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ASTM C31/C31M-00e1

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field

Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing cylindrical and prismatic beam specimens from representative samples of fresh concrete for a construction project.  
1.2 The concrete used to make the molded specimens shall be sampled after all on-site adjustments have been made to the mixture proportions, including the addition of mix water and admixtures. This practice is not satisfactory for making specimens from concrete not having a measurable slump or requiring other sizes and shapes of specimens.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two units may result in nonconformance.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes which provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Aug-2000
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.61 - Testing for Strength
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C31/C31M-00 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Replaced By
ASTM C31/C31M-03 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM C935-19 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Prestressed Concrete Poles Statically Cast
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C858-19 - Standard Specification for Underground Precast Concrete Utility Structures
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1089-19 - Standard Specification for Spun Cast Prestressed Concrete Poles
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1903-21 - Standard Specification for Precast Concrete Duct Bank
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1433M-22 - Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers (Metric)
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7958/D7958M-17 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Performance for FRP Composite Bonded to Concrete Substrate using Beam Test
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C496/C496M-17 - Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM E488/E488M-22 - Standard Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete Elements
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1116/C1116M-23 - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8337/D8337M-21 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Bond Properties of FRP Composite Applied to Concrete Substrate using Single-Lap Shear Test
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C942/C942M-21 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Grouts for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1856/C1856M-17 - Standard Practice for Fabricating and Testing Specimens of Ultra-High Performance Concrete
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1231/C1231M-15 - Standard Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
Effective Date
10-Aug-2000

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ASTM C31/C31M-00e1 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the FieldASTM C31/C31M-00e1 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
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ASTM C31/C31M-00e1 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: C 31/C 31M – 00
Standard Practice for
1
Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 31/C 31M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
e NOTE—Table number 2 was editorially corrected June 2001.
1. Scope C 173 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
2
Concrete by the Volumetric Method
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
cylinder and beam specimens from representative samples of
2
Test Specimens in the Laboratory
fresh concrete for a construction project.
C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
1.2 The concrete used to make the molded specimens shall
2
Concrete by the Pressure Method
be sampled after all on-site adjustments have been made to the
C 330 Specification for Lightweight Aggregate for Concrete
mixture proportions, including the addition of mix water and
2
Masonry Units
admixtures. This practice is not satisfactory for making speci-
C 403/C 403M Test Method for Time of Setting of Con-
mens from concrete not having measurable slump or requiring
2
crete Mixtures by Penetration Resistance
other sizes or shapes of specimens.
C 470/C 470M Specification for Molds for Forming Con-
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
2
crete Test Cylinders Vertically
shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are
C 511 Specification for Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and
shown in brackets. The values stated may not be exact
Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic
equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently
3
Cements and Concretes
of the other. Combining values from the two units may result
C 617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Speci-
in nonconformance.
2
mens
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C 1064 Test Method for Temperature of Freshly Mixed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
Portland-Cement Concrete
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4
2.2 American Concrete Institute Publication:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
CP-1 Concrete Field Testing Technician, Grade I
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
309R Guide for Consolidation of Concrete
1.5 The text of this standard references notes which provide
explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as
3. Significance and Use
requirements of the standard.
3.1 This practice provides standardized requirements for
2. Referenced Documents making, curing, protecting, and transporting concrete test
specimens under field conditions.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 If the specimens are made and standard cured, as
C 138 Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Content
2
stipulated herein, the resulting strength test data when the
(Gravimetric) of Concrete
specimens are tested are able to be used for the following
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Ce-
2
purposes:
ment Concrete
2 3.2.1 Acceptance testing for specified strength,
C 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
3.2.2 Checking adequacy of mixture proportions for
strength, and
3.2.3 Quality control.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.61 on
Testing Concrete for Strength.
3
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2000. Published October 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
4
published as C 31 – 20. Last previous edition C 31/C 31M – 98. Available from American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills,
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. MI 48333-9094.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
C 31/C 31M – 00
3.3 If the specimens are made and field cured, as stipulated length of the vibrator shaft and vibrating element shall exceed
herein, the resulting strength test data when the specimens are the depth of the section being vibrated by at least 3 in. [75
tested are able to be used for the following purposes: mm]. The vibrator frequency shall be checked periodically.
3.3.1 Determination of whether a stru
...

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4.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the potential of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag to expand deleteriously due to any form of alkali-silica reactivity (3, 4).  
4.3 If testing an aggregate with pozzolan or slag, the results are used to establish minimum amounts of the specific pozzolan or slag needed to prevent deleterious expansion. Pozzolan or slag from a specific source can be tested individually or in combination with pozzolan or slag from other sources.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the susceptibility of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag for participation in expansive alkali-silica reaction by measurement of length change of concrete prisms.  
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ASTM C617/C617M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice describes procedures for providing plane surfaces on the ends of freshly molded concrete cylinders, hardened cylinders, or drilled concrete cores when the end surfaces do not conform with the planeness and perpendicularity requirements of applicable standards. Practice C1231/C1231M describes alternative procedures using unbonded caps or pad caps.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers apparatus, materials, and procedures for capping freshly molded concrete cylinders with neat cement and hardened cylinders and drilled concrete cores with high-strength gypsum paste or sulfur mortar.  
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
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ASTM C873/C873M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders Cast in Place in Cylindrical Molds

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of strength of cylindrical concrete specimens that have been molded in place using special molds attached to formwork. A concrete cylinder mold assembly consisting of a mold and a tubular support member is fastened within the concrete formwork prior to placement of the concrete. The elevation of the mold upper edge is adjusted to correspond to the plane of the finished slab surface. The mold support prevents direct contact of the slab concrete with the outside of the mold and permits its easy removal from the hardened concrete. Strength of cast-in-place cylinders may be used for various purposes, such as estimating the load-bearing capacity of slabs, determining the time of form and shore removal, and determining the effectiveness of curing and protection. Consolidation of concrete in the mold may be varied to simulate the conditions of placement. Internal vibration of concrete in the mold is prohibited except under special circumstances.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Cast-in-place cylinder strength relates to the strength of concrete in the structure due to the similarity of curing conditions because the cylinder is cured within the slab. However, due to differences in moisture condition, degree of consolidation, specimen size, and length-diameter ratio, there is not a unique relationship between the strength of cast-in-place cylinders and cores of the same age. When cores can be drilled undamaged and tested in the same moisture condition as the cast-in-place cylinders, the strength of the cylinders can be expected to be on average 10 % higher than the cores at ages up to 91 days for specimens of the same size and length-diameter ratio.4  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of strength of cylindrical concrete specimens that have been molded in place using special molds attached to formwork. This test method is limited to use in slabs where the depth of concrete is from 125 mm to 300 mm [5 in. to 12 in.].  
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4.1 Existing practices and test methods for fabricating fresh concrete test specimens are not suited to SCC. This practice provides requirements and procedures for fabricating test specimens with SCC having a slump flow of 500 mm [20 in.] or greater.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure to determine the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete. This test method is applicable for laboratory use in comparing the passing ability of different concrete mixtures. It is also applicable in the field as a quality control test.  
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ASTM C1231/C1231M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides for using an unbonded capping system in testing hardened concrete cylinders made in accordance with Practices C31/C31M or C192/C192M, or cores obtained in accordance with Test Method C42/C42M in lieu of the capping systems described in Practice C617/C617M.  
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Standard Test Method for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is of primary significance in determining the acceptability of aggregate with respect to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M.
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1.1 This test method covers the approximate determination of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Sieve sizes openings are identified by their Specification E11 designation with their alternative Specification E11 designation given in parentheses for information only.  
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ASTM C1701/C1701M-17a(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the pervious concrete, thereby identifying the need for remediation.  
5.2 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted. To determine the infiltration rate of the entire pervious pavement multiple locations must be tested and the results averaged.  
5.3 The field infiltration rate is typically established by the design engineer of record and is a function of the design precipitation event.  
5.4 This test method does not measure the influence on in-place infiltration rate due to sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab. Visual inspection of concrete cores is the best approach for determining sealing of voids near the bottom of the pervious concrete slab.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field water infiltration rate of in place pervious concrete.
Note 1: For permeable unit pavement systems, Test Method C1781/C1781M should be used. Test Method C1781/C1781M is functionally identical to this test method but includes added provisions for positioning and securing the test ring to a discontinuous surface. Both tests methods give comparable results  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C173/C173M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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ASTM
ASTM C138/C138M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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