ASTM D5951-96(2002)

Standard Practice for Preparing Residual Solids Obtained After Biodegradability Standard Methods for Plastics in Solid Waste for Toxicity and Compost Quality Testing (Withdrawn 2011)

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a standard procedure for preparing the residual solids obtained at the end of standard methods for biodegradability testing of plastics in solid waste, for subsequent toxicity and compost quality testing. The practice yields mixtures that can be used as such for terrestrial toxicity testing or that can be submitted to water extraction for further aquatic toxicity tests, in accordance with Practice D 5152, and in conjunction with Method D 4229, Guides E 729, E 1192, E 1295, and E 1440, or other currently accepted toxicity test methods (see OECD Guidelines 201, 202, 203, 207, and 208 or U.S. EPA 40FR797A, as well as other documents such as A New Manual for Conducting Microtox Test with the Model 500 Analyzer the work on cyst-based toxicity tests by Centeno, et al). The mixtures can also be used for further soil contact biodegradation testing.
1.2 This practice provides for storage and drying of the mixtures obtained at the end of the test methods for determination of the biodegradability of plastics under controlled composting conditions (Test Method D 5338), and under high-solids anaerobic digestion (Test Method D 5511). The mixtures contain the biologically decomposed residuals from solid waste and from the plastic materials. For the blanks, the residuals will be derived only from the biologically decomposed solid waste. In the event that a particular sample does not pass the toxicity test, chemical characterization of the degradation products can be performed on the sample to determine the source of the toxicity. Description of the performance of these analyses is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.3 There is no ISO standard that is equivalent to this practice.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covered a standard procedure for preparing the residual solids obtained at the end of standard methods for biodegradability testing of plastics in solid waste, for subsequent toxicity and compost quality testing. The practice yielded mixtures that can be used as such for terrestrial toxicity testing or that can be submitted to water extraction for further aquatic toxicity tests, in accordance with Practice D5152, and in conjunction with Method D4229, Guides E729, E1192, E1295, and E1440, or other currently accepted toxicity test methods (see OECD Guidelines 201, 202, 203, 207, and 208 or U.S. EPA 40FR797A, as well as other documents such as A New Manual for Conducting Microtox Test with the Model 500 Analyzer the work on cyst-based toxicity tests by Centeno, et al). The mixtures can also be used for further soil contact biodegradation testing.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D20 on Plastics, this practice was withdrawn in January 2011 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 09-May-1996
• Withdrawal Date: 31-Dec-2010
• ICS: 13.030.10 - Solid wastes
• Technical Committee: D20 - Plastics
• Drafting Committee: D20.96 - Environmentally Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5951-96 - Standard Practice for Preparing Residual Solids Obtained After Biodegradability Standard Methods for Plastics in Solid Waste for Toxicity and Compost Quality Testing
• Effective Date: 10-May-1996
• Referred By: ASTM D7475-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Aerobic Degradation and Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Accelerated Bioreactor Landfill Conditions
• Effective Date: 10-May-1996
• Referred By: ASTM D6954-18 - Standard Guide for Exposing and Testing Plastics that Degrade in the Environment by a Combination of Oxidation and Biodegradation
• Effective Date: 10-May-1996

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5951–96 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Practice for
Preparing Residual Solids Obtained After Biodegradability
Standard Methods for Plastics in Solid Waste for Toxicity
and Compost Quality Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
1.1 This practice covers a standard procedure for preparing
only.
the residual solids obtained at the end of standard methods for
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
biodegradability testing of plastics in solid waste, for subse-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
quent toxicity and compost quality testing. The practice yields
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
mixtures that can be used as such for terrestrial toxicity testing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
or that can be submitted to water extraction for further aquatic
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
toxicity tests, in accordance with Practice D5152, and in
conjunction with Method D4229, Guides E729, E1192, E1295,
2. Referenced Documents
and E1440, or other currently accepted toxicity test methods
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(see OECD Guidelines 201, 202, 203, 207, and 208 or U.S.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
EPA 40FR797A, as well as other documents such as A New
D3987 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste
Manual for Conducting Microtox Test with the Model 500
with Water
Analyzer the work on cyst-based toxicity tests by Centeno, et
3 D4229 Method for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests
al ). The mixtures can also be used for further soil contact
on Waste-Waters with Daphnia
biodegradation testing.
D5152 Practice for Water Extraction of Residual Solids
1.2 This practice provides for storage and drying of the
from Degraded Plastics for Toxicity Testing
mixtures obtained at the end of the test methods for determi-
D5338 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegrada-
nation of the biodegradability of plastics under controlled
tion of Plastic Materials Under Controlled Composting
composting conditions (Test Method D5338), and under high-
Conditions
solids anaerobic digestion (Test Method D5511). The mixtures
D5511 Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegra-
containthebiologicallydecomposedresidualsfromsolidwaste
dation of Plastic Materials Under High-Solids Anaerobic-
andfromtheplasticmaterials.Fortheblanks,theresidualswill
Digestion Conditions
be derived only from the biologically decomposed solid waste.
E729 Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test
In the event that a particular sample does not pass the toxicity
Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphib-
test, chemical characterization of the degradation products can
ians
be performed on the sample to determine the source of the
E1192 Guide for ConductingAcuteToxicityTests onAque-
toxicity. Description of the performance of these analyses is
ous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroin-
beyond the scope of this practice.
vertebrates, and Amphibians
1.3 There is no ISO standard that is equivalent to this
E1295 Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxic-
practice.
ity Tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia
E1440 Guide for Acute Toxicity Test with the Rotifer
Brachionus
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsand
2.2 OECD Guidelines:
isthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD20.96onEnvironmentallyDegradable
Plastics and Biobased Products.
Current edition approved March 10, 2002. Published July 1996. DOI: 10.1520/
D5951-96R02.
2 4
Microbics Corporation, Carlsbad, CA. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Centeno, M. D., Brendonck, L., and Persoone, G., “Cyst-Based Toxicity Tests contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
III: Development and Standardization of anAcuteToxicityTest with the Freshwater Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Anostraean Crustacean Streptocephalus probosciceus,” Progress in Standardization the ASTM website.
of Aquatic Toxicity Tests,A. M. V. M. Soares and P. Calow, eds., Lewis Publishers, Available from Director of Information, OECD, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775
London, United Kingdom, pp. 37–56. Paris Cedex 16, France.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5951–96 (2002)
quality of the compost is important, in particular with regard to
any toxicity or biodegradation that the residual plastics may
exhibit when the final end-product, compost, is applied to the
soil. Therefore, the effects of residual plastics on toxicity need
to be measured as well as the impact on the compost quality, in
order to evaluate the safe biological treatment through aerobic
or anaerobic degradation.
4.1.1 This practice provides a way of preparing residual
solids from tests simulating conditions of solid waste degrada-
tionforsubsequenttoxicity,biodegradation,orcompostquality
testing.
4.2 Several methods have been developed for the determi-
nation of toxicological effects. A distinction can be made
between aquatic toxicity tests and terrestrial toxicity tests.
4.3 At the end of a composting process for municipal solid
waste, a post-treatment is performed to transform the rough
process compost into an upgraded market compost. This
post-treatment consists primarily of a drying of the compost
followed by a sieving over a 10-mm screen.
4.4 This practice provides for a standardized post-treatment
at the end of a standard method for biodegradation under
controlled composting conditions. The practice consists of
drying, storage, and sieving to be followed by further compost
qualitytesting.Nosievingisappliedtothedriedresidualsolids
for subsequent toxicity and soil biodegradation testing.
4.5 At the end of an anaerobic digestion process for mu-
nicipalsolidswaste,apost-treatmentisperformedtotransform
the digested material into an upgraded compost. This post-
treatment consists of a 10-day aerobic maturation and drying
FIG. 1 Schematic Overview of Practice
phase, followed by a screening over a 10-mm screen.
4.6 This practice provides for a standardized post-treatment
OECD Guideline 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition Test
at the end of the high solids anaerobic digestion method and
OECD Guideline 202 Daphnia sp., 14-day Reproduction
consists of preparing a mixture of the digested residue with a
Test
compost, in order to submit the mixture to a ten-day controlled
OECD Guideline 203 Fish, Acute Toxicity Test
composting phase. The mixtures retrieved after the ten-day
OECD Guideline 207 Earthworm, Acute Toxicity Tests
controlledcompostingstepsarethentreatedinthesamewayas
OECD Guideline 208 Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test
the mixtures retrieved from an aerobic composting process and
2.3 Other Standards:
prepared for subsequent toxicity testing by drying, storage, and
U.S. EPA 40FR797A A Variety of Toxicity Testing Proce-
sieving.
dures
4.7 This practice is end-point specific as written, in that it is
APHA 2540E Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550°C
focused on a post-degradation analysis after the completion of
a standard method. Sample preparation and storage as recom-
3. Terminology
mended herein allow for further qualitative and quantitative
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to this p
...