ASTM D420-98(2003)
(Guide)Standard Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2012)
Standard Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2012)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
An adequate soil, rock, and groundwater investigation will provide pertinent information for decision making on one or more of the following subjects:
Optimum location of the structure, both vertically and horizontally, within the area of the proposed construction.
Location and preliminary evaluation of suitable borrow and other local sources of construction aggregates.
Need for special excavating and dewatering techniques with the corresponding need for information, even if only approximate, on the distribution of soil water content or pore pressure, or both, and on the piezometric heads and apparent permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of the various subsurface strata.
Investigation of slope stability in natural slopes, cuts, and embankments.
Conceptual selection of embankment types and hydraulic barrier requirements.
Conceptual selection of alternate foundation types and elevations of the corresponding suitable bearing strata.
Development of additional detailed subsurface investigations for specific structures or facilities.
The investigation may require the collection of sufficiently large soil and rock samples of such quality as to allow adequate testing to determine the soil or rock classification or mineralogic type, or both, and the engineering properties pertinent to the proposed design.
This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of investigation requirements; methods defined by other ASTM standards or non-ASTM techniques may be appropriate in some circumstances. The intent is to provide a checklist to assist in the design of an exploration/investigation plan.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide refers to ASTM methods by which soil, rock, and groundwater conditions may be determined. The objective of the investigation should be to identify and locate, both horizontally and vertically, significant soil and rock types and groundwater conditions present within a given site area and to establish the characteristics of the subsurface materials by sampling or in situ testing, or both.
1.2 Laboratory testing of soil, rock, and groundwater samples is specified by other ASTM standards not listed herein. Subsurface exploration for environmental purposes will be the subject of a separate ASTM document.
1.3 Prior to commencement of any intrusive exploration the site should be checked for underground utilities. Should evidence of potentially hazardous or otherwise contaminated materials or conditions be encountered in the course of the investigation, work should be interrupted until the circumstances have been evaluated and revised instructions issued before resumption.
1.4 The values stated in (SI) inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word“ Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.6 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide refers to ASTM methods by which soil, rock, and ground water conditions may be determined. The objective of the investigation should be to identify and locate, both horizontally and vertically, significant soil and rock type...
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D420–98 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Guide to
Site Characterization for Engineering Design and
1
Construction Purposes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D420; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Investigation and identification of subsurface materials involves both simple and complex
techniques that may be accomplished by many different procedures and may be variously interpreted.
These studies are frequently site specific and are influenced by geological and geographical settings,
by the purpose of the investigation, by design requirements for the project proposed, and by the
background,training,andexperienceoftheinvestigator.Thisguidehasbeenextensivelyrewrittenand
enlarged since the version approved in 1987. Material has been added for clarification and for
expansion of concepts. Many newASTM standards are referenced and a bibliography of non-ASTM
references is appended.
This document is a guide to the selection of the various ASTM standards that are available for the
investigation of soil, rock, and groundwater for projects that involve surface or subsurface
construction, or both. It is intended to improve consistency of practice and to encourage rational
planning of a site characterization program. Since the subsurface conditions at a particular site are
usually the result of a combination of natural, geologic, topographic, and climatic factors, and of
historical modifications both natural and manmade, an adequate and internally consistent exploration
program will allow evaluation of the results of these influences.
1. Scope materials or conditions be encountered in the course of the
investigation, work should be interrupted until the circum-
1.1 This guide refers toASTM methods by which soil, rock,
stances have been evaluated and revised instructions issued
and groundwater conditions may be determined. The objective
before resumption.
of the investigation should be to identify and locate, both
1.4 The values stated in (SI) inch-pound units are to be
horizontally and vertically, significant soil and rock types and
regarded as the standard.
groundwater conditions present within a given site area and to
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information
establish the characteristics of the subsurface materials by
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
sampling or in situ testing, or both.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
1.2 Laboratory testing of soil, rock, and groundwater
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
samplesisspecifiedbyotherASTMstandardsnotlistedherein.
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
Subsurface exploration for environmental purposes will be the
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
subject of a separate ASTM document.
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
1.3 Prior to commencement of any intrusive exploration the
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
site should be checked for underground utilities. Should
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
evidence of potentially hazardous or otherwise contaminated
unique aspects. The word“ Standard” in the title of this
document means only that the document has been approved
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
through the ASTM consensus process.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and Subsurface
1.6 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety
Characterization.
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published January 2004. Originally
published as D425 – 65 T. Last previous edition D420 – 93. DOI: 10.1520/D0420-
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
98R03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D420–98 (2003)
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory D3584 PracticeforIndexingPapersandReportsonSoiland
limitations prior to use. Rock for Engineering Purposes
D4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils (Visual-
2. Referenced Documents
Manual Procedure)
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
Samples
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
C294 Descrip
...
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