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ASTM A327M-91(1997)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric)

Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric)

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods for impact testing cover the details of apparatus, test specimens and procedures for cast iron including gray iron, white iron, malleable iron, ductile iron and austempered ductile iron, but not including chilled rolls or rolls with white iron skins.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. A companion standard, A327, lists values in inch-pound units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-1997
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
A04 - Iron Castings
Drafting Committee
A04.21 - Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM A327/A327M-22 - Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons
Effective Date
10-Apr-1997

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ASTM A327M-91(1997) - Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric)ASTM A327M-91(1997) - Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric)
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ASTM A327M-91(1997) - Standard Test Methods for Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A 327M–91(Reapproved 1997)
METRIC
Standard Test Methods for
Impact Testing of Cast Irons (Metric)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 327M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5. Test Specimens
1.1 These test methods for impact testing cover the details 5.1 The test specimens shall have a plain cylindrical form,
of apparatus, test specimens and procedures for cast iron, machined or ground to a smooth finish and shall conform to the
including gray iron, white iron, malleable iron, ductile iron, following dimensions:
and austempered ductile iron, but not including chilled rolls or
Type A Type M
Diameter 28.575 6 0.050 mm 20.00 6 0.03 mm
rolls with white iron skins.
Length 200 6 13 mm 120 6 2mm
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Span 152.0 6 0.7 mm 100.0 6 0.5 mm
standard. A companion standard, A 327, lists values in inch-
6. Procedure
pound units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6.1 Test the bars on the spans indicated in the tabular data of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1. In all other respects, the test shall conform to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
appropriate requirements of Test Methods E 23.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
6.2 Make the test at room temperature.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6.3 Characterization of the fracture toughness of any cast
iron should be based upon testing at least three specimens.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—Care should be taken to examine broken specimens for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
indication of anvil interference, which will give erroneous results.
E 23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of
Metallic Materials
7. Report
7.1 The results shall be reported as J cast iron charpy
METHODA—ROUND BAR CHARPY-TYPE IMPACT
impact with mm diameter bar.
TEST FOR GRAYAND WHITE IRONS
METHOD B—STANDARD CHARPY-TYPE IMPACT
3. Scope
TEST FOR MALLEABLEAND DUCTILE IRONS
3.1 The Charpy-type impact test shall be employed for
testing gray and white irons.
8. Scope
8.1 Either the standard notched or unnotched charpy impact
4. Apparatus
test shall be employed in testing of malleable or ductile irons.
4.1 The single-blow Charpy impact test for gray and white
Selection of the type bar is dependent upon the specific
irons shall be carried out in a pendulum-type impact machine
material to be evaluated as defined in Section 9.
withacapacityofatleast150Jasusedforthesimplebeamtest
8.2 Both types of charpy bars have been designated to
for steel described in Test Methods E 23.
characterize the fracture toughness of irons. The unnotched
charpy bar, when tested, will produce substantially higher
1 energy values than the notch bar type. The unnotched bar is
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA-4 on Iron
therefore specified for testing irons that have low fracture
Castings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.21 on Testing.
Current edition approved April 15, 1991. Published November 1991.
toughness characteristics.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A 327M–91 (1997)
9. Charpy Test Bar Type
9.1 Unless specified otherwise, the notched bar type speci-
mens in Figs. 1 and 2 (for pipe type products) shall be
employed. Exceptions are defined in 9.2 and 9.3.
9.2 The unnotched charpy type specimen in Fig. 3 shall be
employed for testing of all grades of austempered ductile iron.
These irons are tested after the austempering heat treatment.
9.3 The unnotched charpy type specimen may be specified
for other types of irons or irons that have been heat treated in
various ways other than austempering, by specific agreement
between producer and purchaser.
10. Apparatus
10.1 The single-blow Charpy test for ductile and malleable
iron shall be carried out in a pendulum-type impact machine
withacapacityofatleast150Jasusedforthesimplebeamtest
for steel described in Test Methods E 23.
10.2 Standard machines may be modified by using a more
sensitive scale, or pendulum machines of a lower capacity may
be used where values of less than 34 J will be obtained.
NOTE 1—The symbol t is for the pipe wall thickness.
11. Test Specimens
NOTE 2—Permissible variations for L/2 shall be 61 mm.
11.1 Except for pipe, the test specimen shall ha
...

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5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
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1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
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Sections  
Tension  
7 to 14  
Bend  
15  
Hardness  
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Brinell  
17  
Rockwell  
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Portable  
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Impact  
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Keywords  
32  
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Annex A5  
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Annex A6    
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Annex A7  
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Annex A8  
Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars  
Annex A9  
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Annex A10  
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4.4 The specimen configuration, preparation, and instrumentation described in this practice are generally suitable for cyclic- or sustained-force testing as well. However, certain constraints are peculiar to each of these tests. These are beyond the scope of this practice but are discussed in Ref. (1).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design, preparation, and testing of surface-crack tension (SCT) specimens. It relates specifically to testing under continuously increasing force and excludes cyclic and sustained loadings. The quantity determined is the residual strength of a specimen having a semielliptical or circular-segment fatigue crack in one surface. This value depends on the crack dimensions and the specimen thickness as well as the characteristics of the material.  
1.2 Metallic materials that can be tested are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness. However, tests of thick specimens of tough materials may require a tension test machine of extremely high capacity. The applicability of this practice to nonmetallic materials has not been determined.  
1.3 This practice is limited to specimens having a uniform rectangular cross section in the test section. The test section width and length must be large with respect to the crack length. Crack depth and length should be chosen to suit the ultimate purpose of the test.  
1.4 Residual strength may depend strongly upon temperature within a certain range depending upon the characteristics of the material. This practice is suitable for tests at any appropriate temperature.  
1.5 Residual strength is believed to be relatively insensitive to loading rate within the range normally used in conventional tension tests. When very low or very high rates of loading are expected in service, the effect of loading rate should be investigated using special procedures that are beyond the scope of this practice.  
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1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to T...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fatigue crack growth rate expressed as a function of crack-tip stress-intensity factor range, da/dN versus ΔK, characterizes a material's resistance to stable crack extension under cyclic loading. Background information on the ration-ale for employing linear elastic fracture mechanics to analyze fatigue crack growth rate data is given in Refs (3) and (4).  
5.1.1 In innocuous (inert) environments fatigue crack growth rates are primarily a function of ΔK and force ratio, R, or Kmax and R (Note 1). Temperature and aggressive environments can significantly affect da/dN versus ΔK, and in many cases accentuate R-effects and introduce effects of other loading variables such as cycle frequency and waveform. Attention needs to be given to the proper selection and control of these variables in research studies and in the generation of design data.
Note 1: ΔK, Kmax, and R are not independent of each other. Specification of any two of these variables is sufficient to define the loading condition. It is customary to specify one of the stress-intensity parameters (ΔK or Kmax) along with the force ratio, R.  
5.1.2 Expressing da/dN as a function of ΔK provides results that are independent of planar geometry, thus enabling exchange and comparison of data obtained from a variety of specimen configurations and loading conditions. Moreover, this feature enables da/dN versus ΔK data to be utilized in the design and evaluation of engineering structures. The concept of similitude is assumed, which implies that cracks of differing lengths subjected to the same nominal ΔK will advance by equal increments of crack extension per cycle.  
5.1.3 Fatigue crack growth rate data are not always geometry-independent in the strict sense since thickness effects sometimes occur. However, data on the influence of thickness on fatigue crack growth rate are mixed. Fatigue crack growth rates over a wide range of ΔK have been reported to either increase, decrease, or remain unaffected as specimen...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of fatigue crack growth rates from near-threshold (see region I in Fig. 1) to Kmax  controlled instability (see region III in Fig. 1.) Results are expressed in terms of the crack-tip stress-intensity factor range (ΔK), defined by the theory of linear elasticity.  
1.9 Special requirements for the various specimen configurations appear in the following order:
The Compact Specimen  
Annex A1  
The Middle Tension Specimen  
Annex A2  
The Eccentrically-Loaded Single Edge Crack Tension Specimen  
Annex A3  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E468/E468M-23a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fatigue Test Results for Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.  
Note 1: Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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