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ASTM D3951-10

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice covers the requirements for the commercial preservation, packaging, packing (exterior container), unitization, and marking for supplies and equipment. It provides for multiple handling and shipment by any mode, and storage periods of a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities without damage to the product. It also provides for package quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repackaging or marking. Planned storage that exceeds one year requires more than minimum requirements for physical and mechanical protection.
This practice is applicable to Department of Defense shipments for:
Items intended for immediate use;
Items for not-mission-capable supply;
Items intended for depot operational consumption;
Small parcel shipments (CONUS), not-for-stock; and
Direct vendor deliveries (CONUS ONLY).
All other Department of Defense shipments shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-2073–1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of ammunition, explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Aug-2010
ICS
55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.27 - Fiberboard Shipping Containers, Containerboard and Related Structures and Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3951-98(2004) - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Replaced By
ASTM D3951-15 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM F1966-12(2023) - Standard Specification for Dough Divider and Rounding Machines
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM A502-03(2015) - Standard Specification for Rivets, Steel, Structural
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM F1919-14(2019) - Standard Specification for Griddles, Single-Sided and Double-Sided, Gas and Electric
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM F879-23 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Socket Button, Low and Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM B777-15(2020) - Standard Specification for Tungsten Base, High-Density Metal
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM F919-20 - Standard Specification for Slicing Machines, Food, Electric
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM F2988-18 - Standard Specification for Commercial Coffee Brewers
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM F3055-14a(2021) - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Nickel Alloy (UNS N07718) with Powder Bed Fusion
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM F468-23 - Standard Specification for Nonferrous Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, Socket Head Cap Screws, and Studs for General Use
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM D6573/D6573M-13(2020) - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3951 − 10
StandardPractice for
1
Commercial Packaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D6254/D6254M Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type
Wood Boxes
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for
D6255/D6255M Specification for Steel or Aluminum Slot-
packaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of
ted Angle Crates
ammunition, explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in
D6256/D6256M Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping
Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
Boxes with Skidded, Load-Bearing Bases
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D6880 Specification for Wood Boxes
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D7478/D7478M Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed
standard.
Wood Crates
3
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Title 49 Transportation (Parts 100 to 199)
4
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.3 Military and Federal Standards:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
MIL-STD-129 Military Marking for Shipment and Storage
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
MIL-STD-2073–1 Standard Practice for Military Packaging
FED-STD-123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
2. Referenced Documents
5
2.4 International Standards:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ISPM Publication No. 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
Material in International Trade (International Standards
ments
for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM))
D1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Rein-
forcing Fiberboard Boxes
3. Terminology
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
3.1 Terminology found in Terminology D996 shall apply.
tainers and Systems
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D5118/D5118M PracticeforFabricationofFiberboardShip-
3.2.1 CONUS—Continental United States (excluding Ha-
ping Boxes
waii and Alaska).
D5168 Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall
Corrugated Fiberboard Containers 3.2.2 immediate use—used or consumed within seven days
D5445 Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of of receipt.
Goods
3.2.3 safe delivery—in packaging—delivery of a shipment
D6039/D6039M Specification for Open and Covered Wood
to its destination with minimal damage to the package and no
Crates
damage to the contents.
D6251/D6251M Specification for Wood-Cleated Panelboard
Shipping Boxes
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commer-
cial preservation, packaging, packing (exterior container),
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Miscellaneous Packag-
ing.
3
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2010. Published September 2010. Originally Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D3951 – 98 (2004). Office, Washington, DC 20402.
4
DOI: 10.1520/D3951-10. Available from Document Automation and Production Service, Building 4/D,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094,. http://assist.daps.dla.mil/
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM quicksearch.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the International Plant Protection Convention at http://
the ASTM website. www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_exports/wpm/index.shtml.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3951 − 10
unitization, and marking for supplies and equipment. It pro- 5.1.2.1 Unit Package—Aunit package shall be so designed
vides for multiple handling and shipment by any mode, and and constructed that it will contain the contents with no
storage periods of a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities damage to them, and with minimal damage to the unit pack
without damage to the product. It also provides for package during shipment and storage in the shipping container
quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repack- configuration, and shall allow subse
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3951–98(Reapproved2004) Designation:D3951–10
Standard Practice for
1
Commercial Packaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of ammunition,
explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
1.2
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping
Containers and Systems
D5118/D5118M Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes
D5168 Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall Corrugated Fiberboard Containers
D5445 Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods
D6039/D6039M Specification for Open and Covered Wood Crates
D6251/D6251M Specification for Wood-Cleated Panelboard Shipping Boxes
D6254/D6254M Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type Wood Boxes
D6255/D6255M Specification for Steel or Aluminum Slotted Angle Crates
D6256/D6256M Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes with Skidded, Load-Bearing Bases
D6880 Specification for Wood Boxes
D7478/D7478M Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates
3
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
Title 49Transportation (Parts 100 to 199) Transportation (Parts 100 to 199)
4
2.3 Military and Federal Standards:
MIL-STD-129 Military Marking for Shipment and Storage
MIL-STD-2073–1 Standard Practice for Military Packaging
FED-STD-123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
5
2.4 International Standards:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing of
Loads.
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published January 1999. Originally published as D3951–80. Last previous edition D3951–95. DOI: 10.1520/D3951-09. on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.18 on Miscellaneous Packaging (Disbanded 8/2010).
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2010. Published September 2010. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D3951 – 98 (2004). DOI:
10.1520/D3951-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
4
Available from DocumentAutomation and Production Service, Building 4/D, 700 RobbinsAvenue, Philadelphia, PA19111-5094,. http://assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch.
5
Available from the International Plant Protection Convention at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_exports/wpm/index.shtml.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3951–10
ISPM Publication No. 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade (International Standards for
Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM))
3. Terminology
3.1 Terminology found in Terminology D996 shall apply.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1safe delivery—in packaging, delivery of a shipment to its destination with minimal damage to the package and no damage
to the contents.
3.2.1 CONUS—Continental United States (excluding Hawaii and Alaska).
3.2.2 immediate use—used or consumed within seven days of receipt.
3.2.3 safe delivery—in packaging—
...

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ASTM D7790-19(2023)(Guide)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide direction for uniform conditioning methodology when conducting special preparations of plastic packagings as prescribed for conducting United Nations (UN) drop test. This guide provides a uniform approach for conditioning of plastic packaging intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods).  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for special preparation conditioning of drop test samples being subjected to United Nations (UN) performance-oriented packaging certification as required by United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN).  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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Note 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).2  
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4.2 The conditions described in this practice are either historically accepted standard conditions or special laboratory conditions chosen to represent particular phases of the distribution environment. These special conditions do not necessarily duplicate actual field conditions, but tend to simulate them and have effects on packages and materials which may be related to their field performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides for standard and special conditioning and testing atmospheres that may be used to simulate particular field conditions that a container, package, or packaging component may encounter during its life or testing cycle.  
1.2 This practice describes procedures for conditioning these containers, packages, or packaging components so that they approach or reach equilibrium with the atmosphere to which they may be exposed. This standard is commonly used for conditioning when conducting transit simulation tests.  
1.3 Practice D685 should be used as the relevant conditioning standard when quantification of box compression strength at standard atmosphere conditions is required.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5445-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Packages are often marked with handling instructions in the language of the country of origin. While this may safeguard the consignment to some extent, it is of little value for goods consigned to, or through, countries using different languages, and of no value at all if people unloading the packages are illiterate. Pictorial symbols offer the most likely means of conveying the consignor’s intention and their adoption will, therefore, undoubtedly reduce loss and damage through incorrect handling. The use of pictorial symbols does not provide any guarantee of satisfactory handling; proper protective packaging is therefore of primary importance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a set of symbols to be used for marking of packages or containers to indicate special handling and storage requirements.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide a measure of a shipping container's ability to protect a product from failure due to horizontal impacts. These measures are based on controlled levels of shock input and may be used for arriving at the optimum design of a container or system to protect a product against a specified level of shipping environment hazard.  
4.2 These test methods provide a measure of a packaged product's ability to withstand the various levels of shipping environment hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.  
4.3 Test Method A is intended to simulate the rail car coupling environment. Refer to Methods D5277 for simulating the standard draft gear portion of that environment.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to determine the ability of a package or product to withstand laboratory simulated horizontal impact forces.  
1.2 The horizontal impacts used in these test methods are programmed shock inputs that represent the hazards as they occur in the shipping and handling environments. The environmental hazards may include rail switching impacts, lift truck marshalling impacts, and so forth. The following test methods apply:  
1.2.1 Method A, Rail Car Switching Impact—This test method simulates the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail car switching, with the use of a rigid bulkhead on the leading edge of the test carriage, to simulate the end wall of a railcar and shock programming devices to produce representative shock pulses. With the use of backloading, this test method may also be used to simulate compressive forces experienced by lading loads during rail car switching. It is suitable for tests of individual containers or systems as they are shipped in rail cars. It may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of pallet patterns to determine the effect of interaction between containers during rail switching operation impacts.  
1.2.2 Method B, Marshalling Impact Tests of Unit Loads—This test method assesses the ability of unit loads to withstand the forces encountered during marshalling or loading operations.  
1.3 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode on shipping and handling used for the item under test.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6344-04(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability of packaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts from outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by adjacent freight jostling against the package in a carrier vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other circumstances.  
4.2 This test method is intended to determine the ability of packaging to protect contents from such impacts, and to evaluate if there is sufficient clearance or support or both between the package wall and its contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or stretch-wrapped packaging.  
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package during a low level concentrated impact.
Note 1: This test method discusses the conduct of the test from a prescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptance criteria. It may be possible to conduct this type of testing using modified procedures that provide a numerical response. These might include an incremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until a specific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used to find the average height to failure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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