ASTM E592-99(2004)

Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. [6 to 51 mm] Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. [25 to 152 mm] Thick with Cobalt-60

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A key consideration with any radiographic system is its capability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographic parameters such as source energy level, film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure (density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays and cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radiographic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunction with Test Method E 746 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a user’specific system. This data may assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radiographic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which the image of the 1T and 2T  holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer sensitivity.
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2004
• ICS: 77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.02 - Reference Radiological Images

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E592-99 - Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2004
• Replaced By: ASTM E592-99(2009)e1 - Standard Guide to Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for Radiography of Steel Plates 1/4 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thick with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick with Cobalt-60
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2004

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 592 – 99 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Guide to
Obtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity for
Radiography of Steel Plates ⁄4 to 2 in. [6 to 51 mm] Thick
with X Rays and 1 to 6 in. [25 to 152 mm] Thick with
Cobalt-60
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 592; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensi-
2.2 ISO Standard:
tivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which
ISO 7004 Photography—Industrial Radiographic Films—
the image of the 1T and 2T holes is visible for a few practical
Determination of ISO Speed, ISO Average Gradient, and
radiographic conditions. The values represent near optimum
ISO Gradients G2 adn G4 When Exposed to X- and
sensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that
Gamma-Radiation
give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or
2.3 Military Standard:
backscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorer
MIL-STD-271 Nondestructive Testing Requirements for
sensitivity.
Metals
1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable
2.4 ASTM Adjuncts:
with practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts to
Guide for Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity Between X
this guide and may be obtained from ASTM.
Rays and Cobalt-60
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in brackets are for informa-
3. Terminology
tion only.
3.1 Definitions: —For definitions of terms used in this
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
standard, refer to Terminology E 1316, Section D.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 A key consideration with any radiographic system is its
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
capability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree of
2. Referenced Documents obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon
2 several radiographic parameters such as source energy level,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure
E 746 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality
(density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate the
Response of Industrial Radiographic Film
degree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays and
E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-
cobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radio-
diographic Film Processing
graphic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunc-
E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
tion with Test Method E 746 to provide a basis for developing
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
data for evaluation of a user’s specific system. This data may
assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtain-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
ing desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on Reference
Radiographs.
Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approved
in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 592 - 99. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
the ASTM website. Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0592.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 592 – 99 (2004)
NOTE 1—See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.
FIG. 1 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for ⁄4 to 2-in. [6 to 51-mm] Thick Steel When Radiographing with X Rays.
alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radio-
graphic illustrations detailed in Section 6.
5. Procedure
5.1 Sensitivity for ⁄4 to 2-in. [6 to 51-mm] Thick Steel Using
X Rays:
5.1.1 The values of sensitivity were determined from a
statistical study of visibility of images of penetrameter holes.
Near 100 % certainty of seeing the image of a hole on any
radiograph was taken as the criterion for determining sensitiv-
ity. Most radiographs will show slightly better sensitivity than
indicated in Figs. 1-3 because of the statistical nature of
recording information from a beam of X rays but occasionally,
one will not show quite as good sensitivity.
5.1.2 Fig. 1 illustrates obtainable equivalent penetrameter
sensitivity (see Appendix X1 of Practice E 1025) for four
X-ray films. The films are identified by reciprocal roentgen
speed when exposed in accordance with ISO 7004 in a 200-kV
range, and processed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations (see Guide E 999).
Film No. Speed
NOTE 1—See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.
FIG. 2 Penetrameter Sensitivity and Minimum Penetrameter
24.0
Markings for Showing the 2T Hole When Radiographing ⁄4 to
31.2
4 0.35
2-in. [6 to 51-mm] Thick Steel with X Rays.
5.1.3 The radiographic exposure conditions were: 36-in.
[914-mm] focus-film distance, 5-mil [0.13-mm] front and 5.1.5 In Fig. 2 the data are presented to show the thinnest
10-mil[0.25-mm]backleadscreens,20mA·minexposure,and penetrameterforwhichtheimageofthe2Tholewillbevisible.
kilovoltage adjusted to give a density of near 2.0. The intersection of the line for a particular steel thickness and
5.1.4 Most high-quality industrial X-ray films intended for the line for a given film projected onto the abscissa gives the
direct or lead screen exposure, that are exposed and developed best obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity. The inter-
accordingly to give these speed values, will provide similar section projected to the left ordinate gives the minimum
illustrations of sensitivity. Interpolation will give illustrations penetrameter marking (thickness in mils) in accordance with
of sensitivity for speeds obtained with other film systems. Practice E 1025 for which the image of the 2T hole will be
E 592 – 99 (2004)
where:
d = diameter of penetrameter hole,
T = thickness of penetrameter, and
t = specimen thickness.
The change in slope of the steel thickness curves on Figs. 2 and 3 is a
result of the established 10-mil minimum hole diameter.
5.2 Sensitivity for 1 to 6-in. [25 to 152-mm] Thick Steel
Using Cobalt-60:
5.2.1 For cobalt-60 radiography of steel, the variables that
affect image quality and that can be controlled are the speed of
the film and the recording of scattered radiation relative to the
recording of image-forming radiation. The relative recording
of scatter (the scatter buildup factor) can be decreased by the
use of lead filtration between the specimen and the film or by
the use of low-atomic-number metal screens. Either method
gives nearly equal improvement in im
...