ASTM C374-14(2015)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Fusion Flow of Porcelain Enamel Frits (Flow-Button Methods)
Standard Test Methods for Fusion Flow of Porcelain Enamel Frits (Flow-Button Methods)
ABSTRACT
These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel by comparison with an established standard for that frit. Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard. Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press. Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed in a steel mold by hand. Both Test Methods use a hard steel mortar that is resistant to abrasion by the porcelain enamel frit, a hydraulic press, and a fusion flow rack. The test methods use sieves of different specifications. The steel mold assembly of both test methods consists of a die and plunger, however, Test Method B has an additional back-up disk.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel frit by comparison with an established standard for that frit.
1.2 Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard.
1.2.1 Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press.
1.2.2 Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed in a steel mold by hand.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: C374 − 14 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Fusion Flow of Porcelain Enamel Frits (Flow-Button
Methods)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C374; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Sections 3 and 8 corrected editorially in May 2015.
INTRODUCTION
This test provides a procedure to compare the fluidity of a glass frit or a porcelain enamel powder
to a standard reference material at a fixed temperature above the sample’s glass temperature.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Document
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 These test methods cover evaluation of the relative
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain
Sieves
enamel frit by comparison with an established standard for that
frit.
TEST METHOD A
1.2 Two test methods are included, differing only in certain
3. Apparatus
details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for
3.1 Mortar, of hard steel, resistant to abrasion by the
preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally
porcelainenamelfrit,andconformingtothedimensionsshown
reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for com-
in Fig. 1.
parisonoffusionflowofthesamplewiththatoftheestablished
standard.
NOTE 1—Suitable mortars are available commercially under the desig-
nation “tool steel crushing mortar.”
1.2.1 Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to
which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are 3.2 Sieves—No. 12 (1.70-mm) and No. 200 (75-µm) sieves
formed under high pressure in a hydraulic press. conforming to Specification E11.
1.2.2 Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit
3.3 Hydraulic Press, capable of developing 3500-lbf
to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens (15 600 N) force (Fig. 2).
are formed in a steel mold by hand.
3.4 Steel Mold Assembly, consisting of a die and plunger,
and having an inside diameter of ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) over its
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
length of 2 ⁄8 in. (54 mm) as illustrated in Fig. 3.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.5 Fusion Flow Rack, preferably constructed of heat-
and are not considered standard.
resisting alloy and conforming to the detailed requirements
shown in Fig. 4.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Sample
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 A representative sample of the frit to be tested shall be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
obtained, mixed thoroughly, and reduced by quartering to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
about 25 g. This sample shall be crushed in a hard steel mortar
to pass a No. 12 (1.70 mm) sieve and be retained on a No. 200
(75 µm) sieve.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B08.12 on Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C374 – 14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C0374-14R15E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C374 − 14 (2015)
of the mold with the plunger, taking care not to damage the
button in any way that might change the dimensions.
5.3 Dry the test specimens in a suitable oven at 212°F
(100°C) for 1 h.
NOTE 2—Special care must be exercised in drying buttons formed by
this method, before firing, in order to prevent bloating and possible
eruption of the button when first placed in the furnace.
6. Procedure
6.1 Mounting—Place the dried fusion buttons on a fired
groundcoat plate. The location of the test specimens with
respect to the standard may be modified as desired. Although
the gage of metal used for the ground-coated plate is not of
critical importance, most satisfactory results will be obtained
1 in. = 25.4 mm
when the metal is not heavier than 18 gage nor lighter than 22
gage (1.02 to 0.044 mm). Use the same gage of metal
FIG. 1 Mortar
consistently from test to test in order to reduce the number of
variables to a minimum. The groundcoat enamel used to coat
the groundcoat plate shall have a median firing temperature no
morethan50°F(28°C)belowthemedianfiringtemperaturefor
the most refractory frit being tested. Place the groundcoat plate
with fusion buttons in place in a horizontal position on the
fusion flow rack, which shall previously have been heated to
furnace temperature, and place the entire test assembly in the
furnace immediately.
6.2 Firing—Fire in a furnace in which the atmosphere is
oxidizingandentirelyfreeofanyproductsofcombustion.Heat
distribution within the furnace shall be such that no portion of
the fusion buttons will vary more than 65°F (63°C) from any
other button or portion thereof. The temperature shall approxi-
mate the median firing temperature for the standard that is used
as a basis for comparison. Predetermine, by one or more
pre-tests, the holding time, i. e. the time required from placing
the fusion buttons in the furnace in the horizontal position (Fig.
FIG. 2 Hydraulic Press
5(a))untilsuchtimeasfusionofthebuttonsisevidentfromthe
rounded appearance of the tops of the buttons. For all tests of
the same materials, the fusion buttons shall remain in the
4.2 For wet-ground enamels the sample shall be evaporated
horizontal position for the predetermined holding time. At the
to dryness in an evaporation dish. After cooling, the dried
end of the holding time, release the groundcoat plate to the
enamel shall be loosened and again pulverized using a pestle
vertical position (Fig. 5(b)) and allow the fusion buttons to
and mortar or similar apparatus.
flow a min
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C374 − 14 C374 − 14 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Fusion Flow of Porcelain Enamel Frits (Flow-Button
Methods)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C374; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Sections 3 and 8 corrected editorially in May 2015.
INTRODUCTION
This test provides a procedure to compare the fluidity of a glass frit or a porcelain enamel powder
to a standard reference material at a fixed temperature above the sample’s glass temperature.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover evaluation of the relative fusion flow characteristics of samples of a given porcelain enamel frit
by comparison with an established standard for that frit.
1.2 Two test methods are included, differing only in certain details of the samples and in the apparatus and procedure for
preparation of test specimens. Both test methods give equally reproducible results and provide a satisfactory basis for comparison
of fusion flow of the sample with that of the established standard.
1.2.1 Test Method A employs granular particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are formed
under high pressure in a hydraulic press.
1.2.2 Test Method B employs crushed, sized particles of frit to which a bonding agent has been added. Button specimens are
formed in a steel mold by hand.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Document
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
TEST METHOD A
3. Apparatus
3.1 Mortar, of hard steel, resistant to abrasion by the porcelain enamel frit, and conforming to the dimensions shown in Fig.
1.
NOTE 1—Suitable mortars are available commercially under the designation “tool steel crushing mortar.”
3.2 Sieves—No. 12 (1.70-mm) and No. 200 (75-μm) sieves conforming to Specification E11.
NOTE 2—Tyler Standard Series sieves No. 12 (0.0060-in. (0.152-mm) openings) and No. 200 (0.029-in. (0.07-mm) openings) correspond to ASTM
sieves Nos. 12 and 200 (U.S. Standard Sieves series numbers).
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.12
on Materials for Porcelain Enamel and Ceramic-Metal Systems.
Current edition approved May 1, 2014May 1, 2015. Published June 2014May 2015. Originally approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as C374 – 70
ε1
(2009)C374 – 14. . DOI: 10.1520/C0374-14.10.1520/C0374-14R15E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C374 − 14 (2015)
NOTE 1—1 in. = 25.4 mm.
1 in. = 25.4 mm
FIG. 1 Mortar
3.3 Hydraulic Press, capable of developing 3500-lbf (15 600 N) force (Fig. 2).
3.4 Steel Mold Assembly, consisting of a die and plunger, and having an inside diameter of ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) over its length of
2 ⁄8 in. (54 mm) as illustrated in Fig. 3.
3.5 Fusion Flow Rack, preferably constructed of heat-resisting alloy and conforming to the detailed requirements shown in Fig.
4.
4. Sample
4.1 A representative sample of the frit to be tested shall be obtained, mixed thoroughly, and reduced by quartering to about 25
g. This sample shall be crushed in a hard steel mortar to pass a No. 12 (1.70 mm) sieve and be retained on a No. 200 (75 μm) sieve.
4.2 For wet-ground enamels the sample shall be evaporated to dryness in an evaporation dish. After cooling, the dried enamel
shall be loosened and again pulverized using a pestle and mortar or similar apparatus.
4.3 Dry ground samples of frit, ready-to-use powder, or enamel powder for dry electrostatic application may also be tested.
5. Test Specimen
5.1 Weigh 3.5 6 0.05-g samples of the standard frit and of the material to be tested and thoroughly mix each of these samples
with four or five drops of a 1 % gum arabic solution. Mold fusion button test specimens of the standard and of the sample as
directed in 5.2. For dry electrostatic powder samples, use four to five drops of acetone instead of the aqueous gum arabic solution.
FIG. 2 Hydraulic Press
´1
C374 − 14 (2015)
NOTE 1—Metric Equivalent
in. mm in. mm
0.010 0.03
3 3
⁄8 9.5 1 ⁄4 44.0
13 1
⁄32 10.3 2 ⁄8 54.0
1 1
⁄2 12.7 2 ⁄2 63.5
Metric Equivalent
in. mm in. mm
0.010 0.03
3 3
⁄8 9.5 1 ⁄4 44.0
13 1
⁄32 10.3 2 ⁄8 54.0
1 1
⁄2 12.7 2 ⁄2 63.5
FIG. 3 Mold for Test Specimens—Test Method A
5.2 Place the sample in the steel mold. Place the mold assembly containing the sample in a hydraulic press and bring the press
up to 3000 to 3500 lbf (13.3 to 15.6 kN) total load, and immediately release (Fig. 2). Force the formed button out of the mold with
the plunger, taking care not to damage the button in any way that might change the dimensions.
5.3 Dry the test specimens in a suitable oven at 212°F (100°C) for 1 h.
NOTE 2—Special care must be exercised in drying buttons formed by this method, before firing, in order to prevent bloating and possible eruption of
the button when first placed in the furnace.
6. Procedure
6.1 Mounting—Place the dried fusion buttons on a fired groundcoat plate. The location of the test specimens with respect to the
standard may be modified as desired. Although the gage of metal used for the ground-coated plate is not of critical importance,
´1
C374 − 14 (2015)
NOTE 1—in. = 25.4 mm.
1 in. = 25.4 mm
FIG. 4 Fusion Flow Rack
most satisfactory results will be obtained when the metal is not heavier than 18 gage nor lighter than 22 gage (1.02 to 0.044 mm).
Use the same gage of metal consistently from test to test in order to reduce the number of variables to a minimum. The groundcoat
enamel used to coat the groundcoat plate shall have a median firing temperat
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.