ASTM D2209-00(2021)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The tensile strength test gives a reliable indication of the quality of the leather. Improperly lubricated and partially degraded leathers give low values for tensile strength. The orientation of the specimen in relation to the backbone and the location of the specimen on the hide influence the results significantly. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load required to rupture a leather test specimen having a 1/2-in. (12.7-mm) width. The load to rupture divided by the original unstretched cross-sectional area gives the tensile strength. It may be used for all types of leather that are smooth and firm enough to permit accurate thickness measurements. This test method does not apply to wet blue.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Aug-2021
- Technical Committee
- D31 - Leather
- Drafting Committee
- D31.07 - Physical Properties
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2013
- Refers
ASTM D1610-01(2013) - Standard Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing - Effective Date
- 01-May-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2010
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2010
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2010
- Refers
ASTM D1610-01(2007) - Standard Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing - Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2007
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2006
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2005
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2005
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2004
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2004
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2004
- Effective Date
- 10-May-2001
- Effective Date
- 10-May-2001
Overview
ASTM D2209-00(2021), Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather sets out a standardized procedure to determine the tensile strength of various leather types. Developed by ASTM International, this test method provides a reliable measure of the load required to rupture a leather specimen with a standard width, helping ensure consistent quality across leather materials. It is widely used in quality control, development, and specification compliance in the leather industry.
The test is suitable for all smooth, firm leathers that allow accurate thickness measurement. It is not applicable to wet blue leathers. By measuring the force required to break a leather sample and calculating tensile strength from its cross-sectional area, stakeholders can assess key leather properties related to durability and performance.
Key Topics
- Tensile Strength Measurement: Determines the maximum load a leather sample (1/2-in. width) can withstand before rupturing. Results are expressed in psi or kPa.
- Sample Preparation and Orientation: The direction relative to the leather’s backbone and the sampling location on the hide must be documented, as these factors significantly affect tensile strength.
- Applicable Leather Types: The method covers any leather that is smooth and firm enough for accurate measurement, excluding wet blue.
- Apparatus and Procedure:
- Power-driven testing machine with precise load indicators and grip fixtures
- Uniform jaw separation speed for consistency
- Accurate measurement of specimen thickness and width
- Conditioning and Reporting:
- Conditioning performed according to ASTM D1610
- Report includes thickness, cross-sectional area, breaking load, tensile strength, and specimen orientation
Applications
ASTM D2209 is integral wherever leather tensile strength is a quality or safety consideration:
- Product Development: Ensures new leather products meet design and durability requirements during R&D.
- Quality Control: Supports ongoing evaluation of leather batches for footwear, upholstery, garments, automotive interiors, and more.
- Specification Compliance: Satisfies procurement or regulatory standards by documenting tensile strength values for supplied materials.
- Service Evaluation: Assesses aged or degraded leathers, predicting performance under use or environmental exposure.
- Industry Acceptance: U.S. Department of Defense and global manufacturers refer to this method for standardization and acceptance testing.
Strength measurements can reveal issues such as improper lubrication, partial degradation, or material inconsistencies, prompting corrective action in manufacturing or sourcing.
Related Standards
- ASTM D1517: Terminology Relating to Leather – Provides definitions for terms used in ASTM D2209.
- ASTM D1813: Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather Test Specimens – Specifies thickness measurement techniques integral to tensile strength calculations.
- ASTM D1610: Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Products for Testing – Details material conditioning procedures prior to tensile testing.
- ASTM D2211: Test Method for Elongation of Leather – Often paired with tensile testing to evaluate overall leather flexibility and performance.
- International Principles: Developed per WTO Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee guidelines, ensuring recognition of ASTM D2209 as a credible international reference.
By following the robust approach provided in ASTM D2209-00(2021), manufacturers, suppliers, and buyers can confidently assess and compare the tensile strength of leather products, ensuring materials meet performance, durability, and regulatory expectations. This standard remains a cornerstone for physical property evaluation in the global leather industry.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D2209-00(2021) is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Leather". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 The tensile strength test gives a reliable indication of the quality of the leather. Improperly lubricated and partially degraded leathers give low values for tensile strength. The orientation of the specimen in relation to the backbone and the location of the specimen on the hide influence the results significantly. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load required to rupture a leather test specimen having a 1/2-in. (12.7-mm) width. The load to rupture divided by the original unstretched cross-sectional area gives the tensile strength. It may be used for all types of leather that are smooth and firm enough to permit accurate thickness measurements. This test method does not apply to wet blue. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 The tensile strength test gives a reliable indication of the quality of the leather. Improperly lubricated and partially degraded leathers give low values for tensile strength. The orientation of the specimen in relation to the backbone and the location of the specimen on the hide influence the results significantly. This test method is excellent for development, control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load required to rupture a leather test specimen having a 1/2-in. (12.7-mm) width. The load to rupture divided by the original unstretched cross-sectional area gives the tensile strength. It may be used for all types of leather that are smooth and firm enough to permit accurate thickness measurements. This test method does not apply to wet blue. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D2209-00(2021) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 59.140.30 - Leather and furs. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D2209-00(2021) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D1517-15, ASTM D1813-13, ASTM D1610-01(2013), ASTM D1813-00(2010), ASTM D1517-10, ASTM D2211-00(2010), ASTM D1610-01(2007), ASTM D1517-06, ASTM D1813-00(2005), ASTM D2211-00(2005), ASTM D1517-04, ASTM D1517-04e1, ASTM D1517-99(2004), ASTM D1610-01, ASTM D1610-00. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D2209-00(2021) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2209 − 00 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Strength of Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2209; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D2211 Test Method for Elongation of Leather
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load
3. Terminology
required to rupture a leather test specimen having a ⁄2-in.
3.1 For definitions of leather terms used in this standard
(12.7-mm) width. The load to rupture divided by the original
refer to Terminology D1517.
unstretched cross-sectional area gives the tensile strength. It
may be used for all types of leather that are smooth and firm
4. Summary of Test Method
enough to permit accurate thickness measurements. This test
4.1 The width and thickness are measured in the center of
method does not apply to wet blue.
the narrow area of the leather specimen. The specimen is
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
clamped in the testing machine as described in 9.3. The force
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
required to rupture the leather at a jaw separation of 10 6 2
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
in./min. is measured. The tensile strength is calculated in psi or
and are not considered standard.
in kPa by dividing the force by the area of the original cross
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the section of its narrow section. The percent elongation at rupture
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is also measured.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 5.1 The tensile strength test gives a reliable indication of the
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
quality of the leather. Improperly lubricated and partially
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- degraded leathers give low values for tensile strength. The
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
orientation of the specimen in relation to the backbone and the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
location of the specimen on the hide influence the results
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
significantly. This test method is excellent for development,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation of
leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of
2. Referenced Documents
test employed differ widely from those specified in the test
method.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1517 Terminology Relating to Leather
6. Apparatus
D1610 Practice for Conditioning Leather and Leather Prod-
6.1 Testing Machine, Power-Driven— The applied load
ucts for Testing
shall be indicated on a dial, scale, or chart. The load indicator
D1813 Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Leather
shall record or indicate the maximum load at the time of
Test Specimens
rupture of the specimen. The machine shall be equipped with a
set of grips for clamping the specimens. The faces of the grips
1 should be knurled or otherwise roughened to prevent slipping
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leather
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.07 on Physical Properties.This
ofthespecimen.Thegrippingsurfacesshallbeatleast1by1 ⁄2
test method was developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists
in. (25.4 by 38 mm). The grips shall be mounted with the
Assn. (Standard Method E15 – 1965).
longer dimension perpendicular to the direction of the appli-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally
cation of the load. The speed of the power-activated grip shall
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D2209 – 00 (2015).
DOI: 10.1520/D2209-00R21.
be uniform speed of 10 6 2 in./ min (254 6 50 mm/min) when
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
running free. The error of the machine up to a load of 50 lbf
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
(222 N) shall not exceed 2 %; at loads of more than 50 lbf the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. error shall not exceed 1 %.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2209 − 00 (2021)
6.2 ThicknessGage—Adead-mass type of thickness gage as 9.6 Reject any specimen that slips or breaks within ⁄4 to 1
described in Test Method D1813. in. (19 to 25.4 mm) of the jaws and test a similar specimen.
6.3 Steel Scale, graduated to read in 0.02 in. (0.5 mm).
10. Report
6.4 Steel Die, to cut test specime
...
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