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ASTM D2457-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics

Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of gloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the same measurement procedure and same general type of material. In particular, gloss values for transparent films should not be compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is a complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completely measured by any single number.  
4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measurements of these surface properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measurement of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque and transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):  
1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,  
1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,  
1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss films,  
1.1.4 85-deg, recommended for intermediate and low gloss films, and  
1.1.5 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.
Note 1: The 85-deg, 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in Test Method D523 and D3679; those for the 45° procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C346.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2021
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.40 - Optical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E1347-06(2020) - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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REDLINE ASTM D2457-21 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid PlasticsREDLINE ASTM D2457-21 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
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REDLINE ASTM D2457-21 - Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2457 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1
Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2457; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E284 Terminology of Appearance
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measure-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
ment of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
and transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by
1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,
Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°)
1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss
Geometry
films,
E2935 Practice for Conducting Equivalence Tests for Com-
1.1.4 85-deg, recommended for intermediate and low gloss
paring Testing Processes
films, and
1.1.5 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—The 85-deg, 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
method of measurement duplicate those inTest Method D523 and D3679;
method, see Terminology E284.
those for the 45° procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C346.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
gloss values are meaningful only when they refer to the same
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
measurement procedure and same general type of material. In
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
particular, gloss values for transparent films should not be
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
a complex attribute of a surface which cannot be completely
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
measured by any single number.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measure-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ments of these surface properties.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 Instrumental Components—Each apparatus (Note 3)
C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic
shall consist of an incandescent light source furnishing an
Materials
incident beam, means for locating the surface of the specimen,
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
and a receptor located to receive the required pyramid of rays
D3679 Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
reflected by the specimen. The receptor shall be a photosensi-
Siding
tive device responding to visible radiation.
NOTE 3—The 75-, 60-, and 20-deg procedures require apparatus
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
identical to that specified in Test Method D523. The 45° procedure
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.
requires apparatus like that specified in Test Method C346.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally
5.2 Geometric Conditions—The axis of the incident beam
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D2457 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/D2457-21.
shallbeatoneofthespecifiedanglesfromtheperpendicularto
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the specimen surface. The axis of the receptor shall be at the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mirror reflection of the axis of the incident beam. With a flat
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. piece of polished black glass or other front-surface mirror in
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyr
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2457 − 13 D2457 − 21
Standard Test Method for
1
Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2457; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes procedures for the measurement of gloss of plastic films and solid plastics, both opaque and
transparent. It contains four separate gloss angles (Note 1):
1.1.1 60-deg, recommended for intermediate-gloss films,
1.1.2 20-deg, recommended for high-gloss films,
1.1.3 45-deg, recommended for intermediate and low-gloss films,
1.1.4 85-deg, recommended for intermediate and low gloss films, and
1.1.5 75-deg, recommended for plastic siding and soffit.
NOTE 1—The 85-deg, 75-deg, 60-deg, and 20-deg apparatus and method of measurement duplicate those in Test Method D523 and D3679; those for the
45° procedure are similarly taken from Test Method C346.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic Materials
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
D3679 Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Siding
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.40 on Optical Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2013May 1, 2021. Published April 2013June 2021. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
ε1
D2457 – 08D2457 – 13. . DOI: 10.1520/D2457-13.10.1520/D2457-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2457 − 21
TABLE 1 Angular Dimensions and Tolerances of Geometry of Source and Receptor Field Stops
Source Field Stop Receptor Field Stop
In Plane of Measurement, Perpendicular to Plane of Perpendicular to Plane of
Geometry, deg Incidence Angle, deg In Plane of Measurement, deg
deg Measurement, deg Measurement, deg
75 75 ± 0.1 3.0 max
60 60 ± 0.1 0.75 ± 0.25 3.0 max 4.4 ± 0.1 11.7 ± 0.2
20 20 ± 0.1 0.75 ± 0.25 3.0 max 1.80 ± 0.05 3.6 ± 0.1
45 45 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.4 3.0 ± 1.0 8.0 ± 0.1 10.0 ± 0.2
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
E1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry
E2935 Practice for Conducting Equivalence Tests for Comparing Testing Processes
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method, see Terminology E284.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Specular gloss is used primarily as a measure of the shiny appearance of films and surfaces. Precise comparisons of gloss
values are meaningful only when they refer to the same measurement procedure and same general type of material. In particular,
gloss values for transparent films should not be compared with those for opaque films, and vice versa. Gloss is a complex attribute
of a surface which cannot be completely measured by any single number.
4.2 Specular gloss usually varies with surface smoothness and flatness. It is sometimes used for comparative measurements of
these surf
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers nonrigid, unsupported vinyl chloride plastic film and sheeting in which the resin portion of the composition contains at least 90 % vinyl chloride. The remaining 10 % may include one or more monomers copolymerized with vinyl chloride, or consist of other resins mechanically blended together with poly(vinyl chloride) or copolymers thereof. The film and sheeting covered herein shall be 0.075 to 0.25 mm (3 to 10 mils) in thickness for film and greater than 0.25 mm in thickness for sheet, and shall include the stabilizers and plasticizers necessary to meet the requirements of this specification. The material may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and may be plain, printed, embossed, or otherwise surface treated. This specification designates three general-purpose types of vinyl chloride film and sheeting - calendered, extruded, and cast. The materials shall be tested for its tensile strength and elongation at rapture, tear resistance, volatile loss, water extraction, low temperature impact, burning rate, shrinkage, and color fastness to rubbing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nonrigid, unsupported vinyl chloride plastic film and sheeting in which the resin portion of the composition contains at least 90 % vinyl chloride. The remaining 10 % can include one or more monomers copolymerized with vinyl chloride, or consist of other resins mechanically blended together with poly(vinyl chloride) or copolymers thereof.  
1.2 The vinyl chloride plastic film and sheeting covered herein shall be 0.075 to 0.25 mm (3 to 10 mils) in thickness for film and greater than 0.25 mm in thickness for sheeting. The film and sheeting shall include the stabilizers and plasticizers necessary to meet the requirements of this specification. This specification covers transparent, translucent, or opaque film and sheeting that is plain, printed, embossed, or otherwise surface treated.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4551-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Flexible Concealed Water-Containment Membrane

ABSTRACT
This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water containment membranes that include fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. The plastic materials shall meet the inherent viscosity and compound density requirements and shall be subjected to tests that have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use. Qualification tests shall be performed wherein the sheeting shall conform to the following physical property requirements: thickness; stress-strain properties such as tensile strength, tensile stress at elongation, and elongation at break; tear resistance; pinholes; microorganism resistance; puncture resistance; indentation resistance; folding resistance; chemical resistance to distilled water, soapy water, or alkali; hydrostatic pressure resistance; shrinkage; and volatile loss.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water-containment-membranes in applications where there is potential for costly secondary damage from water leakage and very long-term reliable performance is essential. Examples are fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. Included are requirements for materials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship criteria, and methods of marking.  
1.2 Recycled materials may be used in this product in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.  
1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performance and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use.  
1.4 This specification does not cover water-containment membranes exposed to ultraviolet light.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1709-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Methods A and B are used to establish the weight of the dart when 50 % of the specimens fail under the conditions specified. Data obtained by one test method cannot be compared directly with the other test method nor with those obtained from tests employing different conditions of missile velocity, impinging surface diameter, effective specimen diameter, material construction and finish of the dart head, and film thickness. The values obtained by these test variables are highly dependent on the method of film fabrication.  
4.2 The results obtained by Test Methods A and B are greatly influenced by the quality of film under test. The confidence limits of data obtained by this procedure can, therefore, vary significantly, depending on the sample quality, uniformity of film gage, die marks, contaminants, etc.  
4.3 Test Methods A and B have been found useful for specification purposes.  
Note 4: With sufficient data, correlation between test results and field performance can usually be established.  
4.4 The impact resistance of plastic film, while partly dependent on thickness, has no simple correlation with sample thickness. Hence, impact values cannot be normalized over a range of thickness without producing misleading data as to the actual impact resistance of the material. Data from these test methods are comparable only for specimens that vary by no more than ±25 % from the nominal or average thickness of the specimens tested.  
4.5 Several impact test methods are used for film. It is sometimes desirable to know the relationships among test results derived by different test methods. A study was conducted in which four films made from two resins (polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene), with two film thicknesses for each resin, were impacted using Test Methods D1709 (Method A), D3420 (Procedures A and B), and D4272. The test results are shown in the Appendix. Differences in results between Test Methods D1709 and D4272 are not unusual since...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the energy that causes plastic film to fail under specified conditions of impact of a free-falling dart. This energy is expressed in terms of the weight (mass) of the missile falling from a specified height which would result in 50 % failure of specimens tested.  
1.2 Two test methods are described:  
1.2.1 Test Method A employs a dart with a 38.10 ± 0.13-mm (1.500 ± 0.005-in.) diameter hemispherical head dropped from a height of 0.66 ± 0.01 m (26.0 ± 0.4 in.). This test method can be used for films whose impact resistances require masses of about 50 g to about 6 kg to fracture them.  
1.2.2 Test Method B employs a dart with a 50.80 ± 0.13-mm (2.000 ± 0.005-in.) diameter hemispherical head dropped from a height of 1.52 ± 0.03 m (60.0 + 0.25, −1.70 in.). Its range of applicability is from about 0.3 kg to about 6 kg.  
1.3 Two testing techniques are described:  
1.3.1 The standard technique is the staircase method. By this technique, the missile weight employed during the test is decreased or increased by uniform increments after the testing of each specimen, depending upon the result (fail or not fail) observed for the specimen.  
1.3.2 The alternative technique provides for testing specimens in successive groups of ten. One missile weight is employed for each group and the missile weight is varied in uniform increments from group to group.  
1.3.3 The staircase technique and the alternative technique give equivalent results both as to the values of impact failure weight which are obtained and as to the precisions with which they are determined.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: Tests on materials that do not break, for any reason, are not considered to be valid. It has been noted that certain materials may stretch so far as to bottom out at the base of certain ...

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