ASTM E592-99

Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60

SCOPE
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which the image of the 1T and 2T holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer sensitivity.  
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jun-1999
• ICS: 77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E592-99(2004) - Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. [6 to 51 mm] Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. [25 to 152 mm] Thick with Cobalt-60
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2004
• Referred By: ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-1999

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 592 – 99
Standard Guide to
Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for
Radiography of Steel Plates ⁄4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick
with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with
Cobalt-60
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ANSI PH2.8 Sensitometry of Industrial X-ray Films for
Energies up to 3 Million Electron Volts
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensi-
2.3 Military Standard:
tivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which
MIL-STD-271 Nondestructive Testing Requirements for
the image of the 1T and 2T holes is visible for a few practical
Metals
radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum
2.4 ASTM Adjuncts:
sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that
Guide for Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity Between X
give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or
Rays and Cobalt-60
backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer
sensitivity.
3. Terminology
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable
3.1 Definitions: —For definitions of terms used in this
with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to
standard, refer to Terminology E 1316, Section D.
this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4. Significance and Use
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
4.1 A key consideration with any radiographic system is its
information only.
capability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
several radiographic parameters such as source energy level,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays and
2. Referenced Documents cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radio-
graphic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunc-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion with Test Method E 746 to provide a basis for developing
E 746 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality
2 data for evaluation of a user’s specific system. This data may
Response of Industrial Radiographic Film
assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtain-
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-
2 ing desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An
diographic Film Processing
alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radio-
E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
graphic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
5. Procedure
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
5.1 Sensitivity for ⁄4 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel Using
2.2 ANSI Standard:
X Rays:
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E7.02 on Reference Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Radiographs. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published August 1999. Originally Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
published as E 592 – 77. Last previous edition E 592 – 94. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0592.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E592–99
5.1.1 The values of sensitivity were determined from a Practice E 1025 for which the image of the 2T hole will be
statistical study of visibility of images of penetrameter holes. visible. The right ordinate gives the minimum marking in
Near 100 % certainty of seeing the image of a hole on any accordance with MIL-STD-271 for which the image of the 2T
radiograph was taken as the criterion for determining sensitiv- hole will be visible.
ity. Most radiographs will show slightly better sensitivity than 5.1.6 Fig. 3 gives the ASTM and military markings for
indicated in Figs. 1-3 because of the statistical nature of which the image of the 1T hole will be visible.
recording information from a beam of X rays but occasionally, 5.1.7 To take an example, on Fig. 2 the intersection of the
one will not show quite as good sensitivity. curve for 1-in. (25-mm) thick steel and for Film No. 2 shows
5.1.2 Fig. 1 illustrates obtainable equivalent penetrameter that the penetrameter sensitivity is 1.45 %. The minimum
sensitivity (see Appendix X1 of Practice E 1025) for four ASTM penetrameter thickness that will show the 2T hole
X-ray films. The films are identified by reciprocal roentgen image is 15. The corresponding military marking is 0.75 (see
speed when exposed in accordance with ANSI PH2.8 in a dashed lines). On Fig. 3 the sensitivity is, of course, 1.45 %.
200-kV range, and processed in accordance with the manufac- The minimum ASTM penetrameter thickness that will show
turer’s recommendations (see Guide E 999). the 1T hole image is 22 and the military specification marking
is 1.1.
Film No. Speed
5.1.8 If radiographs are exposed to a density other than 2 by
changing mA·min exposure, but not kilovoltage, the equivalent
2 4.0
penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) that will be obtained in the
3 1.2
4 0.35
density range 1.3 to 4 can be calculated approximately as
follows:
5.1.3 The radiographic exposure conditions were: 36-in.
1 4
(914-mm) focus-film distance, 5-mil (0.13-mm) front and
/
EPS 5 EPS ~2/D! (1)
D 2
10-mil (0.25-mm) back lead screens, 20 mA·min exposure, and
where:
kilovoltage adjusted to give a density of near 2.0.
D = density to which the radiograph is exposed,
5.1.4 Most high-quality industrial X-ray films intended for
EPS = sensitivity for D = 2.0, and
direct or lead screen exposure, that are exposed and developed
EPS = sensitivity for D.
D
accordingly to give these speed values, will provide similar
illustrations of sensitivity. Interpolation will give illustrations
NOTE 1—A clear definition of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity has
of sensitivity for speeds obtained with other film systems.
not been established for penetrameters less than 10 mils (0.25 mm) thick.
For this work it was calculated as follows:
5.1.5 In Fig. 2 the data are presented to show the thinnest
penetrameter for which the image of the 2T hole will be visible.
1 2
/
EPS,% 5 70.7 dT! /t (2)
~
The intersection of the line for a particular steel thickness and
the line for a given film projected onto the abscissa gives the where:
d = diameter of penetrameter hole,
best obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity. The inter-
T = thickness of penetrameter, and
section projected to the left ordinate gives the minimum
t = specimen thickness.
penetrameter m
...