ASTM D3514/D3514M-10(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using Test Method D3514 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration for the known bias.
5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other surface distortions such as fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attachment. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted fabrics.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511, D3512, and D4970.
1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3514/D3514M − 10(Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3514/D3514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4848Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
Related Properties of Textiles
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
tance to the formation of pills and other surface distortions
Methods
such as fuzzing of textile fabrics.The method utilizes the Stoll
D4970TestMethodforPillingResistanceandOtherRelated
Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attach-
Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
ment. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
woven and knitted fabrics.
ADJD3512 Set of Photographic Standards for Random
NOTE 1—For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistance
Tumble Pilling Test
of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511, D3512, and D4970.
ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photographic Standards for
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Elastomeric Pad Pilling Test
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3. Terminology
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
with the standard.
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before
Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
testing.
3.2.1 Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:fuzz,
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, pilling resistance, pills.
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
Terminology D123.
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4. Summary of Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance that
occur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testing
2. Referenced Documents
machine. Fabric samples are washed or drycleaned, depending
2.1 ASTM Standards:
on expected refurbishment, followed by controlled rubbing
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
against an elastomeric pad having specifically selected me-
D3511TestMethodforPillingResistanceandOtherRelated
chanicalproperties.Thedegreeoffabricpillingisevaluatedby
Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
comparison of the tested specimens with visual standards that
D3512TestMethodforPillingResistanceandOtherRelated
may be actual fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a
Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble
rangeofpillingresistance.Theobservedresistancetopillingis
Pilling Tester
reported using an arbitrary rating scale.
1 5. Significance and Use
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for
Specific.
resistancetopillingisnotrecommendedforacceptancetesting.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D3514–10. DOI:
10.1520/D3514_D3514M-10R14.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM ADJD3512. Original adjunct produced in 1993.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD3514.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3514/D3514M − 10 (2014)
If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with resistance, is not recommended because of the excessive time
caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some required for counting, sizing, and calculation.
cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a
5.5 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing
commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the
the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be
best available method, even though the method has not been
actual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of
recommended for acceptance testing.
pillingresistance.Theobservedresistancetopillingisreported
5.1.1 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in
on an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (very
values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using
severe pilling).
Test Method D3514 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias,
5.6 This test method is applicable to a wide variety of
if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the
woven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as a
laboratory of the supplier should be determined based on
result of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, and
testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of mate-
finish. The applicability of the test method to non-woven
rial of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assis-
fabrics has not been determined.
tanceisrecommendedfortheinvestigationofbias.Aminimum
of two parties should take a group of test specimens which are
6. Apparatus and Materials
as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of
materialofthetypeinquestion.Thetestspecimensshouldthen 6.1 Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester, with frost-
be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for ing attachment.
testing. The average test results from the two laboratories 5
6.2 Elastomeric Friction Pad, mounted on the bottom side
shouldbecomparedusinganacceptablestatisticalprotocoland
of the tester pressure plate. This is a pad made especially for
probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing
this test. It is attached to the pressure plate by means of side
begins. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data
clamps, and secured at the front by a strip of tape.
must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If
6.2.1 Elastomeric Base Pad, attached to the specimen
abiasisfound,eitheritscausemustbefoundandcorrected,or
holder of the frosting attachment. This pad is made especially
the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future
for this test.
test results with consideration for the known bias.
6.3 TwillFabric,cottonorpolyester/cottonblend170to270
5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property 2 2
g/m [5.0 to 8.0 oz/yd ] with a moderately coarse weave.
because it is affected by many factors which may include type
6.4 Emery Paper, 150-grit, for preparation of the base pad.
of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric
construction, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resis-
6.5 Rubber Ring, 50 61mm[2 6 0.1 in.] inside diameter
tance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with
and61 61mm[2.44 60.1in.]outsidediameter,tosecurethe
general conditions of use and individual wearers than in
specimen to the holder.
replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory
6.6 Test Tube Brush, small, to remove loose fibers from
tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting
specimens after testing.
levels of acceptability for any series of standards.
6.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate solvent
5.3 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a large
to clean the elastomeric pad (see 7.1).
effect on pilling. It is recommended that fabrics be tested after
6.8 Facilities for Laundering Samples—If needed.
laundering or drycleaning, or both.Testing before refurbishing
may also be advisable. Prior agreement between interested
6.9 Facilities for Drycleaning Samples—If needed.
parties should determine the state of test.
6.10 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an
5.4 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and
established pilling resistance rating for checking machine
depend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.
performance. No universal standard fabric is available. Each
These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely on
test facility must decide on an appropriate fabric.
the number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-
6.11 OverheadLightingforTestSpecimenEvaluation—Two
paniedbyothersurfacephenomenasuchaslossofcover,color
2.4 m [8 ft] Type F-96 cool-white preheat rapid-start fluores-
change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall accept-
cent lamps with white enamel reflectors, and without baffles or
ability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the character-
glass (see Fig. 1).
istics of the pills and the other factors affecting surface
6.12 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation—Facilities for illu-
appearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratory
be evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability and mination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous view-
ing of test specimen and fabric or photograph rating standards.
not rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series of
standards,basedongraduateddegreesofsurfacechangeofthe ApparatusandoptionforvisualevaluationarelistedinTable1.
fabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis for
6.13 Ratings Standards:
subjective ratings.The visual standards are most advantageous
when the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-
ancewithwornfabricsandshowasimilarratioofpillstofuzz.
For additional information on obtaining apparatus, equipment, or supplies that
Counting the pills and weighting their number with respect to
may be suitable for use in this standard, pl
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3514/D3514M − 10 D3514/D3514M − 10 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3514/D3514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other surface distortions such as
fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attachment. The
procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted fabrics.
NOTE 1—For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511, D3512, and D4970.
1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
D3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
ADJD3512 Set of Photographic Standards for Random Tumble Pilling Test
ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photographic Standards for Elastomeric Pad Pilling Test
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz,pilling resistance,pills.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance that occur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testing machine.
Fabric samples are washed or drycleaned, depending on expected refurbishment, followed by controlled rubbing against an
elastomeric pad having specifically selected mechanical properties. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparison of the
tested specimens with visual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance.
The observed resistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary rating scale.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010July 1, 2014. Published September 2010August 2014. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20092010
as D3514 – 09.D3514 –10. DOI: 10.1520/D3514_D3514M-10.10.1520/D3514_D3514M-10R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3512. Original adjunct produced in 1993.
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3514.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3514/D3514M − 10 (2014)
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If
it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the
purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method,
even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using Test
Method D3514 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the
supplier should be determined based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being
evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take
a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The
test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from
the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties
before the testing begins. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier
cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to
interpret future test results with consideration for the known bias.
5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of
fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of a specific
fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected
to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of
standards.
5.3 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a large effect on pilling. It is recommended that fabrics be tested after
laundering or drycleaning, or both. Testing before refurbishing may also be advisable. Prior agreement between interested parties
should determine the state of test.
5.4 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and depend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast. These factors
are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely on the number of pills. The development of pills may be accompanied by other
surface phenomena such as loss of cover, color change, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall acceptability of a specific
fabric is dependent on both the characteristics of the pills and the other factors affecting surface appearance, it is suggested that
fabrics tested in the laboratory be evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability and not rated solely on the number of
pills developed. A series of standards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of the fabric type being tested, may be set
up to provide a basis for subjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageous when the laboratory test specimens
correlate closely in appearance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz. Counting the pills and weighting their
number with respect to their size and contrast, as a combined measure of pilling resistance, is not recommended because of the
excessive time required for counting, sizing, and calculation.
5.5 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual
fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported on an
arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (very severe pilling).
5.6 This test method is applicable to a wide variety of woven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as a result of
variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, and finish. The applicability of the test method to non-woven fabrics has not been
determined.
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1 Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester, with frosting attachment.
6.2 Elastomeric Friction Pad, mounted on the bottom side of the tester pressure plate. This is a pad made especially for this
test. It is attached to the pressure plate by means of side clamps, and secured at the front by a strip of tape.
6.2.1 Elastomeric Base Pad, attached to the specimen holder of the frosting attachment. This pad is made especially for this
test.
2 2
6.3 Twill Fabric, cotton or polyester/cotton blend 170 to 270 g/m [5.0 to 8.0 oz/yd ] with a moderately coarse weave.
6.4 Emery Paper, 150-grit, for preparation of the base pad.
6.5 Rubber Ring, 50 6 1 mm [2 6 0.1 in.] inside diameter and 61 6 1 mm [2.44 6 0.1 in.] outside diameter, to secure the
specimen to the holder.
6.6 Test Tube Brush, small, to remove loose fibers from specimens after testing.
For additional information on obtaining apparatus, equipment, or supplies that may be suitable for use in this standard, please visit the ASTM Manufacturers’ Equipment
Directory at www.astm.org.
D3514/D3514M − 10 (2014)
6.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate solvent to clean the elastomeric pad (see 7.1).
6.8 Facilities for Laundering Samples—If needed.
6.9 Facilities for Drycleaning Samples—If needed.
6.10 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an established pilling resistance rating for checking machine performance.
No universal standard fabric is available. Each test facility must decide on an appropriate fabric.
6.11 Overhead Lighting for Test Specimen Evaluation—Two 2.4 m [8 ft] Type F-96 cool-white preheat rapid-start fluorescent
lamps with white enamel reflectors, and without baffles or glass (see Fig. 1).
6.12 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation—Facilities for illumination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous viewing of
test specimen a
...
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