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ASTM D1796-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)

Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The water and sediment content of fuel oil is significant because it can cause corrosion of equipment and problems in processing. A determination of water and sediment content is required to measure accurately net volumes of actual fuel oil in sales, taxation, exchanges, and custody transfers.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the laboratory determination of water and sediment in fuel oils in the range from 0 to 30 % volume by means of the centrifuge procedure.Note 1
With some types of fuel oils such as residual fuel oils or distillate fuel oils containing residual components, it is difficult to obtain water or sediment contents with this test method. When this situation is encountered, Test Method D 95 (API MPMS Chapter 10.5) or Test Method D 473 (API MPMS Chapter 10.1) may be used.Note 2
API MPMS Chapter 10.6 (Test Method D 1796) along with API MPMS Chapter 10.3 (Test Method D 4007) formerly superseded API Standard 2548.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see .

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2004
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.02 - Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1796-97(2002) - Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Replaced By
ASTM D1796-04(2009) - Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
Effective Date
15-Apr-2009
Referred By
ASTM D2158-21 - Standard Test Method for Residues in Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6823-08(2021) - Standard Specification for Commercial Boiler Fuels With Used Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM F715-07(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Coated Fabrics Used for Oil Spill Control and Storage
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4381/D4381M-22 - Standard Test Method for Sand Content by Volume of Construction Slurries
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6666-20 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Aqueous Polymer Quenchants
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM F1084-08(2018) - Standard Guide for Sampling Oil/Water Mixtures for Oil Spill Recovery Equipment
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D975-23 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D2711-22 - Standard Test Method for Demulsibility Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6618-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in Diesel Four-Stroke Cycle Supercharged 1M-PC Single Cylinder Oil Test Engine
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4868-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D2880-23 - Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM F2084/F2084M-01(2018) - Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004
Referred By
ASTM D6448-16(2022) - Standard Specification for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
Effective Date
01-Dec-2004

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ASTM D1796-04 - Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)ASTM D1796-04 - Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
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ASTM D1796-04 - Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D1796–04
Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 10.6
Standard Test Method for
Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method
1
(Laboratory Procedure)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1796; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
Oils by the Extraction Method (API MPMS Chapter 10.1)
1.1 This test method describes the laboratory determination
D 4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil
of water and sediment in fuel oils in the range from 0 to 30 %
by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure) (API
volume by means of the centrifuge procedure.
MPMS Chapter 10.3)
NOTE 1—With some types of fuel oils such as residual fuel oils or
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
distillate fuel oils containing residual components, it is difficult to obtain
Petroleum Products (API MPMS Chapter 8.1)
water or sediment contents with this test method. When this situation is
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
encountered,TestMethodD95(API MPMSChapter10.5)orTestMethod
Petroleum Products (API MPMS Chapter 8.2)
D 473 (API MPMS Chapter 10.1) may be used.
D 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid
NOTE 2—API MPMS Chapter 10.6 (Test Method D 1796) along with
API MPMS Chapter 10.3 (Test Method D 4007) formerly supersededAPI
Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products (API
Standard 2548.
MPMS Chapter 8.3)
E 542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Apparatus
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3
2.2 API Standards:
only.
MPMS Chapter 8.1 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petro-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
leum and Petroleum Products (ASTM Practice D 4057)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
MPMS Chapter 8.2 Practice for Automatic Sampling of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Petroleum and Petroleum Products (ASTM Practice
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 4177)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
MPMS Chapter 8.3 Practice for Mixing and Handling of
precautionary statement, see 6.1.
Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
2. Referenced Documents
(ASTM Practice D 5854)
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: MPMS Chapter 10.1 Test Method for Sediment in Crude
Oils by the Extraction Method (ASTM Test Method
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
Bituminous Materials by Distillation (API MPMS Chapter D 473)
MPMSChapter10.3 TestMethodforWaterandSedimentin
10.5)
Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Proce-
dure) (ASTM Test Method D 4007)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
MPMS Chapter 10.5 Test Method for Water in Petroleum
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and theAPI Committee on Petroleum Measure-
Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation
ment, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02/COMQ, the joint
ASTM-API committee on Static Petroleum Measurement.
(ASTM Test MethodD95)
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published February 2005. Originally
approved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 1796 – 97 (2002).
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Published as Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards.Available from the
the ASTM website. American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1796–04
4
2.3 IP Standard:
r/min 5 265 =rcf/d (2)
Methods Book, Appendix B Specification for Methylben-
where:
zenes (Toluenes)
rcf = relative centrifugal force, and
5
2.4 ISO Standard:
d = diameter of swing measured between tips of opposite
ISO 5272:1979 Toluene for Industrial Use—Specifications
tubes when in rotating position, in.
5.1.6 Calculate the relative centrifugal force from a mea-
3. Summary of Test Method
sured speed (r/min) as follows:
3.1 Equal volumes of fuel oil and w
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
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1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the hydrogen content of petroleum products ranging from atmospheric distillates to vacuum residua using a continuous wave, low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. (Test Method D3701 is the preferred method for determining the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.)  
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the temperature at which the vapor formed from a selected volume of volatile petroleum product saturated with air at 0 °C to 1 °C (32 °F to 34 °F) produces a pressure of 101.3 kPa (one atmosphere) against vacuum. This test method is applicable to samples for which the determined temperature is between 36 °C and 80 °C (97 °F and 176 °F) and the vapor-liquid ratio is between 8 to 1 and 75 to 1.
Note 1: When the vapor-liquid ratio is 20:1, the result is intended to be comparable to the results determined by Test Method D2533.
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1.2.1 Some gasoline-oxygenate blends may show a haze when cooled to 0 °C to 1 °C. If a haze is observed in 12.5, it shall be indicated in the reporting of results. The precision and bias statements for hazy samples have not been determined (see Note 12).  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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