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ASTM D7185-08

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene

Standard Specification for Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for a grade of benzene known as low toluene low dioxane (LTLD) benzene. Sampled materials shall meet specified values of the following physical and chemical properties: purity; toluene content; sulfur content; thiophene content; nonaromatic hydrocarbons content; nitrogen content; acid wash color; color in Pt-Co scale; 1,4 dioxane content; anhydrous basis solidification point; water content; and total chlorides.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a grade of benzene known as Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene.
1.2 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: for purposes of determining conformance with this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E 29.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 Consult current OSHA regulations, supplier's Material Safety Data Sheets, and local regulations for all materials used in this specification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2008
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D16 - Aromatic, Industrial, Specialty and Related Chemicals
Drafting Committee
D16.01 - Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Cyclohexane and Their Derivatives
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7185-07 - Standard Specification for Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene
Effective Date
01-Dec-2008
Replaced By
ASTM D7185-10 - Standard Specification for Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7185 – 08
Standard Specification for
1
Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D3437 Practice for Sampling and Handling Liquid Cyclic
Products
1.1 This specification covers a grade of benzene known as
D4492 Test Method for Analysis of Benzene by Gas Chro-
Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene.
matography
1.2 The following applies to all specified limits in this
D4735 Test Method for Determination of Trace Thiophene
standard: for purposes of determining conformance with this
in Refined Benzene by Gas Chromatography
standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be
D5194 Test Method for Trace Chloride in Liquid Aromatic
rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit
Hydrocarbons
used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with
D5386 Test Method for Color of Liquids Using Tristimulus
the rounding-off method of Practice E29.
Colorimetry
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D5808 Test Method for Determining Chloride in Aromatic
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals by Microcoulom-
only.
etry
1.4 Consult current OSHA regulations, supplier’s Material
D6069 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen inAromatic Hydro-
Safety Data Sheets, and local regulations for all materials used
carbons by Oxidative Combustion and Reduced Pressure
in this specification.
Chemiluminescence Detection
2. Referenced Documents
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
2
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulo-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
metric Karl Fischer Titration
D848 Test Method for Acid Wash Color of Industrial
D6875 Test Method for Solidification Point of Industrial
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Organic Chemicals by Thermistor
D852 Test Method for Solidification Point of Benzene
D7011 Test Method for Determination of Trace Thiophene
D1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-
in Refined Benzene by Gas Chromatography and Sulfur
Cobalt Scale)
Selective Detection
D1685 Test Method for Traces of Thiophene in Benzene by
D7183 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
Spectrophotometry
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals by Ultra-
violet Fluorescence
1
D7184 Test Method for Ultra Low Nitrogen in Aromatic
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Combustion and Reduced
Subcommittee D16.01 on Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Cyclohexane and Their
Pressure Chemiluminescence Detection
Derivatives.
D7375 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Water in Aro-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
matic Hydrocarbons and Their Mixtures by Coulometric
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7185 - 07. DOI:
10.1520/D7185-08.
Karl Fischer Titration
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For An
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7185–07 Designation: D 7185 – 08
Standard Specification for
1
Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers a grade of benzene known as Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene.
1.2 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: for purposes of determining conformance with this standard,
an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing
the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E 29.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 Consult current OSHA regulations, supplier’s Material Safety Data Sheets, and local regulations for all materials used in
this specification.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 848 Test Method for Acid Wash Color of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons
D 852 Test Method for Solidification Point of Benzene
D 1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)
D 1685 Test Method for Traces of Thiophene in Benzene by Spectrophotometry
D 3437 Practice for Sampling and Handling Liquid Cyclic Products
D 4492 Test Method for Analysis of Benzene by Gas Chromatography
D 4735 Test Method for Determination of Trace Thiophene in Refined Benzene by Gas Chromatography
D 5194 Test Method for Trace Chloride in Liquid Aromatic Hydrocarbons
D 5386 Test Method for Color of Liquids Using Tristimulus Colorimetry
D 5808 Test Method for Determining Organic Chloride inAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals by Microcoulometry
D 6069 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Combustion and Reduced Pressure
Chemiluminescence Detection
D 6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
D 6875 Test Method for Solidification Point of Industrial Organic Chemicals by Thermistor
D 7011 Test Method for Determination of Trace Thiophene in Refined Benzene by Gas Chromatography and Sulfur Selective
Detection
D 7183 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals by Ultraviolet
Fluorescence
D 7184 Test Method for Ultra Low Nitrogen in Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Combustion and Reduced Pressure
Chemiluminescence Detection
D 7375 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Water inAromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Mixtures by Coulometric Karl Fischer
Titration
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 Other Document:
3
OSHA Regulations, 29 CFR paragraphs 1910.1000 and 1910.1200
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D16 onAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D16.01 on Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Cyclohexane and Their Derivatives.
Current edition approved JuneDec. 1, 2007.2008. Published July 2007.December 2008. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20062007 as
D 7185 - 067.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7185–08
3. Properties
3.1 Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene shall conform to the following requirements:
Property Specification ASTM Test
A
Method
Purity, min, weight % 99.80 D 4492
Toluene, max, weight % 0.05 D 4492
Sulfur, max, mg/kg (if needed) D 7183
Thiophene, max, mg/kg 1.0 D 1685 or D 4735 or
D 7011
Nonaromatic hydrocarbons, max, 0.15 D 4492
weight %
Nitrogen, max., mg/kg (if needed) D 6069 or D 7184
Acid wash color
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7185–07 Designation: D 7185 – 08
Standard Specification for
1
Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers a grade of benzene known as Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene.
1.2 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: for purposes of determining conformance with this standard,
an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing
the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E 29.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 Consult current OSHA regulations, supplier’s Material Safety Data Sheets, and local regulations for all materials used in
this specification.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 848 Test Method for Acid Wash Color of Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons
D 852 Test Method for Solidification Point of Benzene
D 1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)
D 1685 Test Method for Traces of Thiophene in Benzene by Spectrophotometry
D 3437 Practice for Sampling and Handling Liquid Cyclic Products
D 4492 Test Method for Analysis of Benzene by Gas Chromatography
D 4735 Test Method for Determination of Trace Thiophene in Refined Benzene by Gas Chromatography
D 5194 Test Method for Trace Chloride in Liquid Aromatic Hydrocarbons
D 5386 Test Method for Color of Liquids Using Tristimulus Colorimetry
D 5808 Test Method for Determining Organic Chloride inAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals by Microcoulometry
D 6069 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Combustion and Reduced Pressure
Chemiluminescence Detection
D 6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
D 6875 Test Method for Solidification Point of Industrial Organic Chemicals by Thermistor
D 7011 Test Method for Determination of Trace Thiophene in Refined Benzene by Gas Chromatography and Sulfur Selective
Detection
D 7183 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals by Ultraviolet
Fluorescence
D 7184 Test Method for Ultra Low Nitrogen in Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Combustion and Reduced Pressure
Chemiluminescence Detection
D 7375 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Water inAromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Mixtures by Coulometric Karl Fischer
Titration
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
2.2 Other Document:
3
OSHA Regulations, 29 CFR paragraphs 1910.1000 and 1910.1200
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D16 onAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D16.01 on Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes, Cyclohexane and Their Derivatives.
Current edition approved JuneDec. 1, 2007.2008. Published July 2007.December 2008. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20062007 as
D 7185 - 067.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7185–08
3. Properties
3.1 Low Toluene Low Dioxane (LTLD) Benzene shall conform to the following requirements:
Property Specification ASTM Test
A
Method
Purity, min, weight % 99.80 D 4492
Toluene, max, weight % 0.05 D 4492
Sulfur, max, mg/kg (if needed) D 7183
Thiophene, max, mg/kg 1.0 D 1685 or D 4735 or
D 7011
Nonaromatic hydrocarbons, max, 0.15 D 4492
weight %
Nitrogen, max., mg/kg (if needed) D 6069 or D 7184
Acid wash color
...

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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for a grade of benzene known as low toluene low dioxane (LTLD) benzene. Sampled materials shall meet specified values of the following physical and chemical properties: purity; toluene content; sulfur content; thiophene content; nonaromatic hydrocarbons content; nitrogen content; acid wash color; color in Pt-Co scale; 1,4 dioxane content; anhydrous basis solidification point; water content; and total chlorides.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.6.1 Exception—Some industry standard methodologies uti...

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ASTM
ASTM D3701-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
5.2 Existing methods allow the hydrogen content to be calculated from other parameters or determined by combustion techniques. The method specified provides a quick, simple, and more precise alternative to these methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
1.2 Use Test Methods D4808 or D7171 for the determination of hydrogen in other petroleum liquids.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The preferred units are mass percent hydrogen.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific warning statement, see 7.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4808-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
1.2 Three test methods are included here that account for the special characteristics of different petroleum products and apply to the following distillation ranges:    
Test Method  
Petroleum Products  
Boiling Range, °C (°F)
(approximate)  
A  
Light Distillates  
15–260 (60–500)  
B  
Middle Distillates  
200–370 (400–700)  
Gas Oils  
370–510 (700–950)  
C  
Residua  
510+ (950+ )  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The preferred units are mass %.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7.2 and 7.4.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5001-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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