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ASTM E2282-14

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method

Standard Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 All test methods have an output in the form of a test result. This guide provides information on the construction of test results from more elemental measurements.  
4.2 A well defined test result is necessary before any precision statements can be made about the test method.  
4.2.1 Form and Style for ASTM Standards, Section A21, requires that every test method shall contain a statement regarding its precision, preferably as a result of an interlaboratory test program. Reporting of such studies is described in Practice E177, which illustrates the development of test results from observations and test determinations.  
4.2.2 Precision statements for ASTM test methods are applicable to test results. They are not applicable to test determinations or observations, unless specifically and clearly indicated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result.  
1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results are discussed.  
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2014
ICS
19.020 - Test conditions and procedures in general
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.20 - Test Method Evaluation and Quality Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2282-13 - Standard Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM D4821-20 - Standard Guide for Carbon Black—Validation of Test Method Precision and Bias
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM C168-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E2586-19e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E29-22 - Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E2709-19(2023) - Standard Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Comply with an Acceptance Procedure
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E456-13a(2022) - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E691-23 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1720-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Liquidus Temperature of Waste Glasses and Simulated Waste Glasses
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E2554-18e1 - Standard Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncertainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using Control Chart Techniques
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E177-20 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E1488-12(2023) - Standard Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developing and Applying Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E3264-21 - Standard Guide for Homogeneity of Samples and Reference Materials Used for Inter- and Intra-Laboratory Studies
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3263-17 - Standard Guide for Packaging Test Method Validation
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
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ASTM E2935-21 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Equivalence of Two Testing Processes
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2282 −14 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.4 nominal scale, n—scale with unordered labeled cat-
egories or ordered by convention. ISO 3534–2
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines for
identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test 3.1.5 observation, n—the process of obtaining information
method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the regarding the presence or absence of an attribute of a test
test result. specimen, or of making a reading on a characteristic or
dimension of a test specimen.
1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing obser-
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Observation is also associated with the
vations and test results are discussed.
attribute or measurement information obtained from the pro-
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
cess. The term “observed value” is preferred for this second
usage.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.6 observed value, n—the value obtained by making an
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
observation.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
3.1.7 ordinal scale, n—scale with ordered labeled
ASTM Test Methods
categories. ISO 3534–2
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3 3.1.8 ratio scale, n—continuous scale with equal sized scale
2.2 ISO Standard:
values and an absolute or natural zero point. ISO 3534–2
ISO 3534–2 Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols, Part 2:
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Ratio scales consist of only non-
Applied Statistics
negative values.
3. Terminology
3.1.9 scale, n—system of reference values for a
characteristic. ISO 3534–2
3.1 Definitions—For a more extensive list of terms in E11
standards, refer to Terminology E456.
3.1.10 test determination, n—the value of a characteristic or
3.1.1 binary scale, n—nominal scale with only two possible dimension of a single test specimen derived from one or more
categories.
observed values.
3.1.2 characteristic, n—a property of items in a sample or
3.1.11 test method, n—a definitive procedure that produces
population which, when measured, counted or otherwise
a test result.
observed, helps to distinguish between the items.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—Examples of test methods include, but
3.1.3 interval scale, n—continuous scale or discrete scale are not limited to: identification, measurement, and evaluation
with equal sized scale values and an arbitrary zero. of one or more qualities, characteristics, or properties.
ISO 3534–2 ASTM Regulations 2.2.6
3.1.12 test observation, n—see observation.
3.1.13 test result, n—the value of a characteristic obtained
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
by carrying out a specified test method.
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method
3.1.13.1 Discussion—Thetestmethodspecifiesthatoneora
Evaluation and Quality Control.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally
number of individual observations be made, and their average
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2282 – 13. DOI:
or another appropriate function, (such as the median or the
10.1520/E2282-14.
standard deviation), be reported as the test result. It can also
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
requirestandardcorrectionstobeapplied,suchascorrectionof
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
gas volumes to standard temperature and pressure. Thus, a test
the ASTM website.
result can be a result calculated from several observed values.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
In the simple case, the test result is the observed value itself.
la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
www.iso.ch. ISO 3534–2
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2282−14
3.1.14 test specimen, n—the portion of a test unit needed to 5.2.2 An ordinal scale is an ordered categorical scale. An
obtain a single test determination. example is a rating scale comprising four categories: poor, fair,
3.1.14.1 Discussion—When used for a physical test, this is good, and excellent.
sometimes called “test piece.” For a chemical test, i
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2282 − 13 E2282 − 14 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test method
and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result.
1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results are discussed.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 3534 3534–2 Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols, Part 2: Applied Statistics
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For a more extensive list of terms in E11 standards, refer to Terminology E456.
3.1.1 binary scale, n—nominal scale with only two possible categories.
3.1.2 characteristic, n—a property of items in a sample or population which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed,
helps to distinguish between the items.
3.1.3 interval scale, n—continuous scale or discrete scale with equal sized scale values and an arbitrary zero.
ISO 3534–2
3.1.4 nominal scale, n—scale with unordered labeled categories or ordered by convention. ISO 3534–2
3.1.5 observation, n—the process of obtaining information regarding the presence or absence of an attribute of a test specimen,
or of making a reading on a characteristic or dimension of a test specimen.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method Evaluation
and Quality Control.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013Oct. 1, 2014. Published August 2013November 2014. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20092013
as E2282 – 09.E2282 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E2282-13.10.1520/E2282-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.ch.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
Observation is also associated with the attribute or measurement information obtained from the process. The term “observed value”
is preferred for this second usage.
3.1.6 observed value, n—the value obtained by making an observation.
3.1.7 ordinal scale, n—scale with ordered labeled categories. ISO 3534–2
3.1.8 ratio scale, n—continuous scale with equal sized scale values and an absolute or natural zero point. ISO 3534–2
3.1.8.1 Discussion—
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2282 − 14
Ratio scales consist of only non-negative values.
3.1.9 scale, n—system of reference values for a characteristic. ISO 3534–2
3.1.10 test determination, n—the value of a characteristic or dimension of a single test specimen derived from one or more
observed values.
3.1.11 test method, n—a definitive procedure that produces a test result.
3.1.11.1 Discussion—
Examples of test methods include, but are not limited to: identification, measurement, and evaluation of one or more qualities,
characteristics, or properties.
ASTM Regulations 2.2.6
3.1.12 test observation, n—see observation.
3.1.13 test result, n—the value of a characteristic obtained by carrying out a specified test method.
3.1.13.1 Discussion—
The test method specifies that one or a number of individual observations be made, and their average or another appropriate
function, (such as the median or the standard deviation), be reported as the test result. It can also require standard corrections to
be applied, such as correction of gas volumes to standard temperature and pressure. Thus, a test result can be a result calculated
from several observed values. In the simple case, the test result is the observed value itself.
...

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ASTM E2282-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result. It covers the types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results. This guide provides information on the construction of test results from more elemental measurements.
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4.1 All test methods have an output in the form of a test result. This guide provides information on the construction of test results from more elemental measurements.  
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FIG. 1 Sequence of Steps  
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
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Standard Guide for Homogeneity of Samples and Reference Materials Used for Inter- and Intra-Laboratory Studies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide presents techniques and guidance for evaluating and assuring homogeneity of individual samples or bulk materials and can be used for either interlaboratory or intra-laboratory studies. The types of studies include, but are not limited to, studies to determine precision estimates for test methods, proficiency testing programs, and studies related to quality control of testing within a single laboratory.  
5.2 Because the test results of any laboratory study are affected by the quality of the samples tested, producing homogeneous samples and determining the degree of homogeneity is important for interpreting the results of the study.  
5.3 Five techniques are presented in this guide to evaluate sample homogeneity for a range of circumstances and degrees of rigor. The circumstances under which the studies are conducted and the degree of rigor required may differ. The user should consider the circumstances listed in each technique to determine which is appropriate for the study at hand.  
5.4 Each of the Techniques 1, 2, and 3 provides a procedure for testing and evaluating sample homogeneity when replicate testing of the samples is possible. Technique 4 provides a plan to evaluate sample homogeneity when replicate testing is not possible. Technique 5 recommends practices for producing homogeneous samples for circumstances when homogeneity testing is not possible.  
5.5 When the conditions of adequate within-sample homogeneity and between-sample homogeneity are satisfied, any differences in test results on multiple samples can reasonably be attributed to testing variation and not due to sample variation.  
5.6 When differences within or between samples are discovered and the samples are deemed insufficiently homogeneous, the sample preparation process can be improved or corrected and a new set of samples can be prepared. Or, in cases where the sample homogeneity cannot be improved or for other reasons when the samples must be used, the method of eval...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents techniques and guidance for evaluating and assuring homogeneity of individual samples and bulk materials used for interlaboratory and intra-laboratory studies.  
1.2 This guide is applicable to samples and reference materials used for proficiency testing programs and for interlaboratory studies to determine precision estimates for test methods. It may also be useful for activities related to quality control of testing within a single laboratory.  
1.3 Five techniques are presented for assessing sample homogeneity. The five techniques are not an exhaustive list of available techniques for assessing homogeneity of samples, but the techniques were chosen to cover a range of circumstances (and various degrees of rigor required) for laboratory studies of various types and purposes.  
1.4 Each of the first four techniques provides a scheme for testing for homogeneity and a statistical procedure for evaluating the results of the homogeneity testing. The circumstances are described for which each of the techniques is suited.  
1.5 For circumstances when homogeneity testing is not possible, the fifth technique provides guidance for producing homogeneous samples.  
1.6 The appendixes of this guide provide example spreadsheets for Techniques 1, 2, 3, and 4.  
1.7 This guide is not intended for evaluation of certified reference materials (CRMs) or materials used for calibration.  
1.8 Units—The system of units for this standard is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the standard are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to ...

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ASTM
ASTM E177-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this practice is to present concepts necessary to the understanding of the terms “precision” and “bias” as used in quantitative test methods. This practice also describes methods of expressing precision and bias and, in a final section, gives examples of how statements on precision and bias may be written for ASTM test methods. A statement of precision allows potential users of a test method to assess in general terms the test method’s usefulness with respect to variability in proposed applications.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Part A of the “Blue Book,” Form and Style for ASTM Standards, requires that all test methods include statements of precision and bias. This practice discusses these two concepts and provides guidance for their use in statements about test methods.  
4.2 Precision—A statement of precision allows potential users of a test method to assess in general terms the test method’s usefulness with respect to variability in proposed applications. A statement of precision is not intended to exhibit values that can be exactly duplicated in every user’s laboratory. Instead, the statement provides guidelines as to the magnitude of variability that can be expected between test results when the method is used in one, or in two or more, reasonably competent laboratories. For a discussion of precision, see 8.1.  
4.3 Bias—A statement of bias furnishes guidelines on the relationship between a set of typical test results produced by the test method under specific test conditions and a related set of accepted reference values (see 9.1).  
4.3.1 An alternative term for bias is trueness, which has a positive connotation, in that greater bias is associated with less favorable trueness. Trueness is the systematic component of accuracy.  
4.4 Accuracy—The term “accuracy,” used in earlier editions of Practice E177, embraces both precision and bias (see 9.3).
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present concepts necessary to the understanding of the terms “precision” and “bias” as used in quantitative test methods. This practice also describes methods of expressing precision and bias and, in a final section, gives examples of how statements on precision and bias may be written for ASTM test methods.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2554-18e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncertainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using Control Chart Techniques

ABSTRACT
This practice describes techniques for a laboratory to estimate the uncertainty of a test result using data from test results on a control sample. This practice provides one method for a laboratory to estimate Measurement Uncertainty in accordance with Section A22.3 in Form and Style for ASTM Standards. This practice describes the use of control charts to evaluate the data obtained and presents a special type of control chart to monitor the estimate of uncertainty.
This practice provides one way for a laboratory to develop data-based Type A estimates of uncertainty as referred to in Section A22 in Form and Style for ASTM Standards.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides one way for a laboratory to develop data-based Type A estimates of uncertainty as referred to in Section A22 in Form and Style for ASTM Standards.  
4.2 Laboratories accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 are required to present uncertainty estimates for their test results. This practice provides procedures that use test results to develop uncertainty estimates for an individual laboratory.  
4.3 Generally, these test results will be from a single sample of stable and homogeneous material known as a control or check sample.  
4.4 The true value of the characteristic(s) of the control sample being measured will ordinarily be unknown. However, this methodology may also be used if the control sample is a reference material, in which case the test method bias may also be estimated and incorporated into the uncertainty estimate. Many test methods do not have true reference materials available to provide traceable chains of uncertainty estimation.  
4.5 This practice also allows for ongoing monitoring of the laboratory uncertainty. As estimates of the level of uncertainty change, possibly as contributions to uncertainty are identified and minimized, revision to the laboratory uncertainty will be possible.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes techniques for a laboratory to estimate the uncertainty of a test result using data from test results on a control sample. This practice provides one method for a laboratory to estimate Measurement Uncertainty in accordance with Section A22.3 in Form and Style for ASTM Standards.  
1.2 Uncertainty as defined by this practice applies to the capabilities of a single laboratory. Any estimate of uncertainty determined through the use of this practice applies only to the individual laboratory for which the data are presented.  
1.3 The laboratory uses a well defined and established test method in determining a series of test results. The uncertainty estimated using this practice only applies when the same test method is followed. The uncertainty only applies for the material types represented by the control samples, and multiple control samples may be needed, especially if the method has different precision for different sample types or response levels.  
1.4 The uncertainty estimate determined by this practice represents the intermediate precision of test results. This estimate seeks to quantify the total variation expected within a single laboratory using a single established test method while incorporating as many known sources of variation as possible.  
1.5 This practice does not establish error estimates (error budget) attributed to individual factors that could influence uncertainty.  
1.6 This practice describes the use of control charts to evaluate the data obtained and presents a special type of control chart to monitor the estimate of uncertainty.  
1.7 The system of units for this standard is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the standard are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmenta...

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