ASTM C998-17
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Surface Soil for Radionuclides
Standard Practice for Sampling Surface Soil for Radionuclides
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Soil provides a source material for the determination of selected radionuclides and serves as an integrator of the deposition of airborne materials. Soil sampling should not be used as the primary measurement system to demonstrate compliance with applicable radionuclides in air standards. This should be done by air sampling or by measuring emission rates. Soil sampling does serve as a secondary system, and in many cases, is the only available avenue if insufficient air sampling occurred at the time of an incident. For many insoluble radionuclides, the primary exposure pathway to the general population is by inhalation. The resuspension of transuranic elements has received considerable attention (1, 2)4 and their measurement in soil is one means of establishing compliance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines on exposure to transuranic elements. Soil sampling can provide useful information for other purposes, such as plant uptake studies, total inventory of various radionuclides in soil due to atmospheric nuclear tests, and the accumulation of radionuclides as a function of time. A soil sampling and analysis program as part of a preoperational environmental monitoring program serves to establish baseline concentrations. Consideration was given to these criteria in preparing this practice.
5.2 Soil collected using this practice and subsequent analysis can be used to monitor radionuclide deposition of emissions from nuclear facilities. The critical factors necessary to provide this information are sampling location, time of sampling, frequency of sampling, sample size, and maintenance of the integrity of the sample prior to analysis. Since the soil is considered to be a heterogeneous medium, multipoint sampling is necessary. The samples must represent the conditions existing in the area for which data are desired.
FIG. 1 Soil Sampling Instrument and Use
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of surface soil for the purpose of obtaining a sample representative of a particular area for subsequent chemical analysis of selected radionuclides. This practice describes one acceptable approach to collect soil samples for radiochemical analysis.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C998 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Sampling Surface Soil for Radionuclides
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of surface soil for the 3.1 Except as otherwise defined herein, definitions of terms
purpose of obtaining a sample representative of a particular are as given in Terminology C859.
area for subsequent chemical analysis of selected radionu-
3.2 Definitions:
clides. This practice describes one acceptable approach to
3.2.1 sampling, n—obtaining a representative portion of the
collect soil samples for radiochemical analysis.
material concerned (see Terminology D1129).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Summary of Practice
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. 4.1 Guidance is provided for the collection of soil samples
to a depth of 50 mm. Ten core samples are collected in a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specified pattern and composited to obtain sufficient sample so
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
as to be representative of the area.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Soil provides a source material for the determination of
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
selected radionuclides and serves as an integrator of the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
deposition of airborne materials. Soil sampling should not be
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
used as the primary measurement system to demonstrate
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
compliance with applicable radionuclides in air standards.This
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
shouldbedonebyairsamplingorbymeasuringemissionrates.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Soil sampling does serve as a secondary system, and in many
cases, is the only available avenue if insufficient air sampling
2. Referenced Documents
occurred at the time of an incident. For many insoluble
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
radionuclides, the primary exposure pathway to the general
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
population is by inhalation. The resuspension of transuranic
D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design
4
elements has received considerable attention (1, 2) and their
3
and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)
measurement in soil is one means of establishing compliance
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guide-
2.2 Other References:
lines on exposure to transuranic elements. Soil sampling can
MARLAP, Chapter 10
provide useful information for other purposes, such as plant
IAEA-TECDOC-1415, Soil Sampling for Environmental
uptake studies, total inventory of various radionuclides in soil
Contaminants
due to atmospheric nuclear tests, and the accumulation of
radionuclides as a function of time. A soil sampling and
analysis program as part of a preoperational environmental
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear
monitoring program serves to establish baseline concentra-
Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of
tions. Consideration was given to these criteria in preparing
Test.
this practice.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2017.PublishedJuly2017.Originallyapproved
ɛ1
in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C998 – 05 (2010) . DOI:
5.2 Soil collected using this practice and subsequent analy-
10.1520/C0998-17.
sis can be used to monitor radionuclide deposition of emissions
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM from nuclear facilities.The critical factors necessary to provide
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
www.astm.org. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C998 − 05 (Reapproved 2010) C998 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Sampling Surface Soil for Radionuclides
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C998; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—The units statement in subsection 1.2 was added editorially in June 2010.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of surface soil for the purpose of obtaining a sample representative of a particular area
for subsequent chemical analysis of selected radionuclides. This practice describes one acceptable approach to collect soil samples
for radiochemical analysis.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
3
D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
2.2 Other References:
MARLAP, Chapter 10
IAEA-TECDOC-1415, Soil Sampling for Environmental Contaminants
3. Terminology
3.1 Except as otherwise defined herein, definitions of terms are as given in Terminology C859.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 sampling, n—obtaining a representative portion of the material concerned (see Terminology D1129).
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Guidance is provided for the collection of soil samples to a depth of 50 mm. Ten core samples are collected in a specified
pattern and composited to obtain sufficient sample so as to be representative of the area.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Soil provides a source material for the determination of selected radionuclides and serves as an integrator of the deposition
of airborne materials. Soil sampling should not be used as the primary measurement system to demonstrate compliance with
applicable radionuclides in air standards. This should be done by air sampling or by measuring emission rates. Soil sampling does
serve as a secondary system, and in many cases, is the only available avenue if insufficient air sampling occurred at the time of
an incident. For many insoluble radionuclides, the primary exposure pathway to the general population is by inhalation. The
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of Test.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010June 1, 2017. Published June 2010July 2017. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
ɛ1
C998 – 05.C998 – 05 (2010) . DOI: 10.1520/C0998-05R10E01.10.1520/C0998-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C998 − 17
4
resuspension of transuranic elements has received considerable attention (1, 2) and their measurement in soil is one means of
establishing compliance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines on exposure to transuranic elements.
Soil sampling can provide useful information for other purposes, such as plant uptake studies, total inventory of various
radionuclides in soil due to atmospheric nuclear tests, and the accumulation of radionuclides as a function of time. A soil sampling
and analysis program as part of a preoperational environmental monitoring progr
...
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