 Practice for Labeling Cans of Consumer Spray Paint (Withdrawn 1997)
D3882 Test Method for Bow and Skew in Woven and Knitted Fabrics
D3883 Test Method for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up in Woven Fabrics
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods, General.
Current edition approved July 1, 2013July 15, 2017. Published August 2013 August 2017. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 as
D4850 – 12. – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D4850-13E01.10.1520/D4850-13R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4850 − 13 (2017)
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D3887 Specification for Tolerance for Knitted Fabrics (Withdrawn 2017)
D3939 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
D4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular Bend Procedure
D4033 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Upholstery Fabrics (Dynamic Fatigue Method)
(Withdrawn 2001)
D4034 Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics (Withdrawn 2001)
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
D4390 Practice for Evaluation of the Performance of Terry Bathroom Products for Household Use (Withdrawn 1994)
D4772 Test Method for Surface Water Absorption of Terry Fabrics (Water Flow)
D4350 Test Method for Corrosivity Index of Plastics and Fillers
D4685 Test Method for Pile Fabric Abrasion
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D4851 Test Methods for Coated and Laminated Fabrics for Architectural Use
D4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing Machine)
D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
D4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
D5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
D5278 Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fabrics (Static-Load Testing)
D5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Bean Bag)
D5378 Performance Specification for Woven and Knitted Shower Curtains for Institutional and Household Use
D5426 Practices for Visual Inspection and Grading of Fabrics Used for Inflatable Restraints
D5430 Test Methods for Visually Inspecting and Grading Fabrics
D5446 Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Trapezoid Procedure
D5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
D5793 Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length or Width of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
D6207 Test Method for Dimensional Stability of Fabrics to Changes in Humidity and Temperature
D6614 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Textile Fabrics – CRE Method
D6674 Guide for Proficiency Test Program for Fabrics
D6770 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Webbing (Hex Bar Method)
D6797 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Fabrics Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Ball Burst Test
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a material by rubbing against another surface. D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157,
D4158, D4685, D4966
abrasion cycle, n—one complete movement across the surface of a material.
DISCUSSION—
The complete movement for an abrasion cycle is dependent on the action of the abrasion machine and the test method used. It may consist of one
back-and-forth unidirectional movement or one circular movement, or a combination of both. D3885
abrasion cycle, n—for the Martindale Abrasion Tester, 16 rubs required to complete a geometric shape, known as a Lissajous.
D4966
abrasion cycle, n—in abrasion testing, one or more movements of the abradant across a material surface, or the material surface
across the abradant, that permits a return to its starting position.
DISCUSSION—
The abrasion cycle is dependent on the programmed motions of the abrasion machine and the test standard used. It may consist of one back-and-forth
D4850 − 13 (2017)
unidirectional movement such as for the flexing and abrasion test method; a circular movement such as for the rotary platform test method, or a
combination of both such as for the inflated diaphragm test method. For the oscillatory cylinder abrasion method, an abrasion cycle consists of one
double-rub. See double-rub. [D13.60] D4157, D6770
absorption, n—a process in which one material (the absorbent) takes in or absorbs another (the absorbate); as the absorption of
moisture by fibers. [D13.59] D4772
accuracy, n—of a test method, the degree of agreement between the true value of the property being tested (or accepted standard
value) and the average of many observations made according to the test method, preferably by many observers. [D13.60] D2906,
D6674
air permeability, n—the rate of air flow passing perpendicular through a known area under a prescribed air pressure differential
between the two surfaces of a material.
DISCUSSION—
3 2
Air permeability of fabric at a stated pressure differential between two surfaces of the fabric is generally expressed in SI units as cm /s/cm and in
3 2
inch-pound units as ft /min/ft calculated in operating conditions. (See permeability, porosity.) D737
air-supported roof, n—a fabric roof-system that is properly secured and primarily supported and held in place by air pressure.
D4851
architectural-use, n—in the building trade, a descriptive term for fabrics used in fabric roof-systems or similar industrial
applications. (See also fabric roof-system.) D4851
bagging, n—any material, such as fabric or other suitable material used to protect commodities during shipment and/or storage.
DISCUSSION—
Fabrics may be of the woven, knitted, or non-woven type, and are typically produced with cotton, jute, polyethylene, or polypropylene fibers. D4850
batch sample, n—the material(s) used for the proficiency test study taken from a common roll or garment lot and distributed to
the participants. [D13.60] D6674
bending length, n—(1) general—a measure of the interaction between fabric weight and fabric stiffness as shown by the way in
which a fabric bends under its own weight. It reflects the stiffness of a fabric when bent in one plane under the force of gravity,
and is one component of drape; (2) specific—the cube root of the ratio of the flexural rigidity to the weight per unit area. D1388
bias, n—in statistics, a constant or systematic error in test results. [D13.60] D6674
blister, n—in bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, a bulge, swelling, or similar surface condition on either the face fabric or the
backing fabric characterized by the fabric being raised from the plane of the underlying component over a limited area to give
a puffy appearance. D2724
bond strength, n—of bonded, fused, or laminated fabrics, the tensile force expressed in ounces per 25 mm (1 in.) of width,
required to separate the component layers under specified conditions. D2724
bonded fabric, n—a layered fabric structure wherein a face or shell fabric is joined to a backing fabric, such as tricot, with an
adhesive that does not significantly add to the thickness of the combined fabrics. (See also laminated fabric, coated fabric.)
D2724
book fold, n—a fabric doubled selvage to selvage, then folded back and forth upon itself in predetermined lengths. (See also shoe
fold.)
DISCUSSION—
When the piece is completed, the fold-edges on each side are folded once more upon themselves so that the fold-edges are inside, forming a compact
package as long as one half the width of the fabric. D4850
bow, n—a fabric condition resulting when filling yarns or knitted courses are displaced from a line perpendicular to the selvages
and form one or more arcs across the width of the fabric. (See also double bow.) D3882, D3990
braided fabric, n—a structure produced by interlacing three or more ends of yarns in a manner such that the paths of the yarns
are diagonal to the vertical axis of the fabric. D4850
D4850 − 13 (2017)
breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a material carried to rupture (compare breaking point,breaking strength).
[D13.60] D3884, D3885, D4157, D4848, D5034, D5035, D6770
breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use breaking force. [D13.60] D4848, D5034
broken end, n—in woven fabrics, a void in the warp direction due to yarn breakage. D3990
bubble—See preferred term blister. [D13.59] D2724
burlap, n—a coarse, heavy, plain weave fabric of yarns, such as bast or cotton fiber yarn. D4850
bursting strength, n—the force or pressure required to rupture a textile by distending it with a force, applied at right angles to
the plane of the fabric, under specified conditions.
DISCUSSION—
The angle of application of force, and the area of the fabric upon which the force is applied varies continuously as the fabric stretches when it is tested
as directed in this method. D6797
bursting strength, n—the force or pressure required to rupture a fabric by distending it with a force, applied at right angles to the
plane of the fabric, under specified conditions. D3786, D3787, D3887
calibrate, n—to determine and record the relationship between a set of standard units of measure and the output of an instrument
or test procedure. [D13.60] D6674
circular bend, n—simultaneous, multidirectional deformation of a fabric in which one face of a flat specimen becomes concave
and the other becomes convex. D4032
coated fabric, n—a flexible material composed of a fabric and any adherent polymeric material applied to one or both surfaces.
(See also laminated fabric.) D4850, D4851, D5446
color contrast, n—in textiles, a general term for a visible color difference between two adjacent areas.
DISCUSSION—
For the purpose of Test Methods D3939 and D5362, a color contrast is a visible color difference between a snag and the immediate surrounding area
of the fabric that has no defects. Color contrasts often occur when printed fabrics are snagged. D3939, D5362
constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine (CRE), n—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of the specimen
length is uniform with time. D6797
constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing machine—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of specimen length
is uniform with time. [D13.60] D5035
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