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ASTM G76-95(2000)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets

Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of material loss by gas-entrained solid particle impingement erosion with jet- nozzle type erosion equipment. This practice may be used in the laboratory to measure the solid particle erosion of different materials and has been used as a screening test for ranking solid particle erosion rates of materials in simulated service environments (1, 2).  Actual erosion service involves particle sizes, velocities, attack angles, environments, etc., that will vary over a wide range (3-5). Hence, any single laboratory test may not be sufficient to evaluate expected service performance. This practice describes one well characterized procedure for solid particle impingement erosion measurement for which interlaboratory test results are available.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1999
ICS
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.10 - Erosion by Solids and Liquids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G76-95 - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Replaced By
ASTM G76-02 - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM G211-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Conducting Elevated Temperature Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000

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ASTM G76-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas JetsASTM G76-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
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ASTM G76-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: G 76 – 95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement
1
Using Gas Jets
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 76; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 impingement—a process resulting in a continuing
succession of impacts between (liquid or solid) particles and a
1.1 This test method covers the determination of material
solid surface.
loss by gas-entrained solid particle impingement erosion with
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
jetnozzle type erosion equipment. This test method may be
3.2.1 erosion value—the volume loss of specimen material
used in the laboratory to measure the solid particle erosion of
divided by the total mass of abrasive particles that impacted the
different materials and has been used as a screening test for
3 −1
specimen (mm ·g ).
ranking solid particle erosion rates of materials in simulated
3 −1
2
3.2.2 Normalized Erosion Rate—erosion value (mm ·g )
service environments (1, 2). Actual erosion service involves
3 −1
of specimen material divided by erosion value (mm ·g )of
particle sizes, velocities, attack angles, environments, etc., that
reference material.
will vary over a wide range (3-5). Hence, any single laboratory
test may not be sufficient to evaluate expected service perfor-
4. Summary of Practice
mance. This test method describes one well characterized
4.1 This test method utilizes a repeated impact erosion
procedure for solid particle impingement erosion measurement
approach involving a small nozzle delivering a stream of gas
for which interlaboratory test results are available.
containing abrasive particles which impacts the surface of a
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
test specimen. A standard set of test conditions is described.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
However, deviations from some of the standard conditions are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
permitted if described thoroughly. This allows for laboratory
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
scale erosion measurements under a range of conditions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Methods are described for preparing the specimens, conducting
2. Referenced Documents the erosion exposure, and reporting the results.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
3 5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
4
measurements program to assess the erosion behavior of
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
materials will depend on many factors concerning the condi-
2.2 American National Standard:
5
tions of service applications. The users of this test method
ANSI B74.10 Grading of Abrasive Microgrits
should determine the degree of correlation of the results
3. Terminology obtained with those from field performance or results using
other test systems and methods. This test method may be used
3.1 Definitions:
to rank the erosion resistance of materials under the specified
3.1.1 erosion—progressive loss of original material from a
conditions of testing.
solid surface due to mechanical interaction between that
surface and a fluid, a multicomponent fluid, or impinging liquid
6
6. Apparatus
or solid particles.
6.1 The apparatus is capable of eroding material from a test
specimen under well controlled exposure conditions. A sche-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
matic drawing of the exit nozzle and the particle-gas supply
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.10 on Erosion by
system is shown in Fig. 1. Deviations from this design are
Solids and Liquids.
permitted; however, adequate system characterization and
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1995. Published April 1995. Originally
1
control of critical parameters are required. Deviations in nozzle
published as G 76 – 83. Last previous edition G 76 – 83 (1989)e .
2
Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to references at the end of this test
design and dimensions must be documented. Nozzle length to
method.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
5 6
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, A commercial apparatus is available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Grove, IL 60554.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 194
...

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1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.  
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5.1 Erosion Environments—This test method may be used for evaluating the erosion resistance of materials for service environments where solid surfaces are subjected to repeated impacts by liquid drops or jets. Occasionally, liquid impact tests have also been used to evaluate materials exposed to a cavitating liquid environment. The test method is not intended nor applicable for evaluating or predicting the resistance of materials against erosion due to solid particle impingement, due to “impingement corrosion” in bubbly flows, due to liquids or slurries “washing” over a surface, or due to continuous high-velocity liquid jets aimed at a surface. For background on various forms of erosion and erosion tests, see Refs (1) through (2).4 Ref (3) is an excellent comprehensive treatise.  
5.2 Discussion of Erosion Resistance—Liquid impingement erosion and cavitation erosion are, broadly speaking, similar processes and the relative resistance of materials to them is similar. In both, the damage is associated with repeated, small-scale, high-intensity pressure pulses acting on the solid surface. The precise failure mechanisms in the solid have been shown to differ depending on the material, and on the detailed nature, scale, and intensity of the fluid-solid interactions (Note 1). Thus, “erosion resistance” should not be regarded as one precisely-definable property of a material, but rather as a complex of properties whose relative importance may differ depending on the variables just mentioned. (It has not yet been possible to successfully correlate erosion resistance with any independently measurable material property.) For these reasons, the consistency between relative erosion resistance as measured in different facilities or under different conditions is not very good. Differences between two materials of say 20 % or less are probably not significant: another test might well show them ranked in reverse order. For bulk materials such as metals and structural plastics, the...
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1.1 This test method covers tests in which solid specimens are eroded or otherwise damaged by repeated discrete impacts of liquid drops or jets. Among the collateral forms of damage considered are degradation of optical properties of window materials, and penetration, separation, or destruction of coatings. The objective of the tests may be to determine the resistance to erosion or other damage of the materials or coatings under test, or to investigate the damage mechanisms and the effect of test variables. Because of the specialized nature of these tests and the desire in many cases to simulate to some degree the expected service environment, the specification of a standard apparatus is not deemed practicable. This test method gives guidance in setting up a test, and specifies test and analysis procedures and reporting requirements that can be followed even with quite widely differing materials, test facilities, and test conditions. It also provides a standardized scale of erosion resistance numbers applicable to metals and other structural materials. It serves, to some degree, as a tutorial on liquid impingement erosion.  
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5.1 The significance of this test method in any overall measurements program to assess the erosion behavior of materials will depend on many factors concerning the conditions of service applications. The users of this test method should determine the degree of correlation of the results obtained with those from field performance or results using other test systems and methods. This test method may be used to rank the erosion resistance of materials under the specified conditions of testing.
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing, preparing, and using ASTM standard tension test specimens for investigating susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking. Axially loaded specimens may be stressed quantitatively with equipment for application of either a constant load, constant strain, or with a continuously increasing strain.  
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4.1 Crude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during refining. However, of the sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product, some can have a corroding action on various metals, including copper, and this corrosivity is not necessarily related to the total sulfur content. The effect can vary according to the chemical types of sulfur compounds present. This copper foil strip corrosion test is designed to assess the relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product towards copper and copper-containing alloys using a shorter test duration than that specified in Test Method D130.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to copper of aviation gasoline, aviation turbine fuel, automotive gasoline, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbons having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi), cleaners (for example, Stoddard solvent), kerosine, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lubricating oil, and other petroleum products.  
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5.1 This test method provides a method to distinguish between coolants that are deleterious from the corrosion standpoint and those suitable for further evaluation.
FIG. 1 Metal Specimens and Equipment for the 336 h Corrosion Test
FIG. 2 Tall Form Beaker Specimens and Equipment for the 336 h Corrosion Test
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3.1 Moist air containing sulfur dioxide quickly produces easily visible corrosion on many metals in a form resembling that occurring in industrial environments. It is therefore a test medium well suited to detect pores or other sources of weakness in protective coatings and deficiencies in corrosion resistance associated with unsuitable alloy composition or treatments.  
3.2 The results obtained in the test should not be regarded as a general guide to the corrosion resistance of the tested materials in all environments where these materials may be used. Performance of different materials in the test should only be taken as a general guide to the relative corrosion resistance of these materials in moist SO2 service.
SCOPE
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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