ASTM D2709-22
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used as an indication of free water and sediment suspended as haze, cloudiness, or droplets in middle distillate fuels such as Grades No. 1 and 2 fuel oil (Specification D396), Grades No. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel (Specification D975), and Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels (Specification D2880), similar fuels and blendstocks used to make these fuels.
5.2 Appreciable amounts of free water and sediment in a fuel oil tend to cause fouling of fuel-handling facilities and to give trouble in the fuel system of a burner or engine. An accumulation of sediment in storage tanks and on filter screens can obstruct the flow of oil from the tank to the combustor. Free water in middle distillate fuels can cause corrosion of tanks and equipment, and if detergent is present, the water can cause emulsions or a hazy appearance. Free water can support microbiological growth at fuel-water interfaces in fuel systems. (A) Measured between tips of opposite tubes when in rotating position.(B) “r/min” is the correct SI symbol for the former term “rpm.”
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume of free water and sediment (as a percentage of the sample) that is suspended in the bulk fuel in middle distillate fuels with viscosities in the range of 1.0 mm2/s to 4.1 mm2/s at 40 °C (1.0 cSt to 4.1 cSt at 104 °F) and densities in the range of 770 kg/m3 to 900 kg/m3 at 15 °C.
Note 1: Fuels corresponding to Specification D396 Grades No. 1 and 2, D975 Grades No. 1-D and 2-D, Specification D2880 Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT and 2-GT, and Specification D3699 Grades No. 1-K and 2-K and similar middle distillate fuels and blendstocks will usually fall in this viscosity and density range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher viscosity fuel oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The non-SI values are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2709 − 22
Standard Test Method for
1
Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
of free water and sediment (as a percentage of the sample) that
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
is suspended in the bulk fuel in middle distillate fuels with
2 2 D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
viscosities in the range of 1.0 mm /s to 4.1 mm /s at 40 °C
Petroleum Products
(1.0 cSt to 4.1 cSt at 104 °F) and densities in the range of
3 3 D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
770 kg⁄m to 900 kg⁄m at 15 °C.
Fuels, and Lubricants
NOTE 1—Fuels corresponding to Specification D396 Grades No. 1 and
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
2, D975 Grades No. 1-D and 2-D, Specification D2880 Grades No. 0-GT,
Petroleum Products
1-GT and 2-GT, and Specification D3699 Grades No. 1-K and 2-K and
similar middle distillate fuels and blendstocks will usually fall in this
3. Terminology
viscosity and density range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher
viscosity fuel oils.
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to
Terminology D4175.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard.
3.2 Definitions:
1.2.1 Exception—The non-SI values are for information
3.2.1 free water, n—water in excess of that soluble in the
only.
liquid sample (fuel) at the temperature of the test and usually
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the appearing in the liquid sample (fuel) as a haze (cloudiness),
droplets, or water layer.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Note that when there is a water layer in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
a biodiesel fuel blend, there can be water-soluble components
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
present in the free water.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.3 Abbreviations:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.3.1 rcf—relative centrifugal force.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Summary of Test Method
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 A100 mL sample of the undiluted fuel is centrifuged at
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
a relative centrifugal force (see 6.2) of 800 for 10 min at 21 °C
to 32 °C (70 °F to 90 °F) in a specified centrifuge tube. After
2. Referenced Documents
centrifugation, the volume of free water and sediment that has
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
settled into the tip of the centrifuge tube is read to the nearest
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
0.005 mL and reported as the volumetric percent water and
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
sediment by centrifuge.
5. Significance and Use
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
5.1 This test method is used as an indication of free water
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
and sediment suspended as haze, cloudiness, or droplets in
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published August 2022. Originally
middle distillate fuels such as Grades No. 1 and 2 fuel oil
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D2709 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/D2709-22.
(Specification D396), Grades No. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
(Specification D975), and Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
gas turbine fuels (Specification D2880), similar fuels and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. blendstocks used to make these fuels.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2709 − 16 D2709 − 22
Standard Test Method for
1
Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volume of free water and sediment (as a percentage of the sample) that is
2 2
suspended in the bulk fuel in middle distillate fuels with viscosities in the range of 1.0 mm /s to 4.1 mm /s at 40 °C (1.0 cSt to
3 3
4.1 cSt at 104 °F) and densities in the range of 770 kg ⁄m to 900 kg ⁄m at 15 °C.
NOTE 1—Fuels corresponding to Specification D396 Grades No. 1 and 2, D975 Grades No. 1-D and 2-D, Specification D2880 Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT
and 2-GT, and Specification D3699 Grades No. 1-K and 2-K and similar middle distillate fuels and blendstocks will usually fall in this viscosity and
density range. Test Method D1796 is intended for higher viscosity fuel oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The non-SI values are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D3699 Specification for Kerosine
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability Stability, Cleanliness and CleanlinessCompatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016July 1, 2022. Published May 2016August 2022. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
ɛ1
D2709 – 96 (2011)D2709 – 16. . DOI: 10.1520/D2709-16.10.1520/D2709-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2709 − 22
TABLE 1 Rotation Speeds Applicable for Centrifuges
of Various Diameters of Swing
A
Diameter of Swing B
r/min at 800
rcf
in. cm
12 30.5 2160
13 33.0 2080
14 35.6 2000
15 38.1 1930
16 40.6 1870
17 43.2 1820
18 45.7 1770
19 48.3 1720
20 50.8 1680
21 53.3 1640
22 55.9 1600
23 58.4 1560
24 61.0 1530
A
Measured between tips of opposite tubes when in rotating position.
B
“r ⁄min” is the correct SI symbol for the former term “rpm.”
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 free water, n—water in excess of that soluble in the fuel liquid sample (fuel) at the temperature of the test and usually
appearing in the fuel liquid sample (fuel) as a haze, cloudiness,haze (cloudiness), droplets, or water layer.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Note that when there is a water layer in a biodiesel fuel blend, there can be water-soluble components present in the free water.
3.3 Abbreviations:
3.3.1 rcf—relative centrifugal force.
4. Summary of
...
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