ASTM F2327-21
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection of Airborne Remote Sensing Systems for Detection and Monitoring of Oil on Water
Standard Guide for Selection of Airborne Remote Sensing Systems for Detection and Monitoring of Oil on Water
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The contributions that an effective remote sensing system can make are:
2.1.1 Provide a strategic picture of the overall spill,
2.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not visible by persons operating at, or near, the water's surface or at night,
2.1.3 Provide location of slicks containing the most oil,
2.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,
2.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,
2.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features toward which the oil may migrate,
2.1.7 Locate unreported oil-on-water,
2.1.8 Collect evidence linking oil-on-water to its source,
2.1.9 Help reduce the time and effort for long range planning,
2.1.10 A log, or time history, of the spill can be compiled from successive data runs, and
2.1.11 A source of initial input for predictive models and for “truthing” or updating them over time.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for selection of remote sensing systems for the detection and monitoring of oil on water.
1.2 This guide applies to the remote sensing of oil-on-water involving a variety of sensing devices used alone or in combination. The sensors may be mounted on vessels, in helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones, or aerostats. Excluded are situations where the aircraft are used solely as a telemetry or visual observation platform and exo-atmosphere or satellite systems.
1.3 The context of sensor use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or objectives.
1.4 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water situations.
1.5 Many sensors exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating the target substances under certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or in certain settings.
1.6 This guide gives information for evaluating the capability of a remote surveillance technology to locate, determine the areal extent, as well as measure or approximate characteristics of oil spilled upon water.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 Remote sensing of oil-on-water involves a number of safety issues associated with the modification of aircraft and their operation, particularly at low altitudes. Also, in some instances, hazardous materials or conditions (for example, certain gases, high voltages, etc.) can be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2327 − 21
Standard Guide for
Selection of Airborne Remote Sensing Systems for
1
Detection and Monitoring of Oil on Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2327; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for selec-
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
tion of remote sensing systems for the detection and monitor-
regulatory limitations prior to use.
ing of oil on water.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.2 This guide applies to the remote sensing of oil-on-water
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
involving a variety of sensing devices used alone or in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
combination. The sensors may be mounted on vessels, in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
(UAVs), drones, or aerostats. Excluded are situations where the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
aircraft are used solely as a telemetry or visual observation
2. Significance and Use
platform and exo-atmosphere or satellite systems.
2.1 The contributions that an effective remote sensing sys-
1.3 The context of sensor use is addressed to the extent it
tem can make are:
has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions
2.1.1 Provide a strategic picture of the overall spill,
or objectives.
2.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not visible
1.4 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude
by persons operating at, or near, the water’s surface or at night,
oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or
2.1.3 Provide location of slicks containing the most oil,
fresh water situations.
2.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of
1.5 Many sensors exhibit limitations with respect to dis-
equipment,
criminating the target substances under certain states of
2.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include
weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or in certain settings.
darkness and poor visibility,
2.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features to-
1.6 This guide gives information for evaluating the capabil-
ward which the oil may migrate,
ity of a remote surveillance technology to locate, determine the
2.1.7 Locate unreported oil-on-water,
areal extent, as well as measure or approximate characteristics
2.1.8 Collect evidence linking oil-on-water to its source,
of oil spilled upon water.
2.1.9 Help reduce the time and effort for long range
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
planning,
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
2.1.10 A log, or time history, of the spill can be compiled
standard.
from successive data runs, and
1.8 Remote sensing of oil-on-water involves a number of
2.1.11 Asource of initial input for predictive models and for
safety issues associated with the modification of aircraft and
“truthing” or updating them over time.
their operation, particularly at low altitudes. Also, in some
3. Remote Sensing Equipment Capabilities and
instances, hazardous materials or conditions (for example,
Limitations
certain gases, high voltages, etc.) can be involved. This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
3.1 The capability of remote sensing equipment is, in large
measure, determined by the physical and chemical properties
of the atmosphere, the water, and the target oil. There may be
1
variations in the degree of sophistication, sensitivity, and
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
spatial resolution of sensors using the same portion of the
F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
electromagnetic spectrum and detector technology. Sensors
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
within a given class tend to have the same general capabilities
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F2327 – 15. DOI:
10.1520/F2327-21. and typically suffer from the same limitations.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2327 − 15 F2327 − 21
Standard Guide for
Selection of Airborne Remote Sensing Systems for
1
Detection and Monitoring of Oil on Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2327; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for selection of remote sensing systems for the detection and monitoring of oil
on water.
1.2 This guide applies to the remote sensing of oil-on-water involving a variety of sensing devices used alone or in combination.
The sensors may be mounted on vessels, in helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones, or aerostats.
Excluded are situations where the aircraft isare used solely as a telemetry or visual observation platform and exo-atmosphere or
satellite systems.
1.3 The context of sensor use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or
objectives.
1.4 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh
water situations.
1.5 Many sensors exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating the target substances under certain states of weathering,
lighting, wind and sea, or in certain settings.
1.6 This guide gives information for evaluating the capability of a remote surveillance technology to locate, determine the areal
extent, as well as measure or approximate certain other characteristics of oil spilled upon water.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 Remote sensing of oil-on-water involves a number of safety issues associated with the modification of aircraft and their
operation, particularly at low altitudes. Also, in some instances, hazardous materials or conditions (for example, certain gases, high
voltages, etc.) can be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices
and determine the applicability of regulatory requirementslimitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.16
on Surveillance and Tracking.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Nov. 1, 2021. Published November 2015January 2022. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20082015
as F2327 – 08.F2327 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/F2327-15.10.1520/F2327-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2327 − 21
2. Significance and Use
2.1 The contributions that an effective remote sensing system can make are:
2.1.1 Provide a strategic picture of the overall spill,
2.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not visible by persons operating at, or near, the water’s surface or at night,
2.1.3 Provide location of slicks containing the most oil,
2.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,
2.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,
2.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features toward which the oil may migrate,
2.1.7 Locate unreported oil-on-water,
2.1.8 Collect evidence linking oil-on-water to its source,
2.1.9 Help reduce the time and effort for long range planning,
2.1.10 A log, or time history, of the spill can be compiled from successive data runs, and
2.1.11 A source of initial input for predictive models and for “truthing” or updating them over time.
3. Remote Sensing Equipment Capabilities and Limitations
3.1 The capability of remote sensing equipment is, in large measure, determined by the physical and chemical properties of the
atmosphere,
...
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