ASTM F436M-93(2000)

Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers [Metric]

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and dimensional requirements for metric hardened steel washers for use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters M12 through M100. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other internally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers are suitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A325M, A490M, A563M and with fasteners of Specification F568 property classes 8.8 and higher.  
1.2 The types of washers covered in this specification are:  
1.2.1 Type 1 -Washers made of carbon steel.  
1.2.2 Type 3 -Washers made of steel having atmospheric corrosion resistance and weathering characteristics comparable to that of steels covered in Specifications A242/ A242M, A588/A588M, and A709. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these steels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed to the atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (uncoated) for many applications.
1.3 The styles of washers covered in this specification are:  
1.3.1 Circular Washers -Circular washers in nominal sizes 12 mm through 100 mm, are suitable for applications where sufficient space exists and angularity permits.  
1.3.2 Beveled Washers -Beveled washers are square and rectangular, in nominal sizes 12 mm through 36 mm, with a beveled 1:6 surface for use with American Standard beams and channels.  
1.3.3 Clipped Washers -Clipped washers are circular or beveled for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be clipped.  Note 1-This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification F436.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jun-2000
• ICS: 21.060.30 - Washers, locking elements
• Technical Committee: F16 - Fasteners
• Drafting Committee: F16.02 - Steel Bolts, Studs and Nuts

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM F436M-03 - Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers [Metric]
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2003

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: F 436M – 93 (Reapproved 2000)
METRIC
Standard Specification for
Hardened Steel Washers [Metric]
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 436M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and 2.1 ASTM Standards:
dimensional requirements for metric hardened steel washers A 153 Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and
for use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters M12 Steel Hardware
through M100. These washers are intended for general-purpose A 242/A 242M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
mechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other Structural Steel
internally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers are A 325M Specification for High-Strength Bolts for Struc-
suitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications tural Steel Joints [Metric]
A 325M, A 490M, A 563M and with fasteners of Specification A 490M Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts,
F 568 property classes 8.8 and higher. Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints [Met-
1.2 The types of washers covered in this specification are: ric]
1.2.1 Type 1—Washers made of carbon steel. A 563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts
1.2.2 Type 3—Washers made of steel having atmospheric [Metric]
corrosion resistance and weathering characteristics comparable A 588/A 588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
to that of steels covered in Specifications A 242/A 242M, Structural Steel with 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield
A 588/A 588M, and A 709. The atmospheric corrosion resis- Point to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick
tance of these steels is substantially better than that of carbon A 709 Specification for Structural Steel for Bridges
steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
exposed to the atmosphere, these steels can be used bare Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
(uncoated) for many applications. B 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically
1.3 The styles of washers covered in this specification are: Deposited on Iron and Steel
1.3.1 Circular Washers—Circular washers in nominal sizes D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
12 mm through 100 mm, are suitable for applications where F 568 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Externally
sufficient space exists and angularity permits. Threaded Metric Fasteners
1.3.2 Beveled Washers—Beveled washers are square and F 606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical
rectangular, in nominal sizes 12 mm through 36 mm, with a Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
beveled 1:6 surface for use with American Standard beams and Washers, and Rivets [Metric]
channels. G 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion
1.3.3 Clipped Washers—Clipped washers are circular or Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels
beveled for use where space limitations necessitate that one 2.2 ANSI Standard:
side be clipped.
NOTE 1—This specification is the metric counterpart of Specification
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.06.
F 436. 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.08.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vols 01.01, 01.02, 01.03, 01.04, 01.05, and
03.05.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-16 on
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Nuts, Rivets, and Washers.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1993. Published April 1993. Originally
published as F 436M – 83. Last previous edition F 436M – 91.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
F 436M – 93 (2000)
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
B 18.23.2M Metric Beveled Washers
Composition, %
Element
A
3. Ordering Information
Type 1 Type 3
3.1 Orders for washers under this specification shall include
Phosphorus, max
Heat analysis 0.040 0.040
the following:
Product analysis 0.050 0.045
3.1.1 Quantity,
Sulfur, max
3.1.2 Name of product, (that is, circular washer, beveled Heat analysis 0.050 0.050
Product analysis 0.060 0.055
washer, clipped circular washer, or clipped beveled washer),
Silicon
3.1.3 Coating, if required (that is, hot-dip galvanized, me-
Heat analysis . . . 0.15–0.35
chanically galvanized, etc.), Product analysis . . . 0.13–0.37
Chromium
3.1.3.1 When galvanized washers are specified, the type of
Heat analysis . . . 0.45–0.65
galvanizing, such as hot-dip or mechanical (see 6.1 and 6.3),
Product analysis . . . 0.42–0.68
Nickel
3.1.3.1.1 When the type of galvanizing is not specified, the
Heat analysis . . . 0.25–0.45
manufacturer, at his option, may furnish hot-dip or mechani-
Product analysis . . . 0.22–0.48
cally galvanized washers,
Copper
3.1.4 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, if Heat analysis . . . 0.25–0.45
Product analysis . . . 0.22–0.48
modified from those covered in this specification,
A
Type 3 steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steels listed
3.1.5 Material type of washer (that is, Type 1 or Type 3),
in Table 2 of Specification F 568.
3.1.5.1 When the type is not specified, either Type 1 or Type
3 washers may be supplied when permitted by the purchaser.
3.1.5.2 When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required,
5.2 Product analysis may be made by the purchaser from
Type 3 washers shall be specified by the purchaser.
finished material representing each lot of washers. The chemi-
3.1.6 Surface roughness control (see S1),
cal composition shall conform to the requirements of 4.1 and
3.1.7 ASTM designation and year of issue, and
5.1.
3.1.8 Any special requirements.
5.3 Individual heats of steel are not identified in the finished
product.
NOTE 2—Two examples of ordering descriptions follow: (1) 1000
pieces, circular washers, hot-dip galvanized, 24 mm, Type 1 ASTM F 5.4 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance
436M, dated _______. (2) 5000 pieces, beveled washers, 22 mm, Type 3,
with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.
ASTM, F 436M, dated _______.
6. Mechanical Properties
4. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 Through-quenched-and-tempered washers shall have a
4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall be
Rockwell hardness of 38 to 45 HRC, except when hot-dip
produced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace
galvanized, in which case they shall have a Rockwell hardness
process.
of 26 to 45 HRC.
4.2 All washers in nominal sizes 12 through 36 mm, shall be
6.2 Carburized, quenched-and-tempered washers shall be
through-quenched-and-tempered. Washers in nominal sizes
carburized to a minimum depth of 0.40 mm and shall have a
larger than 36 mm may be either through-quenched-and-
Rockwell hardness of 69 to 73 HRA.
tempered or carburized, quenched-and-tempered at the manu-
6.3 When mechanically galvanized, washers shall have the
facturer’s option.
same hardness range as noncoated washers.
4.3 Hot-dip galvanized washers shall be hot-dip galvanized
in accordance with the requirements for Class C of Specifica-
7. Dimensions and Tolerances
tion A 153. Mechanically galvanized washers shall be me-
7.1 Circular and clipped circular washers shall conform to
chanically zinc-coated, and the coating and coated washers
dimensions given in Table 2. All dimensions apply prior to
shall conform to the requirements for Class 50 of Specification
plating or coating.
B 695.
7.1.1 The axis of the inside hole shall be located at true
4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shall
position with respect to the axis of the washer circumference
be returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment to
within a tolerance zone having a diameter of 0.6 mm for
the purchaser.
washers of nominal sizes 16 mm and smaller and 0.9 mm for
washers of nominal sizes 20 mm and larger.
5. Chemical Composition
7.1.2 Washers shall be flat within 0.01 mm/mm outside
5.1 Type 1 and Type 3 washers shall conform to the
diameter.
chemical composition requirements specified in Table 1. For
7.1.3 As a result of the punching process, the inside diam-
Type 3 see Guide G 101 for methods of estimating corrosion
eter of the washer generally consists of three distinct sections.
resistance of low alloy steels.
On the punch entry side of the washer there is some drawing in
of the material resulting in a rounded corner section, following
which is a substantially parallel section, and finally at the exit
9 side a tapered breakout may occur (see Fig. 1). The parallel
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036. sided section of the washer inside diameter shall be within the
NOTICE: This standard h
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