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ASTM G35-98

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic Acids

Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic Acids

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for preparing and conducting the polythionic acid test at room temperature, 22 to 25°C (72 to 77°F), to determine the relative susceptibility of stainless steels or other related materials (nickel-chromium-iron alloys) to intergranular stress corrosion cracking.  
1.2 This practice can be used to evaluate stainless steels or other materials in the "as received" condition or after being subjected to high-temperature service, 482 to 815°C (900 to 1500°F), for prolonged periods of time.  
1.3 This practice can be applied to wrought products, castings, and weld metal of stainless steels or other related materials to be used in environments containing sulfur or sulfides. Other materials capable of being sensitized can also be tested in accordance with this test.  
1.4 This practice may be used with a variety of stress corrosion test specimens, surface finishes, and methods of applying stress.  
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1987
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.06 - Environmentally Assisted Cracking
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM G35-98(2004) - Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic Acids
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Referred By
ASTM G168-17 - Standard Practice for Making and Using Precracked Double Beam Stress Corrosion Specimens
Effective Date
01-Jan-1988
Referred By
ASTM G58-85(2015) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens for Weldments
Effective Date
01-Jan-1988
Referred By
ASTM G30-22 - Standard Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Jan-1988
Referred By
ASTM G49-85(2019) - Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of Direct Tension Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Jan-1988

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ASTM G35-98 - Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic AcidsASTM G35-98 - Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic Acids
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ASTM G35-98 - Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic Acids
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G 35 – 98
Standard Practice for
Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and
Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion
Cracking in Polythionic Acids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 35; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G 30 Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-
Corrosion Test Specimens
1.1 This practice describes procedures for preparing and
conducting the polythionic acid test at room temperature, 22 to
3. Summary of Practice
25°C (72 to 77°F), to determine the relative susceptibility of
3.1 The stressed specimens are placed in the container along
stainless steels or other related materials (nickel-chromiumiron
with a sensitized and stressed AISI Type 302 (UNS S30200) or
alloys) to intergranular stress corrosion cracking.
Type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel control specimen. A
1.2 This practice can be used to evaluate stainless steels or
sufficient amount of the previously prepared polythionic acid
other materials in the “as received” condition or after being
solution is added to the container to immerse the test speci-
subjected to high-temperature service, 482 to 815°C (900 to
mens. A cover is placed on the container and the test is carried
1500°F), for prolonged periods of time.
out at room temperature.
1.3 This practice can be applied to wrought products,
castings, and weld metal of stainless steels or other related
4. Significance and Use
materials to be used in environments containing sulfur or
4.1 This environment provides a way of evaluating the
sulfides. Other materials capable of being sensitized can also
resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to intergranular
be tested in accordance with this test.
stress corrosion cracking. Failure is accelerated by the presence
1.4 This practice may be used with a variety of stress
of increasing amounts of intergranular precipitate. Results for
corrosion test specimens, surface finishes, and methods of
the polythionic acid test have not been correlated exactly with
applying stress.
those of intergranular corrosion tests. Also, this test may not be
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
relevant to stress corrosion cracking in chlorides or caustic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
environments.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.2 The polythionic acid environment may produce areas of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
shallow intergranular attack in addition to the more localized
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific
and deeper cracking mode of attack. Examination of failed
precautionary statements, see Section 7.
specimens is necessary to confirm that failure occurred by
2. Referenced Documents cracking rather than mechanical failure of reduced sections.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Apparatus
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
5.1 Any suitable glass or other transparent, inert container
G 1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor-
3 can be used to contain the acid solution and stressed specimens
rosion Test Specimens
during the period of test at room temperature, 22 to 25°C (72
G 15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion
3 to 77°F). The container should be fitted with a removable top
Testing
to reduce evaporation and to allow access to the stressed
specimen (or specimens) for the periodic inspection.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G-1 on Corrosion
6. Reagents
of Metals, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.06on Environmen-
tally Assisted Cracking.
6.1 Purity of Reagents—The polythionic acid solution shall
Current edition approved April 10, 1998. Published October 1998. Originally
be prepared using reagent grade sulfurous acid and technical
published as G 35–88. Last previous edition G 35–88 (Reapproved 1993).
grade hydrogen sulfide; or, distilled water, commercial grade
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 03.02. sulfur dioxide, and technical grade hydrogen sulfide.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G35
6.2 Purity of Water—Reagent water Type IV (Specification various types of test specimens available, see Ref (7), as well
D 1193) shall be used to prepare the test solutions. as Practices G 1 and G 30, and Terminology G 15.
6.3 Wackenroder’s or Polythionic Acid Solution (1) —A
8.2 The AISI Type 302 control specimens should be sensi-
slow current of hydrogen sulfide is passed for an hour through
tized by heating in a furnace for4hat 650°C (1200°F) and
a fritted glass tube into a flask containing chilled (0°C, 32°F)
then allowing to air cool. The AISI Type 304 control specimens
6 % sulfurous acid, after which the liquid is kept in the
should be sensitized by heating in a furnace for2hat 677°C
stoppered flask for 48 h at room temperature. This operation is
(1250°F) and then allowing to air cool.
repeated until the liquid no longer gives off the odor of sulfur
dioxide after standing at room temperature for a few hours.
9. Procedure
Note safety precautions in Section 7.
9.1 Prepare the polythionic acid test solution as described in
6.3.1 In an alternative method (2), the polythionic acid
6.3 and 6.3.1.
solution is prepared by passing a slow current of sulfur dioxide
9.2 Prior to usage, filter the acid solution to remove the
gas through a fritted glass bubbler submerged in a container of
excess sulfur and test for the presence of polythionic acids. The
distill
...

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Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic Acids

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4.1 Polythionic acids are chemically described as H2SxO6, where x is usually 3, 4, or 5 (1)3 though can be more than 50 (2). These acid environments provide a way of evaluating the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Failure is accelerated by the presence of increasing amounts of intergranular precipitate. Results for the polythionic acid test have not been correlated exactly with those of intergranular corrosion tests (Test Methods G28). Also, this test may not be relevant to stress corrosion cracking in chlorides or caustic environments.  
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5.1 The bent-beam specimen is designed for determining the stress-corrosion behavior of alloy sheets and plates in a variety of environments. The bent-beam specimens are designed for testing at stress levels below the elastic limit of the alloy. For testing in the plastic range, U-bend specimens should be employed (see Practice G30). Although it is possible to stress bent-beam specimens into the plastic range, the stress level cannot be calculated for plastically-stressed three- and four-point loaded specimens as well as the double-beam specimens. Therefore, the use of bent-beam specimens in the plastic range is not recommended for general use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Polythionic acids are chemically described as H2SxO6, where x is usually 3, 4, or 5 (1)3 though can be more than 50 (2). These acid environments provide a way of evaluating the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Failure is accelerated by the presence of increasing amounts of intergranular precipitate. Results for the polythionic acid test have not been correlated exactly with those of intergranular corrosion tests (Test Methods G28). Also, this test may not be relevant to stress corrosion cracking in chlorides or caustic environments.  
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1.2 This practice can be used to evaluate stainless steels or other materials in the “as received” condition or after being subjected to high-temperature service, 482 °C to 815 °C (900 °F to 1500 °F), for prolonged periods of time.  
1.3 This practice can be applied to wrought products, castings, and weld metal of stainless steels or other related materials to be used in environments containing sulfur or sulfides. Other materials capable of being sensitized can also be tested in accordance with this test.  
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5.1 The bent-beam specimen is designed for determining the stress-corrosion behavior of alloy sheets and plates in a variety of environments. The bent-beam specimens are designed for testing at stress levels below the elastic limit of the alloy. For testing in the plastic range, U-bend specimens should be employed (see Practice G30). Although it is possible to stress bent-beam specimens into the plastic range, the stress level cannot be calculated for plastically-stressed three- and four-point loaded specimens as well as the double-beam specimens. Therefore, the use of bent-beam specimens in the plastic range is not recommended for general use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.  
5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:  
5.2.1 Specification D7450.  
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.  
5.2.3 SAE J308.  
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2170/D2170M-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The kinematic viscosity characterizes flow behavior. The method is used to determine the consistency of liquid asphalt as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. The specifications are usually at temperatures of 60 and 135 °C.
Note 3: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalts, road oils, and distillation residues of liquid asphalts all at 60 °C [140 °F] and of liquid asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] (see table notes, 11.1) in the range from 6 to 100 000 mm2/s [cSt].  
1.2 Results of this test method can be used to calculate viscosity when the density of the test material at the test temperature is known or can be determined. See Annex A1 for the method of calculation.  
Note 1: This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures and at lower kinematic viscosities, but the precision is based on determinations on liquid asphalts and road oils at 60 °C [140 °F] and on asphalt binders at 135 °C [275 °F] only in the viscosity range from 30 to 6000 mm2/s [cSt].
Note 2: Modified asphalt binders or asphalt binders that have been conditioned or recovered are typically non-Newtonian under the conditions of this test. The viscosity determined from this method is under the assumption that asphalt binders behave as Newtonian fluids under the conditions of this test. When the flow is non-Newtonian in a capillary tube, the shear rate determined by this method may be invalid. The presence of non-Newtonian behavior for the test conditions can be verified by measuring the viscosity with viscometers having different-sized capillary tubes. The defined precision limits in 11.1 may not be applicable to non-Newtonian asphalt binders.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

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